Transport Of Grains Research Articles

DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL FOR THE STAINING GRAIN LOADS AT THE RAILWAYS OF UKRAINE

The article analyzes the organization and technology of work of JSC "Ukrzaliznytsya" with grain cargo. The grain industry serves as the basis and source of sustainable development of the country's agricultural sector and the basis of Ukraine's agricultural exports. Therefore, the urgent issue for Ukraine is the development of the railway transport system to achieve the necessary throughput capacity for the transportation of grain cargo at minimal cost. The main trends in the development of the grain cargo market are considered and the key factors affecting the increase in the turnover of grain wagons and the decrease in their productivity are identified. Depreciation of grain-carrying cars of JSC "Ukrzaliznytsya" is more than 97.8 %, which leads to their deficit during peak periods of transportation, an increase in the turnover of cars and a decrease in their productivity. There are also problems with the lack of traction rolling stock, which does not fully meet the needs of the industry in transport services and leads to significant delays in the delivery of goods.Today, JSC "Ukrzaliznytsya" transports grain cargoes in two ways - by wagon consignments and routes. JSC “Ukrzaliznytsya” distributes the wagons not involved in route transportation in small batches between stations where they are loaded with grain. This method of transporting grain takes much longer, transportation costs the customer more expensive, while increasing the turnover of cars and increasing the shortage of cars and locomotives. Route dispatch of grain stipulates that the entire route lot of 54 wagons is immediately sent to one elevator for loading and then immediately arrives at a specific port without delays along the route for re-composition. But not all existing elevators are route and are able to load 54 wagons during the day. For such elevators, it is necessary to use a different technology, that is, they must be able to form a route (stepped) with other elevators that will go to the destination port. The formation of stepped routes will optimize rail transportation of grain and reduce the risk of losses for untimely delivery of goods. Based on the research, formalized technology for the formation of stepped routes in the form of an optimization model, the target function of which is presented as the sum of the reduced costs of technological operations. The model allows you to determine the optimal number of cars in the route dispatch when the corresponding system of restrictions. Using the proposed model will reduce the unproductive downtime of cars and eliminate processing along the route, taking into account the delivery time and technical capacity of the stations.

Wheat Grain Losses in Highway Transportation

Road transport is highlighted by its efficiency providing door-to-door services. It can be considered that 62.70% of the entire Brazilian cargo is handled by land transportation. In this context the transportation of wheat grains is very important. Wheat is an important cereal crop in Brazil and one of the main sources of carbohydrates for baking. The country produced approximately 5.42 million tons of wheat grains in the 2018 harvest. The objective of this study is to establish a percentage loss index, as well as to assess these quantitative losses during the transportation of grains of wheat in bulk. The work was developed through a partnership between the National Supply Company and the Nucleus of Storage Technology at the Federal University of Mato Grosso. It was established the evaluation of losses related to the transportation of grain wheat in bulk in the main waterways, and the research was carried out in BR-277/376 in the State of Paraná. After the choice of the highways evaluated, we performed research on the data of documents of the transport of wheat in bulk. The obtained data, through the documents, provided weight of origin, weight of destination, place of origin and place of destination, in this way, by difference was obtained the quantity of grains lost in the transport and the mileage traveled in each route. By means of these data it was possible to obtain three indices of losses, one in Kg/Km (kilogram per kilometer wheeled), another one in Kg / t (kilograms per tons transported), and also determined an index of loss in percentage of grains transported. With the indication of the indices it was possible to evaluate the losses. The Bitrem truck (7 axles) was used as the basis for calculating the losses, since during the interviews this was the type that had the most occurrences in BRs evaluated, with 39%. Based on the questionnaire, the load weight of 38,000 kg was adopted. For the study of losses of wheat grains in road transport, 10,279 data were analyzed for routs, 1,053,851 km, with an average of 102.52 km round trip. The amount of wheat grain transported was 222,494,228 kg. The total losses were 505,736 kg, averaging 49.20 kg of loss per trip. The loss per km was on average 0.479 kg. The percentage loss index for wheat (0.1708%) was determined. This percentage is lower than the adopted one that is of 0.25%, nevertheless, represent considerable losses for the economy. Based on the data obtained in the present study, it can be stated that it is possible to adopt, by the carriers, percentage loss indexes lower than 0.25% in the contracts. It is recommended to adopt the percentages of grain loss in road transport of 0.17% for wheat.

