Transport Ship Research Articles

INFORMATION SECURITY ARRANGEMENTS OF SEAGOING SHIP

Security of modern transport ships is primarily related to the protection of informationfrom unauthorized access and prevention of leakage. Every shipowner, by protecting theconfidentiality of data, not only reduces the risk and possible losses from its leakage, but alsoincreases the level of trust in the eyes of its customers and partners. The quality and quantity changes,which have taken place in recent years on seagoing vessels, have significantly contributed to thesafety of their operation and the smooth running of their operations. Modern ship navigation isheavily dependent on information support, which is an important element in ship handling processes.New marine digital information systems are being deployed based on digital data exchange, to ensurenavigational safety. This allows immediate processing of summaries of information for thefunctioning of the ship's navigation systems. In addition, these systems provide the ability to exclude the decision-making process for ship management based on incomplete or unreliable information andrequire the maintenance of special measures to ensure its safety. Therefore, the task in the sphere ofcyber security in maritime transport is the development of means of protection of informationresources of the vessel, which is one of the first and urgent. Given these factors and the currentsituation, the international maritime organization has developed and adopted a number of maritimeindustry security documents that are designed to address a number of provisions and issues relatedto cybersecurity of ship and ship operations. The purpose of this article is to analyze main factorsinfluencing ship's information security. And on the basis of the presented conceptual model of shipsecurity the main factors influencing the information security of the ship are identified.

RESEARCH OF NAVIGATIONAL AND HYDROGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FLAW POLYNYAS OF THE EASTERN SECTOR OF THE NORTHERN SEA ROUTE

The possibility of using the areas of flaw polynyas in the Eastern sector of the Northern Sea Route in planning and choosing the routes for navigation of transport ships is considered in the paper. It is noted that shipping in the Arctic seas is associated with an increased level of risk, shallow seas and difficult hydrometeorological conditions, and is also characterized by insufficient or completely absent hydrographic knowledge of the bottom topography. The main data characterizing the increase in the number of issued permits for ships navigation in the water area of the Northern Sea Route, and the percentage of ships depending on the ice class are given. It is noted that in the cold season, the main navigable straits of the Northern Sea Route are covered with fast ice. Due to circulation and under-ice currents, flaw polynyas, which can be used when planning navigation routes, are formed. The main flaw polynyas of the Eastern Sector of the Northern Sea Route are presented; data on their width, length and range of depths are provided. It is noted that the flaw polynyas of the East Siberian and Chukchi seas are deeper than the polynyas of the Laptev Sea. The ships classification depending on the draft is presented in the paper; an analysis of the characteristic routes for each category of ships is performed. An analysis of the data received from the automatic identification system of vessels has revealed that the choice of route is seasonal and directly depends on the ice conditions of the water area. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to increase the duration of navigation in the Eastern sector of the Northern Sea Route, in order to achieve targets for the volume of cargo transportation. This can be achieved by choosing the route of the transport vessel along the areas of ice polynyas, which are a strip of open water and young ice.

PORTS AND SHIPPING

Africa Research Bulletin: Economic, Financial and Technical SeriesVolume 59, Issue 6 p. 23920A-23921B Communications and Transport PORTS AND SHIPPING First published: 04 August 2022 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6346.2022.10671.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume59, Issue6August 2022Pages 23920A-23921B RelatedInformation

Justification for automobile transportation technology of limited coal shipments in the city

