Transport Machines Research Articles

Основные результаты разработки трансмиссии перспективного шасси для размещения мобильного транспортно-перегрузочного канатного комплекса

The article presents the results of the development of a chassis for the placement of transport and technological machines equipped with a transmission with the possibility of taking off high power (in relation to the power of the standard running engine). Based on the analysis of the market and advertising campaigns of the leading manufacturers of trucks and wheel chassis, a conclusion is made about the competitive advantages of a chassis with a large selection of power. A detailed diagram of the developed transmission is given. A mathematical model is presented for the study of dynamic working processes in the transmission when using the chassis for the placement of base stations of mobile transport and reloading rope complexes (mobile cable cars).

Building an Enhanced Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Insect Flight.

Makerspaces have a high potential of enabling researchers to develop new techniques and to work with novel species in ecological research. This protocol demonstrates how to take advantage of the technology found in makerspaces in order to build a more versatile flight mill for a relatively low cost. Given that this study extracted itsprototype from flight mills built in the last decade, this protocol focuses more on outlining divergences made from the simple, modern flight mill. Previous studies have already shown how advantageous flight mills are to measuring flight parameters such as speed, distance, or periodicity. Such mills have allowed researchers to associate these parameters with morphological, physiological, or genetic factors. In addition to these advantages, this study discusses the benefits of using the technology in makerspaces, like 3D printers and laser cutters, in order to build a more flexible, sturdy, and collapsible flight mill design. Most notably, the 3D printed components of this design allow the user to test insects of various sizes by making the heights of the mill arm and infrared (IR) sensors adjustable. The 3D prints also enable the user to easily disassemble the machine for quick storage or transportation to the field. Moreover, this study makes greater use of magnets and magnetic paint to tether insects with minimal stress. Lastly, this protocol details a versatile analysis of flight data through computer scripts that efficiently separate and analyze differentiable flight trials within a single recording. Although more labor-intensive, applying the tools available in makerspaces and on online 3D modeling programs facilitates multidisciplinary and process-orientated practices and helps researchers avoid costly, premade products with narrowly adjustable dimensions. By taking advantage of the flexibility and reproducibility of technology in makerspaces, this protocol promotes creative flight mill design and inspires open science.

USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES TO IMPROVE THE TRANSPORTATION PROCESS

Problem. Due to the constant information development of society and its industrial component, new transport systems and machines have reached a high level of information excellence. Accordingly, there is a new contradiction between the rapid development of tools and methods of informatization of complex objects and systems, the development of transport telematics (internal for cars and other vehicles and external internal transport control systems) and the heterogeneous nature of existing subsystems and components of the transport complex. Of Ukraine. The problem of resolving this contradiction will allow at all levels of transport infrastructure to improve services to residents of cities and regions, improve transport processes, avoid existing negative consequences: traffic disruptions, unsatisfactory condition of roads, irrational use of funds for repair, operation and equipment of highways. This will help improve traffic safety, improve the quality of transport services, ensure people’s comfort and save cargo. Goal. The goal of the study is to create software and hardware for virtual management, its intellectualization based on the use of virtual logistics of transportation processes, providing road users, tools of virtual management, a kind of virtual logistics of the transport system of the transport portal KhNADU (ICT KhNADU). The purpose of this article is to study the problem of expressing and proving new rules and concepts for providing knowledge and skills to people who want to work in the IT field of transport applications. The sequence of acquiring knowledge and skills of people who have improved their personal professional level in road transport is determined. Methodology. The idea of computer science as system engineering of successful consecutive creation of computer equipment and software of complex systems by combining their computer and software engineering in the field of motor transport is offered. Practical value. The scope of use of the obtained results is road transport road organizations of Ukraine, residents of cities and regions as individuals or legal entities of users of transport services.

Расчет координат модифицированного профиля производящей поверхности зуборезного инструмента