Probing the Protosolar Disk Using Dust Filtering at Gaps in the Early Solar System

Abstract Jupiter and Saturn formed early, before the gas disk dispersed. The presence of gap-opening planets affects the dynamics of the gas and embedded solids and halts the inward drift of grains above a certain size. A drift barrier can explain the absence of calcium–aluminum-rich inclusions (CAIs) in chondrites originating from parent bodies that accreted in the inner solar system. Employing an interdisciplinary approach, we use a μ-X-ray-fluorescence scanner to search for large CAIs and a scanning electron microscope to search for small CAIs in the ordinary chondrite NWA 5697. We carry out long-term, two-dimensional simulations including gas, dust, and planets to characterize the transport of grains within the viscous α-disk framework exploring the scenarios of a stand-alone Jupiter, Jupiter and Saturn in situ, or Jupiter and Saturn in a 3:2 resonance. In each case, we find a critical grain size above which drift is halted as a function of the physical conditions in the disk. From the laboratory search we find four CAIs with a largest size of ≈200 μm. Combining models and data, we provide an estimate for the upper limit of the α-viscosity and the surface density at the location of Jupiter, using reasonable assumptions about the stellar accretion rate during inward transport of CAIs, and assuming angular momentum transport to happen exclusively through viscous effects. Moreover, we find that the compound gap structure in the presence of Saturn in a 3:2 resonance favors inward transport of grains larger than CAIs currently detected in ordinary chondrites.

Genoese maritime trade with the Levant and Russia in the 19th century

The trade in foreign grain from the areas of the Black Sea, an important branch of Genoese maritime commerce, experienced a recovery due to the Treaty with Turkey in 1823. Up until the early 1820s the transport of grains bound for the port of Genova was guaranteed by the Austrian fleet. Later the Sardinian mercantile fleet, also benefitting from the flag discrimination, was able to gain a predominant enposition in the ports of Turkey and the Black Sea. But more importantly, an important trade in cereals with Ligurian sailing ships was organized by the Genoese shipowners and merchants who had transferred their business to that area. Shipments that often reached the English ports directly, as well as being directed to the Genoese port, where cereals were marketed in the western Mediterranean. A maritime traffic that turns out to be a source of huge profits for the Genoese.

Application of Questionnaire Concerning the State of Conservation of Trucks and Highway BR-163 in the State of Mato Grosso - Brazil

Grain transport losses occur due to road conditions, trucks' state of repair, types of bodies, overload, loading and transport speed. These losses, besides affecting the economy, are also considered waste of food, environmental and social aspects. The objective of this work was to collect information from the drivers, through the application of questionnaires, on the type, age and state of conservation of trucks, car bodies, roof covers and tires, as well as conservation conservation of BR-163 highway in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The study was carried out on the BR-163 highway, which is the one with the highest cargo flow for maize in the state of Mato Grosso. Interviews were conducted with approximately 500 truck drivers transporting grain cargoes of maize, in order to obtain information regarding: (a) State of conservation of the highways where they travel; (b) which part of the highways the greatest grain losses occur; (c) which grain is the most lost in road transport; (d) whether the truck driver has received any specific training to avoid grain losses; (e) whether the trucker adopts any procedure to reduce grain losses; among other information relevant to the study in question. It was observed that 59.70% of the trucks are owned by the companies, the other 40.30% are owned by the driver or are not tied to any company. It was observed that 42.90% of the trucks were manufactured between 2011 and 2015, that is, they are less than 8 years old. Of the evaluated trucks 39% of the evaluated trucks are bitrens, 32% rodotrens. The predominant bodies in the transport of grain in bulk are of the bulk type and bucket, with great predominance for grain. The data indicate that 87% of the trucks and 84% of the bodies are in good or excellent condition. The grain that is most lost in transportation, according to the drivers, is corn and soy, which together account for approximately 40% of the losses. It is concluded that grain losses in corn transport are occurring mainly due to poor conservation of BR-163 in the state of Mato Grosso. Holes and trepidation are the main culprits.

Erodible, granular beds are fragile.