Introduction. In the economy of states, one of the constant tasks remains to ensure the urgent needs of the population, in an autumn-winter period in cities and settlements, the task of providing fuel (coal) to households is highlighted. The demand for coal is limited by solvency and distributed over the entire period of negative air temperatures. Hence, the supply of coal for the period of heating of dwellings is formed, in many cases, by purchasing lots of coal, representing a share of the total demand during the specified period. The purpose of this work is to find reasonable answers on the use of transportation technologies for limited shipments of goods in cities.Materials and methods. The solution to the problem was carried out within the framework of operational planning for the transportation of limited shipments of coal for the population throughout the city on the basis of the concept of an approach to building a general theory of truck systems functioning for motor transport shipping network, using a regulatory approach when calculating transportation costs, descriptive models of the car’s operation in micro- and delivery motor transport shipping network.Results. Through mathematical modelling, reasonable values of operational plans for the transportation of limited shipments of coal in cities by machine technology and delivery were obtained. Regulatory approach to cost calculation, electronic database of road transport industry updated at the date of calculation. Software and mathematical support for calculating the costs of cargo transportation as part of models of micro and especially small motor transport systems made it possible to reliably determine the planned values of transportation costs by machine technology and delivery.Discussion and conclusion. The advantage of using delivery technology in the conditions under consideration has been established, when transporting coal by road using the case of a city.

Supply chain resilience: how autonomous rovers empirically provide relief to constrained flight line maintenance activities

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to explore the utility of autonomous transport across two independent airframe maintenance operations at a single location.Design/methodology/approachThis study leveraged discrete event simulation that encompassed real-world conditions on a United States Air Force flight line. Though the Theory of Constraints (TOC) lens, a high-demand, human-controlled delivery asset is analyzed and the impact of introducing an autonomous rover delivery vehicle is assessed. The authors’ simulations explored varying numbers and networks of rovers as alternative sources of delivery and evaluated these resources’ impact against current flight line operations.FindingsThis research indicates that the addition of five autonomous rovers can significantly reduce daily expediter delivery tasks, which results in additional expertise necessary to manage and execute flight line operations. The authors assert that this relief would translate into enhancements in aircraft mission capable rates, which could increase overall transport capacity and cascade into faster cargo delivery times, systemwide. By extension, the authors suggest overall inventory management could be improved through reduction in transportation shipping time variance, which enhances the Department of Defense’s overall supply chain resilience posture.Originality/valueWhen compared against existing practices, this novel research provides insight into actual flight line movement and the potential benefits of an alternative autonomous delivery system. Additionally, the research measures the potential savings in the workforce and vehicle use that exceeds the cost of the rovers and their employment.

End-to-end value chain analysis of isolated renewable energy using hydrogen and ammonia energy carrier

The long-distance end-to-end value chain of ammonia as an energy carrier was analyzed. Energy losses in every step of the generation, storage, transport, and use of energy carrier are unavoidable. By combining the more efficient sub-process, there is room for improvement of the overall energy efficiency of the value chain. In this study, it was assumed that renewable ammonia can be transported over a long distance from an offshore environment. A detailed analysis of each sub-process and comprehensive analysis of the entire value chain was carried out. As a result of comparative analysis, it was found that the condition of ammonia synthesis, the types of the transport ship, and seawater cooling in the value chain could change the energy last delivered by up to 108%. Specifically, an improvement of up to 20.2% can be achieved by adjusting the operating conditions of the synthesis process and the type of transport ship.

FORMATION AND ORGANIZATION OF THE INFORMATION AND LOGISTICS SYSTEM OF THE SHIPBUILDING CLUSTER

The aim of the article is to develop the mechanisms of the information and logistics system of enterprises and organizations engaged in the design, construction, operation of transport vessels in order to maintain competitive positions on the inland waterways of Ukraine and in the river transport system of the European Union. The organization and functioning of the cluster has a positive impact on the search for consensus with all participants in river transport. The strategic guidelines of the cluster have been formed, where the participants combine resources to achieve the goals. An analysis has been carried out, which made it possible to determine the prerequisites for the creation of a national cluster of shipbuilding and ship repair. The functional and structural interaction of enterprises included in the business cluster for the construction and operation of transport ships has been developed. The basis for the organization of financial infrastructure is the creation of a specialized leasing company. The basis of the information and logistics system of the shipbuilding cluster is the production process, which is formed by the features of project-oriented production. The enterprises included in the business cluster are offered to describe business processes through reengineering mechanisms using the methodology of functional and structural modeling of logistics business processes, create a centralized electronic database and a single information network. The corporate information system combines the resources of a business cluster on the basis of a single information space.

СУДОСТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЙ РЫНКОК РОССИИ: СОСТОЯНИЕ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ

Shipbuilding is one of the most complex and labor-intensive branches of the heavy industry in Russia. It includes production of civil ships, warships, marine facilities, as well as ship repair. The object of this research is the market of civil ships. Transport ships, icebreakers and marine equipment created for the Arctic shelf development are observed in the article. Since the development of mechanical engineering, especially shipbuilding is strategically important against the aggravated political situation, the current trends, dynamics, state support, production capacities, sales markets and technologies of the Russian civil shipbuilding market are considered as the subject of the research in order to assess the possibility of import substitution within the country. Research Methodology and Methods: A complex approach has been used for the research - marketing research on the basis of SWOT-analysis, Big Data and statistical information from open sources. The work has traced the stages from the general analysis of the whole shipbuilding industry, to the indicators for individual types of ships. As a result of the research three different results are obtained. Among the main ones the following ones can be singled out: Russia has lost competitiveness in the global market of transport ships; the acute need for ships in the domestic market, due to the moral and physical deterioration of the fleet and the growing demand for inland waterways; lack of an algorithm for collecting and processing data in a single system to optimize the work; currently work in shipbuilding does not allow the use of artificial intelligence; domestic shipbuilding is experiencing the effects of sanctions introduced in 2014; demand for transport ships has a steady upward trend. In the course of the research, two options for business optimization have been developed: vertical and horizontal, which involve the creation of a unified IT platform and full digitalization of all processes in the shipbuilding industry. The results of the research can be a basis for working out unified strategy of marine equipment development for the Arctic exploration where nomenclature, standard sizes and use of domestic shipboard equipment will be substantiated. The shipbuilding industry development in Russia is necessary for infrastructure formation, organization and support of work on the shelf, passenger transportation, creation of conditions for improvement of the national defense potential, growth of related industries: radio engineering, metallurgy and composite materials, electronics, which in turn affects job creation.

Research on Re-Liquefaction of Cargo Bog Using Liquid Ammonia Cold Energy on Co2 Transport Ship

Research on Re-Liquefaction of Cargo Bog Using Liquid Ammonia Cold Energy on Co2 Transport Ship

AN IMPROVED SOLUTION FOR SHIELDING OF THERMAL RADIATION FROM FIRES USING MIST CURTAINS OF PURE WATER OR SEAWATER

An improved theoretical model for shielding of thermal radiation from large-scale fires using pure water or seawater mists is presented. It is a continuation of a recent study and takes into account both the reabsorption of radiation in the absorption bands of gases and the variations of the radiative flux along the flame. The combined heat transfer problem consists of the radiative transfer, droplet evaporation kinetics, and convective heat transfer along the curtain. Previously suggested spectral models for the optical properties of water droplets and salt particles are used in the calculations. Radiative heat losses to the nozzle head and the floor below the curtain, as well as a decrease in the downward velocity near the floor, are taken into account for the first time. It is shown that these heat losses are insignificant even for thick curtains. The use of smaller droplets in the second layer of the mist curtain has been confirmed to reduce the required total water supply flow rate. It is also shown that the protection provided by a seawater curtain is almost the same as that obtained with pure water. Seawater is even preferable for better protection against fire radiation in the lower part of the curtain, where pure water droplets evaporate completely, whereas hollow sea salt particles remain in the lower part of the seawater mist curtain. The study confirms that seawater can be used in coastal areas, offshore platforms, and maritime transportation ships.