Spatial helical gears, worm gears with a cylindrical worm, globoid gears, etc., are widely used in most of modern engineering products [1-3; 37; 42]. Cylindrical worm gears are actively used in the creation of metalworking equipment (push mechanisms of rolling mills, presses, etc.), in lifting and transport machines, in drives and kinematic chains of various machine tool equipment where high kinematic accuracy is required (dividing machine tools, adjustment mechanisms), etc.
 In a worm gear a cylindrical worm or its cylindrical helical surface can be cut by various technological methods [49-51], but no matter how the shaping of the worm gear elements’ working surfaces is carried out, the worm wheel is cut with a gear cutting tool, whose producing surface coincides with the worm thread’s lateral surface [19; 22; 23]. In this regard, the working surface of the cylindrical worm wheel’s tooth, even with a non-orthogonal arrangement of axes, is an envelope of a one-parameter family of surfaces that gives a linear contact, which presence makes it possible to transfer a large load using a worm gear.
 For high-quality manufacturing of worm gears, it is necessary to design and manufacture a productive gear cutting tool - an accurate worm cutter, whose shaping (working) surface must be identical to the profiled worm’s shaping (working) surface [24-27; 54].
 One of the most important tasks in the implementation of worm gearing is the problem of jamming of the cylindrical worm and the worm wheel’ contacting surfaces. This problem is excluded by relieving the contacting surfaces’ profile along the contact line. Considering that any violations of contacting surfaces’ geometric parameters affect the change in their geometric characteristics, the tasks of accurately determining the adjustment parameters of the technological equipment, used for shaping the worm and worm wheel, enter into in the foreground of the worm gearing elements production.
 In modern conditions of plant and equipment obsolescence, and in particular, of gear cutting machines used for worm gears manufacture, these machines physical wear, implies an inevitable decrease in the accuracy of their kinematic chains. Therefore, in order to maintain the produced gears’ quality at a sufficiently high level, it is necessary to use deliberate modification of contacting surfaces when calculating the worm gearing’s geometric parameters; such modification reduces the worm gear sensitivity to manufacturing and mounting errors of its elements [28-31].

Development of eco-friendly mechanized rotary parking lots with a flywheel energy storage device

Perspective type of mechanized parkings is a multi-storey rotary parking system. It is the most efficiency type, but it costs relatively high per unit of parking space. Lower speed of transportation of cars in comparison with other parking types slightly influences on productivity, because an efficiency of work of the device is firstly defined by duration of stages of loading and unloading of cars. The main disadvantage of multi-storey car parks compared to conventional parking lots - is the need for increasing costs for the operation of the lifting device. One of the methods of improving the energy efficiency of lifting and transport machines is the development of structures with energy recuperation. It allows the kinetic energy of the moving parts at the stage of braking to be accumulated in the battery, and to get used for acceleration when performing the next movement. The article describes the mechanism of a rotary-type parking lot with a flywheel energy storage device, and its principle of operation. The characteristics of a flywheel energy accumulator are well suited to the task. In terms of the specific energy reserve per unit of weight, the flywheel battery effectively competes with the electric one, differing from it by a higher working life. Also, its properties do not deteriorate at low operating temperatures. The justification of the choice of the required parameters of the flywheel, the analysis of its shape and the choice of material from which the flywheel can be made.

BULK CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. MOVING BULK MATERIALS BY PNEUMATIC AND HYDRAULIC TRANSPORT. LECTURE 6

The article consistently sets forth the material of the sixth lecture on the course “Theory of hoisting-and-transport, construction, road vehicles and equipment”, including the following questions. Characterization of bulk materials transported by continuous transport machines, their particle-and-size distribution. The law of the normal distribution of random variables (in this case, particle sizes) is considered. The relationship between the angles of external and internal friction in an array of bulk material is shown. The process of transporting bulk materials in an air stream, as well as a pneumatic transport installation of a technological complex for firing vermiculite, is considered. The forces influencing the particle in the air flow and its speed of rotation are determined. The article gives the solution to the problem of air movement in the installation suction pipe. In addition, the article considers the movement of bulk materials in a stream of water, the scheme of a hydro transport installation, and its calculation.

Lipopolysaccharide transport involves long-range coupling between cytoplasmic and periplasmic domains of the LptB2FGC extractor.

The cell surface of the Gram-negative cell envelope contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules, which form a permeability barrier against hydrophobic antibiotics. The LPS transport (Lpt) machine composed of LptB2FGCADE forms a proteinaceous trans-envelope bridge that allows for the rapid and specific transport of newly synthesized LPS from the inner membrane (IM) to the outer membrane (OM). This transport is powered from the IM by the ATP-binding cassette transporter LptB2FGC. The ATP-driven cycling between closed- and open-dimer states of the ATPase LptB2 is coupled to the extraction of LPS by the transmembrane domains LptFG. However, the mechanism by which LPS moves from a substrate-binding cavity formed by LptFG at the IM to the first component of the periplasmic bridge, the periplasmic β-jellyroll domain of LptF, is poorly understood. To better understand how LptB2FGC functions in Escherichia coli, we searched for suppressors of a defective LptB variant. We found that defects in LptB2 can be suppressed by both structural modifications to the core oligosaccharide of LPS and changes in various regions of LptFG, including a periplasmic loop in LptF that connects the substrate-binding cavity in LptFG to the periplasmic β-jellyroll domain of LptF. These novel suppressors suggest that interactions between the core oligosaccharide of LPS and periplasmic regions in the transporter influence the rate of LPS extraction by LptB2FGC. Together, our genetic data reveal a path for the bi-directional coupling between LptB2 and LptFG that extends from the cytoplasm to the entrance to the periplasmic bridge of the transporter.IMPORTANCEGram-negative bacteria are intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics due to the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at their cell surface. LPS is transported from its site of synthesis at the inner membrane to the outer membrane by the Lpt machine. Lpt proteins form a transporter that spans the entire envelope and is thought to function similarly to a PEZ candy dispenser. This trans-envelope machine is powered by the cytoplasmic LptB ATPase through a poorly understood mechanism. Using genetic analyses in Escherichia coli, we found that LPS transport involves long-ranging bi-directional coupling across cellular compartments between cytoplasmic LptB and periplasmic regions of the Lpt transporter. This knowledge could be exploited in developing antimicrobials that overcome the permeability barrier imposed by LPS.