Geophysical flows that involve the transport of grains and the shearing of colloids and non-Brownian suspensions often take place above a substrate composed of the same particles that can be incorporated into the flow. Despite the importance of understanding such erodible beds to the phrasing of appropriate boundary conditions for the solution of continuum models, a rigorous definition of the erodible bed and the constitutive relations for the stresses within it are still lacking. Here, we use discrete-element simulations to show that the intense, intermittent forming and breaking of contact chains marks the transition to the erodible bed at a critical solid volume fraction, as in shear jamming of steady, homogeneous flows. However, the compressible, collisional flow that confines the bed is not strong enough to insure the stability of the contact network, resulting in a bulk stiffness that is three orders of magnitude less than in shear jamming.

PROSPECTS OF EXPORT CARRIAGES OF GRAIN CARGO IN CONTAINERS

Purpose . The aim of the work is to analyze the problems and prospects of using the technology of transporting grain cargo in containers, as well as assessing the economic efficiency of rail container transportation of grain, as compared with the technology of its transportation in grain-wagons. Methodology . In the research process analysis and synthesis methods were used to study the content and main provisions of scientific publications on the state of the logistic system of transporting Ukrainian grain for export, the experience of multimodal transportation of grain cargoes, methods of technical and economic calculations and determining transportation tariffs. Results. Ukraine is a major producer and exporter of grain. The logistic system for transporting Ukrainian grain from producers to seaports for export has demonstrated its inefficiency. A promising alternative to the traditional technology of transporting grain in grain-wagons or in grain-trucks is its transportation in containers. Such technology provides multimodality of the logistic chain of grain delivery from producers to ports and reduction of transportation costs by 30-60 %, and total logistics costs – by 5-15 %. Scientific novelty . The results obtained make it possible to provide a scientific and economic rationale for the development and improvement of the system of multimodal grain transportation and optimization of the parameters of its individual links. Practical significance . The development of a system of multimodal transportation of grain in Ukraine will improve the efficiency of the logistics of its exports, reduce the cost of the logistics component in the final cost of Ukrainian grain and, accordingly, increase its competitiveness in foreign markets and the currency receipts in the budget.

Mid-infrared Spectroscopic Observations of Comet 17P/Holmes Immediately After Its Great Outburst in 2007 October

Abstract Dust grains of crystalline silicate, which are rarely present in interstellar space, were found in cometary nuclei. These crystalline silicates are thought to have formed by annealing of amorphous silicate grains or direct condensation of gaseous materials near the Sun in the solar nebula (SN), and incorporated into cometary nuclei in the cold comet-forming region after radial transportation of grains in the SN. Abundances of the crystalline silicate dust grains were therefore expected to be smaller farther from the Sun. We aim to better understand the formation mechanism of minerals incorporated into comet 17P/Holmes based on its mineral abundances. To derive the mineral composition of comet 17P/Holmes, we applied a thermal emission model for cometary dust grains to mid-infrared spectra of comet 17P/Holmes taken with the Cooled Mid-Infrared Camera and Spectrograph mounted on the Subaru Telescope a few days later the great outburst in 2007 October. The resulting mass fraction of crystalline silicate, f cry, and an olivine-to-pyroxene abundance ratio, f OP, are f cry = 0.31 ± 0.03 and f OP = 1.20+0.16/−0.12, respectively. Based on a simple consideration of the mixing of dust grains originating in both the interstellar medium and SN, the minerals of 17P/Holmes formed by nonequilibrium condensation. This result is consistent with theoretical and experimental predictions for vaporization and condensation of olivine in the SN.

Radial and vertical dust transport inhibit refractory carbon depletion in protoplanetary disks

Context. The Earth is strongly depleted in carbon compared to the dust in the ISM, implying efficient removal of refractory carbon before parent body formation. It has been argued that grains get rid of their carbon through oxidation and photolysis in the exposed upper disk layers. Aims. We assess the efficacy of these C-removal mechanisms, while accounting for the vertical and radial transport of grains. Methods. We obtained the carbon and carbon free mass budget of solids by solving two 1D advection-diffusion equations, accounting for the dust grain size distribution and radial transport. The carbon removal acts on the fraction of the grains that are in the exposed layer and requires efficient vertical transport. Results. In models without radial transport, oxidation and photolysis can destroy most of the refractory carbon in terrestrial planet formation region. But it only reaches the observed depletion levels for extreme parameter combinations and requires that parent body formation was delayed by 1 Myr. Adding radial transport of solids prevents the depletion entirely, leaving refractory carbon equally distributed throughout the disk. Conclusions. It is unlikely that the observed carbon depletion can ultimately be attributed to mechanisms operating on small grains in the disk surface layers. Other mechanisms of removing carbon quickly and deeply must be studied, for example flash heating events or FU Ori outbursts. However, a sustained drift barrier or strongly reduced radial grain mobility is necessary to prevent replenishment of carbon from the outer disk.