Основні особливості переформування берегів Канівського водосховища

Reservoirs provide an electricity generation, promote the development of water transport, municipal and industrial water supply, irrigation, fisheries, recreation and other economic and social needs. However, calls are increasingly being made to limit the creation of new artificial reservoirs and even to destroy existing ones. The reason for this is the significant and very real negative environmental consequences of their creation and functioning – flooding of large areas of valuable land in river valleys, relocation of large numbers of people to new areas, flooding of low and erosion of high banks of reservoirs, deterioration of river water quality due to stagnation and "blooming” and many others. The aim of this work is to analyze the peculiarities of reforming the shores of the Kaniv Reservoir under the impact of hydrological and morphological processes, measures for the coast protection from erosion, deepening the channel and alluvium of new lands by dredging (mainly in the upper part of the reservoir) are considered. The study of this problem in the reservoirs of the Dnieper cascade, including Kaniv, we started from 1993-1997. Therefore, research methods have changed significantly at different stages. Standard methods of soil science were used to study the impact of the reservoir on the coastal soils, primarily on flooding, waterlogging and soil erosion. Since 2010, more detailed terresrial and water expeditionary routes (land) studies have been started to study the overgrowth of the reservoir with hydrophytic and hygrophytic vegetation with the formation of hydromorphic soils on the islands of the reservoir and its coast. Remote sensing methods of the Earth for analyzing the series of space images Landsat-2, 4-5, 7 and 8 were used to study the temporal and spatial changes of landscapes, as well as geospatial positioning of observation points by GARMIN GPS receiver. The important role of the dams construction and pumping stations to protect the low shores of the reservoir from flooding was noted, which, however, created significant problems in the operation of the facility due to rising electricity prices. Attention is paid to the ecological consequences of the new alluvial lands development within the reservoir water area, in particular to “blooming” and deterioration of water quality, as well as to the limitation of the ability to pass extreme floods and the threat of adjacent territories submergence. The nature of erosion and abrasion of the high right bank was studied with the use of a quadcopter, mainly in the area from the village of Rzhishchiv to the village of Trakhtemiriv. The role of marl clays in weakening the abrasion of shores is emphasized and their vulnerability to destruction is shown. The role and development of ravines on the coast and their participation in the fragmentary formation of hydromorphic landscapes along steep cliffs are noted. On the low left bank there is a reformation of the shores in the area from the village of Kyiliv to the Rzhyshchiv military range, where large areas are set aside for fisheries, hunting and recreational activities, as a result of which the wetlands are reduced. The uncertainty of the problem of pumping the water of the Trubizh River into the reservoir to protect the floodplain lands from submergence is emphasized. It is not recommended to use “Raketa” ships for water transport in this reservoir due to their negative impact on shoreline abrasion.

Energy assessments of onboard CO2 capture from ship engines by MEA-based post combustion capture system with flue gas heat integration

An early phase feasibility study was carried out for offshore CO2 capture from ship engines of a CO2 transport ship. A flexible in-house process simulator was applied in the assessments. Parametric studies of the overall onboard process were enabled by a fast data-driven capture plant model derived from supervised machine learning by PLS regression of a large dataset of rigorous simulations. The results show, based on the given models and assumptions, that the thermal energy coming from the ship engine exhaust gas is not sufficient alone to cover the thermal energy demand of an absorption-based CO2 capture unit operating above 50% capture rate using 30 wt% MEA (mono-ethanolamine) as solvent. The thermal energy demand can be met using a fuel afterburner as heat source. The added fuel consumption is estimated to increase the fuel consumption by 6–9% when operating with liquefied natural gas (LNG) as fuel source, while an increase of 8–12% is expected with diesel as fuel source. The effect of absorber height on energy consumption at a given CO2 capture rate is limited, especially for lower capture rates, and may be an important degree of freedom for optimizing the CAPEX/OPEX trade-offs. Use of state-of-the art solvents with lower specific energy consumptions will shift the results towards higher capture rates before a fuel afterburner is required to meet the thermal energy demands.

Research on Main Engine Power of Transport Ship with Different Bows in Ice Area According to EEDI Regulation

The Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) has been applied to ship carbon emission standards since 2013, ice ships subject to the Finnish Swedish Ice Class Rules (FSICR) also need to meet the requirements of EEDI. In this study, the engine power requirements by EEDI at different stages for the considered ice class ships with different ice classes (1C, 1B, 1A, 1A Super) are compared with engine power requirements obtained from the resistance calculated by FSICR or Lindqvist method. Three different bow shapes for the considered ice class ships and different pack ice coverage are studied. The results from FSICR or Lindqvist formula show that 1A Super ice classes for all considered bow shapes cannot meet the requirement by EEDI at Phase 2 and 3; For 1B and 1A class, some bow shapes can meet the EEDI requirement for all stages, but some cannot; For 1C class, all bow shapes can meet the EEDI requirements for all stages. The ship main engine power requirements under different pack ice concentration are studied and compared to EEDI requirements.

