Основні особливості переформування берегів Канівського водосховища

Abstract

Reservoirs provide an electricity generation, promote the development of water transport, municipal and industrial water supply, irrigation, fisheries, recreation and other economic and social needs. However, calls are increasingly being made to limit the creation of new artificial reservoirs and even to destroy existing ones. The reason for this is the significant and very real negative environmental consequences of their creation and functioning – flooding of large areas of valuable land in river valleys, relocation of large numbers of people to new areas, flooding of low and erosion of high banks of reservoirs, deterioration of river water quality due to stagnation and "blooming” and many others. The aim of this work is to analyze the peculiarities of reforming the shores of the Kaniv Reservoir under the impact of hydrological and morphological processes, measures for the coast protection from erosion, deepening the channel and alluvium of new lands by dredging (mainly in the upper part of the reservoir) are considered. The study of this problem in the reservoirs of the Dnieper cascade, including Kaniv, we started from 1993-1997. Therefore, research methods have changed significantly at different stages. Standard methods of soil science were used to study the impact of the reservoir on the coastal soils, primarily on flooding, waterlogging and soil erosion. Since 2010, more detailed terresrial and water expeditionary routes (land) studies have been started to study the overgrowth of the reservoir with hydrophytic and hygrophytic vegetation with the formation of hydromorphic soils on the islands of the reservoir and its coast. Remote sensing methods of the Earth for analyzing the series of space images Landsat-2, 4-5, 7 and 8 were used to study the temporal and spatial changes of landscapes, as well as geospatial positioning of observation points by GARMIN GPS receiver. The important role of the dams construction and pumping stations to protect the low shores of the reservoir from flooding was noted, which, however, created significant problems in the operation of the facility due to rising electricity prices. Attention is paid to the ecological consequences of the new alluvial lands development within the reservoir water area, in particular to “blooming” and deterioration of water quality, as well as to the limitation of the ability to pass extreme floods and the threat of adjacent territories submergence. The nature of erosion and abrasion of the high right bank was studied with the use of a quadcopter, mainly in the area from the village of Rzhishchiv to the village of Trakhtemiriv. The role of marl clays in weakening the abrasion of shores is emphasized and their vulnerability to destruction is shown. The role and development of ravines on the coast and their participation in the fragmentary formation of hydromorphic landscapes along steep cliffs are noted. On the low left bank there is a reformation of the shores in the area from the village of Kyiliv to the Rzhyshchiv military range, where large areas are set aside for fisheries, hunting and recreational activities, as a result of which the wetlands are reduced. The uncertainty of the problem of pumping the water of the Trubizh River into the reservoir to protect the floodplain lands from submergence is emphasized. It is not recommended to use “Raketa” ships for water transport in this reservoir due to their negative impact on shoreline abrasion.