APPLICATION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR MANAGEMENT OF LOGISTIC FLOWS

The process of managing logistics flows is one of the main factors influencing the increase of economic efficiency of production and sales. The development of logistics information systems is a broad niche in the IT field. Application of logistic information systems in the process of management allows you to save money both on wages by the number of employees, and to accelerate the management process in a time interval. Ukraine is the leading country for grain exports. Issues of grain transportation management are considered as an alternative to manual control. The article will discuss issues related to the application of the designed information system "Logistics transportation" to develop an optimal plan for transportation of grain, which clarifies existing models of logistics flows management. To solve the problem, the authors analyzed the existing methods of managing logistic flows: direct methods (northwest method, least cost method, potential method) and methods based on additional calculations. A mathematical model of the problem of logistic flow management is constructed. The initiation solution is executed on the basis of the potentials method with additional conditions implemented in the network representation. The advantage of the used method is that the resulting reference plan is close to optimal computing. Although direct methods get the initial reference plan very quickly, but it is far from optimal. The clarification of the solution of the problem occurs through a block of logical rules. Practical verification of data is carried out on the example of Agrarian firm "Zernotreyd". During the verification, it was found that the chosen management method leads to an increase in efficiency by 4 %.

Geomechanical effects of oilfield chemicals on sand failure in reservoir rocks

Sand failure may result in the production of formation sand at the same time the formation fluids are being produced. This work examines the effects of some commonly used oilfield chemicals, specifically, biocide, corrosion inhibitor and scale inhibitor, on the geomechanical strength of reservoir rocks such as limestone and sandstone. A combination of rock mechanical testing, grain size distribution analysis and analytical techniques are used to establish and define the effects of these chemicals on grain dissolution and unconstrained compressive strength. The results suggest that some interactions such as chemical reaction (dissolution/precipitation) between the oilfield chemicals and the two different types of reservoir formation rocks and transport of grains occurred following the exposure of the rocks to the oilfield chemicals leading to the weakening of the grain fabrics rocks and consequent reduction in unconfined compressive strength. The implications of the results for the strength reduction and sand production are discussed.

Post-harvest losses during the transportation of grains from farms to aggregation points

All of Brazil's competitive advantages and productive gains tend to bleed away as its farm products pass through the various post-harvest stages, mainly due to logistic bottlenecks and deficiencies. To improve the prognosis for food security, one can avoid losses along the supply chain. This research is intended to adapt indicators and mitigation strategies derived through research in the USA to reduce post-harvest losses, especially in the transport of grains, and make this information available in Brazil. The implementation of a specific policy designed to prevent the post-harvest loss in the USA by either a public or private agent was not encountered during this research, which makes one think that this type of care is mostly driven by the market, economics, and perhaps the farmers' interest in protecting their harvested grains and taking pride in a job well done.

POST-HARVEST LOSSES DURING THE TRANSPORTATION OF GRAINS FROM FARMS TO AGGREGATION POINTS

All of Brazil's competitive advantages and productive gains tend to bleed away as its farm products pass through the various post-harvest stages, mainly due to logistic bottlenecks and deficiencies. To improve the prognosis for food security, one can avoid losses along the supply chain. This research is intended to adapt indicators and mitigation strategies derived through research in the USA to reduce post-harvest losses, especially in the transport of grains, and make this information available in Brazil. The implementation of a specific policy designed to prevent the post-harvest loss in the USA by either a public or private agent was not encountered during this research, which makes one think that this type of care is mostly driven by the market, economics, and perhaps the farmers' interest in protecting their harvested grains and taking pride in a job well done.