Simulation, Optimization, and Machine Learning in Sustainable Transportation Systems: Models and Applications

The need for effective freight and human transportation systems has consistently increased during the last decades, mainly due to factors such as globalization, e-commerce activities, and mobility requirements. Traditionally, transportation systems have been designed with the main goal of reducing their monetary cost while offering a specified quality of service. During the last decade, however, sustainability concepts are also being considered as a critical component of transportation systems, i.e., the environmental and social impact of transportation activities have to be taken into account when managers and policy makers design and operate modern transportation systems, whether these refer to long-distance carriers or to metropolitan areas. This paper reviews the existing work on different scientific methodologies that are being used to promote Sustainable Transportation Systems (STS), including simulation, optimization, machine learning, and fuzzy sets. This paper discusses how each of these methodologies have been employed to design and efficiently operate STS. In addition, the paper also provides a classification of common challenges, best practices, future trends, and open research lines that might be useful for both researchers and practitioners.

The prospects of using of flywheel energy accumulators in the lifting and transport industry

The increase in the energy consumption of lifting and transport machines in transient operating mode requires the creation of mathematical models and, on their basis, the development of recommendations for increasing economy. Important reasons for reducing the economy of lifting machines are changes in speed and load, deviations from the optimal value and causes an increase in energy dissipation. Another reason for the increase in lost energy is the process of machines with a loss of kinetic energy during their shutting-off. Increasing the economic showings of machines is possible by reducing its nominal power, which leads to a deterioration in dynamic qualities. A promising method of increasing the economy of machines is using of braking energy recovery, its accumulation and using during further acceleration. In this case, the increase of efficiency occurs without reducing the dynamic qualities and showings of the machine.

Procedure for determining the limit state parameters of John Deere tractor transmission units

Evaluation of reliability of transport and process machines in operation has considerable duration and low reliability. The purpose of the operation is to determine the parameters of the limit state of the transmission units, using the example of cardan joints. The estimated resource indicators are engine loading (based on data from the on-board computer), operating time (according to the on-board computer) and radial play (measured during observations) in the joint, using the example of the John Deere tractor. For laboratory studies, 12 cardan joints of the drive shafts of the gearbox hydraulic module were selected, decommissioned from six tractors upon reaching the maximum operating time established by the manufacturer. Tractors were operated in agricultural farms of the Belgorod region at various agricultural works: plowing, cultivation, disking, transportation. As a result of statistical processing, the average values of the limit state parameters of the tested cardan joints are established: 1) by load Nmp=47.70±45.14 kW; 2) by operating time Lmp=6649±6441 h; 3) along the radial play Δmp=0.274±0.201 mm. The synthesis of the results made it possible to draw the following conclusions. First, specific values of the maximum state parameters of the unit are determined, which allow determining their operability. Second cardan joints with load within the limits of 47.70…92.84 kW have sufficient operability, but if necessary they increase durability and reliability and are suitable for carrying out maintenance actions. Third, cardan joints having operating time within 6649…13090 h and radial play 0.274…0.475 mm, if necessary, they are suitable for repair actions.

Application of Galvanic Zinc-Iron Coating in the Repair of Transport and Technological Machines

The article presents the results of experimental studies to determine the relationship between the electrolysis modes and the properties of electroplating coatings for mathematical modeling of the dynamics of the electrolytic process (MDEP), described by a system of ordinary differential equations due to the complex relationship of the kinetics of chemical reactions, hydrodynamics and mass transfer in the electrolyte flow, the kinematics of electrode plates, and the influence of the electric field of the "anode-cathode" pair on all these processes. At the same time, the experimental base was a series of full-scale experiments to restore the seats of the root supports of cylinder blocks with electroplated coatings. The final result of the research is the procedure for constructing an optimal resource-saving mode of electroplating, which is a zinc-iron alloy.

Hybrid power-generating system with inertial energy-storage device

Detailed quantitative analysis of the energy and technical capabilities of various hybrid power-generating system combinations for a transport machine is performed. Prospective combination of compression ignition engine and inertial energy-storage device made by the superflywheel is shown. Engineering analysis of superflywheel parameters and features of the dynamics of the flywheel drive is given.