Rites of Passage: The Voyage to Convict Australia and the Creation of the Penal Labourer

This article explores the ways in which convict labour was simultaneously regulated and co-opted on the long sea passage to the Australian penal colonies. It uses linked longitudinal data for over 39,000 male convicts transported between the years 1817 and 1853 to Van Diemen’s Land, to explore on-board recruitment of convicts by surgeons. A particular focus of interest is the way in which the organisation of the convict vessel shaped subsequent experience in the penal colonies. The article concludes by arguing that a transport ship was not one, but a series of institutions operating under one deck – part of a wider carceral archipelago that served to link metropolitan and colonial institutions.

Study on the behavior of benchmark container ships in regular waves

The study of the behaviour of ships in the real sea has become a real challenge in recent years due to climate change, especially in the European sea basin. One of the main categories of types of ships that cross these waters are transport ships. The development of the economy and trade have a major influence on this type of ships, which must be studied and improved in order to be fully exploited. Investigating the ship’s behavior is not a new topic, but the changing environment of the transport ship’s specifications requires continuous study. An alternative to model testing is the use of numerical simulation through which performance can be fully evaluated using only computers, without the need to produce a scale model for testing. Due to improved computer performance, but also the disadvantages of towing testing, numerical simulations have become increasingly popular for determining ship characteristics. The shorter time in which results can be obtained, as well as the ease of controlling and changing the input parameters, contributes to the preference to use numerical simulations, to the detriment of basin tests. In this paper, the behavior of a Post-Panamax benchmark container ship in regular waves was studied. Numerical simulations were performed using SHIPFLOW MOTIONS, a solver that treats potential nonlinear flows for regular waves and provides accurate results by the free surface potential flow panel method. For our case, the simulations were performed for a range of six speeds corresponding to Froude numbers ranged between 0.174 and 0.218, for five nondimensional wavelengths (λ/Lpp) and for four wave heights. Because body discretization is one of the main factors for obtaining accurate results, an additional study was conducted in calm waters on body refinement and the influence that the mesh has on results, for a range of ten grids with different densities.

Microstructural characterization and non-destructive testing and of welded joints of duplex stainless steel in flexible pipes

Flexible pipes are complex structures made of different layers and different materials. They are used in the oil and gas production in the off-shore platforms to conduct the oil or gas between different units, such as platforms, Christma's tree and transportation ships. The internal carcass of flexible pipes is made of duplex stainless steels type 2205 (UNS S32205 or S31803). In the production line, sheets of 1.8 mm thickness of this material are submitted to uncoiling and cold bending operations to form “S” profiles which are assembled to form the internal carcass. The end of one coil is welded to the begin of another, to make the process continuous. The welding process is autogenous automatic gas tungsten arc (GTAW). This work analyses the microstructure and corrosion resistance of the weld metal and compares to the base metal. Besides, non-destructive tests and electrical resistance measurements were conducted in the welded joint and base metal. The samples analyzed were from a flexible pipe manufacturer. It was concluded that the joints of this producer were not heat treated, which results in inadequate microstructure and lower corrosion resistance in the weld metal.

The value of jumboization in transportation ships: A real options approach

In the presence of budget constraints, “jumboization,” has been adopted as a practical solution to meet increased transportation needs. By jumboization, we mean increasing the capacity of a ship by extending its length at a future date. There are, however, two kinds of jumboization: Fixed design (retrofitting) and flexible design. With fixed design, the initial construction cost is lower, but the subsequent jumboization cost is higher. With flexible design, the initial construction cost is higher, but the subsequent jumboization cost is lower. In this article, for both designs, we build and analyze economic decision models, and show how to value the option to jumboize. Our framework utilizes a stochastic optimal control approach that considers the volume of transportation needs (the demand) as an underlying uncertain factor. Under the criterion of cost savings maximization, we determine optimal threshold demand level to jumboize. Through analytical and numerical analyses, we obtain conditions under which the flexible design is preferred over fixed design, and vice versa. A comprehensive, illustrative example is also provided.