IMPROVEMENT OF GRAIN LOGISTICS BY THE INTRODUCTION OF BIMODAL TECHNOLOGIES

Purpose. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness of bimodal grain cargo transportation in containers in comparison with other methods of their delivery to seaports. Methodology. The studying of the grain transportation process by rail for transshipment for export through seaports is carried out using methods of mathematical statistics and the theory of organization of railway operational work. Estimation of variants of organization of transportations was carried out using methods of economic-mathematical modeling. Findings. The theoretical researches of the existing structure of the park of grain hoppers, studies of the features of functioning of the port railway stations in the organization of transportation of grain along the circle routes, as well as the assessment of the possibility of competitiveness increasing of bimodal transportation of grain in containers for short distances are carried out. Originality. The scientific novelty of the work is that it received the dependence of the cost of grain cargo delivery to seaports by unit trains from a distance taking into account the design features of rolling stock and the specific functioning of the port stations for its processing. Practical value. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the implementation of its results allow to reduce the logistics costs of grain delivery to ports for transshipment by sea and improve the economic efficiency of grain transportation.

SMALL - CAPACITY UNIT FOR FLOUR PRODUCTION AND PANIFICATION

Providing the population of small settlements with flour and bread in modern conditions requires energy expenditure on the transportation of grain to the mills, and then to the bakeries and bread itself to the settlements. Therefore, the organization and access into the modern market of the small-capacity units that allow processing of grain at the place of its cultivation into flour and bread at a minimum of energy expenditure and in the best use of anatomical parts of the grain are important. Flour and bakery industries play a major role in providing Ukraine such socially important products as flour and bread. Ukraine today has adequate potential to procure provisions of food grain for flour and bread. Despite the gradual decline in bread consumption in Ukraine, which is observed in recent years, flour and bread are strategically important products, the production of which brings steady income. The proposed version of the small-capacity unit in comparison with those released and produced by industry both in Ukraine and abroad, is a simplified version of the powerful means of rolling mills, and that leads to reduction of level in the use of anatomical parts of grain by increasing of the specific energy consumption per unit of the produced products 2-2,5 times more. Thus the most valuable anatomical parts enriched with protein, microelements and vitamins (aleurone layer and germ) do not get in the product of grain processing and are displayed together with brans or partly get in flour of lower quality, which reduces the biological value of flour of the first and higher qualities. In this regard, there was a necessity to create such installation units that could be available for usage in agricultural and large farming enterprises and would allow to get flour and bakery products at the best use of anatomical parts of grain.

ANALYSIS OF THE UKRAINIAN GRAIN STORAGE SYSTEM

Purpose. Analysis of the current state and problems of the functioning of the Ukrainian grain storage system as an important element of the logistics chain of its delivery to seaports for export. Searching for ways to improve the efficiency of rail transportation of grain from linear elevators to ports in terms of reducing logistics costs. Main material. Over the past few years, Ukraine has confidently taken a leading position as one of the largest producers and exporters of grain. In the 2016-2017 season, Ukraine exported 44 million tons of grain, ranking second in the world. An important component of the logistic chain of grain supply for export is the system of its storage in the areas of production and transshipment. Currently, Ukraine has more than 1,000 linear elevators and about 30 port terminals with a total storage capacity of 48 million tons. Among the regions most provided with elevator capacity, Poltava, Odessa and Kirovograd regions. The average level of provided with elevators in Ukraine is 64%. The capacity of port terminals for grain transshipment is 60 million tons. The average cost of grain processing on linear elevators is 8...15 USD / ton. The losses of Ukrainian grain producers due to inefficient logistics are 20 USD / ton. The main carrier of grain cargo in Ukraine is rail transport. The main problems of rail transportation of grain are: insufficient capacity of the railway infrastructure in ports and port areas, shortage and aging of the grain wagons, inefficient organization of logistics. The forwarding direction of improving the logistics of rail transportation of grain cargo is shipper routing. The organization of such a technology requires the development of an elevator infrastructure for the concentration of loading grain routes on nodal elevators. Conclusions. The existing elevator infrastructure provides the existing volumes of production and export of Ukrainian grain. The introduction of the routing of grain transportation requires joint actions, both investors in the development of elevator infrastructure, and the state in the sphere of liberalization of the tariff policy for rail transportation.

Localized characterization of charge transport and random telegraph noise at the nanoscale in HfO2 films combining scanning tunneling microscopy and multi-scale simulations

Charge transport and Random Telegraph Noise (RTN) are measured successfully at the nanoscale on a thin polycrystalline HfO2 film using room temperature Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM). STM is used to scan the surface of the sample with the aim of identifying grains and grain boundaries, which show different charge transport characteristics. The defects responsible for charge transport in grains and grain boundaries are identified as positively charged oxygen vacancies by matching the localized I-V curves measured at the nanoscale with the predictions of physics-based multi-scale simulations. The estimated defect densities at grains and grain boundaries agree with earlier reports in the literature. Furthermore, the current-time traces acquired by STM at fixed bias voltages on grains show characteristic RTN fluctuations. The high spatial resolution of the STM-based RTN measurement allows us to detect fluctuations related to individual defects that typically cannot be resolved by the conventional device-level probe station measurement. The same physical framework employed to reproduce the I-V conduction characteristics at the grains also successfully simulates the RTN detected at the nanoscale. We confirm that charge trapping at defects not directly involved in charge transport can induce significant current fluctuations through Coulombic interactions with other defects in the proximity that support charge transport.

Improvement of technology for management of freight rolling stock on railway transport

We performed a statistical analysis of the time series of the volumes of cargo transportation. Studies have shown sufficiently high accuracy of prediction relative to the actual values of a railway transport system based on the mathematical apparatus of artificial neural network. The experiment revealed that the mean absolute percentage error for the volumes of transportation of grain and the products of flour mills amounted to 5.56 %. Given that railway transport is a fairly inert system, indicator of 5.56 % is sufficient for management decision making. By having predicted the level of cargo transportation, we determined the required number of wagons of a particular type, which would conform to the conditions of transportation of this particular cargo. The optimal technology of organization of railway wagon flows implies minimization of operational costs for the transportation of cargo. In order to find the best variant to move the wagons, we proposed to take into account irregularity factor, or seasonality. The application on the railway network of the result of solution of the proposed model enables the dispatcher, the one who handles wagons, to make rational management decisions. Such technology makes it possible to take both long-term and operational decisions directly in the system of organization of railway wagon flows. To automate management decision-making by operational personnel of railway transport, we simulated organization of wagon flows using the software. The simulation was carried out on a virtual polygon of railways. The procedure for obtaining rational decisions when managing freight rolling stock is universal and makes it possible to perform calculations for polygons of any size and at arbitrary time of planning

Identifying the Stages during Ultrasonic Processing that Reduce the Grain Size of Aluminum with Added Al3Ti1B Master Alloy

The combined application of UST and Al3Ti1B grain refiner changes the macrostructure of untreated commercial purity aluminum from large millimeter sized columnar grains to equiaxed grains of a few hundred microns. This research reveals three distinct stages that affect the grain size, while UST is applied during melting and solidification. Stage I applied well above the liquidus temperature improves the efficiency of the refiner, possibly by de‐agglomeration and wetting of TiB2 particles, and their distribution throughout the melt by acoustic streaming. Stage I is followed by Stage II, where little further improvement occurs. Stage III causes additional grain refinement when applied at and below the liquidus temperature, where nucleation of grains maybe enhanced by cavitation, which can also facilitate fragmentation and detachment of grains formed on the sonotrode. Convection due to acoustic streaming creates a uniformly undercooled temperature in the melt, which ensures the survival of these new grains during transport, as well as assisting the transport of grains to produce a uniform fine grain size throughout the ingot.

ANÁLISE DE VIABILIDADE DOS CUSTOS PARA A REATIVAÇÃO DO TERMINAL DE CONCHAS NA HIDROVIA TIETÊ PARANÁ

O transporte de grãos da produção até seus locais de transformação e/ou exportação tem no transporte sua maior dificuldade na cadeia de suprimentos. Apresentando a estrutura atual da Hidrovia Tiete-Paraná e, caracterizando os elementos de um projeto hidroviário. Este artigo teve como objetivo avaliar os custos com a reativação do terminal hidroviário localizado na cidade de Conchas/SP, apresentando suas vantagens, desvantagens e sua viabilidade no tocante aos custos, quando comparado e somado às despesas de transbordo e operação que ocorrem a partir da utilização dos modais rodoviário e ferroviário hoje, buscando alternativas para minimizar o impacto dos valores nessa movimentação, além da verificação do valor a desembolsar pela reativação desse terminal hidroviário. Os resultados indicam que a utilização trecho da Hidrovia Tiete-Paraná que liga Pederneiras/SP - Conchas/SP, permitirá além de uma significativa redução dos custos com o transporte, uma importante mitigação da emissão de GEE, que favoreceriam ao aumento da competitividade da produção brasileira.