Оценка эффективности работы судового двигателя в динамических процессах

The article considers the problem of efficiency of energy objects, which is mainly estimated on the basis of their static characteristics. If dynamic processes take up a significant part of the object's time and budget, then there is a need for additional account of energy losses in transient processes. Using the analysis results it is necessary to select the settings of the object regulators. The problem hasn’t been thrown much light on in the publications. An attempt has been made to estimate the additional energy losses of the main engine operating on the propeller of a transport ship. To analyze the transient process of the dependence of the rotation speed on time, it is assumed that this process is caused by a sharp change in the moment of resistance by a given value. The Excel program was proposed to assess the dependence of the rotation speed on time. 10% of the nominal value of the setting or disturbing influences was chosen as the change leading out of the static equilibrium. To compare various transient processes it is proposed to use the value of the length of the transient process in time. Assessing energy losses was carried out by using the coefficient of increasing power consumption during the transient process. The additional energy losses were proved to make more than 1.0 - 1.5% of the nominal power of the controlled object due to the presence of transient processes at 10% disturbance. By changing the settings of the automatic control system (ACS) these losses can be reduced. It has been found that adjusting the ACS settings to reduce energy losses under disturbing influences leads to the higher energy losses during reference influences.

Energy Savings by Optimization of Thrusters Allocation during Complex Ship Manoeuvres

The International Maritime Organization adopted a strategy to reduce the total annual GHG emissions from international shipping by at least 50% by 2050, compared to 2008 levels. The European Union proposed an even farther reaching transformation: the European Commission adopted a set of proposals to make the EU’s transport policies fit for reducing net greenhouse gas emissions by at least 55% by 2030, compared to 1990 levels. Therefore, all industrial actions in line and consistent with these strategies are essential. One of such activities may be a gradual transition from the most common independent controls of transport ships’ thrusters, propellers, and rudders to an integrated, power optimized, 3 degrees of freedom joystick control. In this paper, the full mission bridge simulator (FMBS) research on potential energy savings and, consequently, a GHG emission reduction, while steering a RoPax twin-screw ferry equipped with bow thrusters by a joystick control, is presented. The task of navigators engaged in the research was to steer the vessel either via classic engine, rudder, and thruster levers or via a joystick while (1) following the predefined straight track, (2) rotating at the turning area, and (3), finally, crabbing (moving sideways) until stopping at the quay fenders. The conclusions are that energy savings of approximately 10% can be expected for berthing manoeuvres controlled by a joystick, compared to independent actuators’ controls. These conclusions have been drawn from a statistical analysis of the ship’s energy consumption during typical manoeuvring phases of 18 berthing operations performed in FMBS.

Analysis of the Safety Resilience Implementation in the Maritime Industry at Public and Private Companies (A Case Study in Indonesia)

(1) Background: The resilience concept shows performance improvement in four potential aspects consisting of the ability to respond, provide anticipatory action, control things that occur internally and externally, as well as the learning process of what is going right and what is going wrong. This study aims to analyze the safety resilience implementation in the Indonesian maritime sector. (2) Method: This is a descriptive study using semi-quantitative methods, using interview guides based on the Resilience Assessment Grid (RAG). The sampling technique is purposive sampling. (3) Results: The level of implementation of safety resilience at the public company was 75.1%, while the private company was 70.2%. The score for each safety resilience element in the public and private companies are as follows: the ability to respond (80%), learning ability (74.62%), monitoring ability (70.77%), and the ability to anticipate (66.92%). (4) Conclusion: The safety resilience implementation in Indonesian sea transportation shipping has not been optimal in implementing the safety resilience concept. The focus of implementing safety is still on preventing and controlling accidents. The other orientation of ability improvement in the safety resilience concept has not been implemented.