System management technology for technical maintenance of transport and technological machines

The paper considers the generalized structure of maintenance system, including, in the general case, the protection subsystem, the functional diagnostics subsystem, the test diagnostics subsystem, the maintenance and repair subsystem. The technical implementation of the listed subsystems is possible in the form of tools built into the object and in the form of tools external to the object. For the generalized structure of the transport and technological machines maintenance system, the possible ratios of the volumetric characteristics of built-in and external subsystems are analyzed (using the simplest analytical expression). The possibility of formalizing the control process of a generalized system of technical maintenance of autonomous objects within the framework of a finite-automaton model is discussed. In accordance with this model, it is proposed, first, to consider the on-board maintenance system as an operational automaton; second, each of its subsystems should be considered as a separate internal automaton that implements its own technological algorithm; third, the interaction of the four automata should be organized within the control automaton for the above-mentioned operating automaton. The algorithm for the functioning of this control automaton has been synthesized.

Improving the reliability of metal structures of transport and technological machines during operation in the Arctic

In the course of the study, we analyzed the main factors affecting the brittle fracture of the elements of welded structures made of structural steels, associated with its unexpectedness and the absence of noticeable plastic deformations at metal stresses much lower than the yield point. During experiments, the relationship between the magnetic parameter Hp and the structure of structural steels during thermal cycling was revealed. This became possible due to the high sensitivity of passive magnetic flux leakage testing when monitoring the structural transformations of metal during cyclic heating and cooling. We provide examples of the formation of ultrafine-grain structures in industrial structural steels based on the results of thermal cycling and analyze factors affecting the final grain size. It is shown that the degree of steel microstructure refinement depends on the chemical composition and initial structure of steels as well as the number of thermal cycling cycles. It was established that an increase in the number of thermal cycling cycles and the degree of steel alloying, the presence of a finer-grain initial structure, and preliminary cold plastic deformation during stage-by-stage monitoring using passive magnetic flux leakage testing contribute to the formation of a finer-grain structure. A decrease in the average grain size shifts the temperature of metal transition from ductile to brittle fracture to the region of lower temperatures, which increases the reliability of welded metal structures of transport and technological machines used in the Arctic.

ФАКТОРЫ, ВЛИЯЮЩИЕ НА ИЗНОС ОСНОВНЫХ МЕХАНИЗМОВ И СИСТЕМ ДВИГАТЕЛЯ ВНУТРЕННЕГО СГОРАНИЯ

In the course of operation of transport and technological machines (tractors, cars, grain and forage harvesters and other complex agricultural machinery), the joints in the nodes, aggregates, and mechanisms are worn out. The amount of wear depends on the service life and operating conditions. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in searching for the most acceptable method for practical application of determining the optimal frequency of technical service to ensure high reliability and efficiency through reducing the intensity of wear of the interfaces of components, aggregates, mechanisms of the transport and technological machine; proposing coefficients for adjusting the frequency standards when planning and organizing maintenance and repair of agricultural machinery. (Materials and methods) The condition of the crankshafts of internal combustion engines at the operating time close to carrying out major repairs, 5000 hours (maintenance - 3) for tractors, 192,000 km and 150,000 km (routine repairs) for vehicles like KAMAZ and GAZ-3309. Authors applied the methods used to determine the optimal frequency of maintenance and repair, which characterize the quality of technical impacts. (Results and discussion) The article presents calculations performed to determine the maximum performance of the unit as part of a tractor with different maintenance intervals and an agricultural machine based on the use of a statistical method (according to the probability of failure). Authors found that the most acceptable method for determining the optimal frequency of technical impacts is the "unit cost" method. The article proposes coefficients for adjusting the frequency of technical impacts. (Conclusions) Determining the optimal frequency of technical impacts will minimize operating costs and prevent possible failures. To do this, it is necessary to choose an acceptable method that determines the optimal frequency and ensures minimal wear of the interfaces in the nodes, aggregates, mechanisms of transport and technological machines.

Результаты исследования воздействия излучателя ИСЧ-19 на свойства почвы при угнетении борщевика Сосновского

Sosnovsky hogweed is a dangerous weed that occupies large areas of agricultural land, negatively affecting their properties, as well as causing severe chemical burns. In the Tver region, thickets of hogweed are spread over a large area, and every year it spreads further and further. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing and testing the method of suppression of Sosnovsky hogweed, analyzing the results of laboratory tests of an innovative method for removing weed vegetation using the developed ultra-frequency emitter ISCh-19. (Materials and methods) Based on the analysis of the literature, authors found that there are five main methods of combating hogweed, but these methods are ineffective. The article describes an electromechanical method that includes irradiation of the weed, which contributes to its more effective destruction, and a device for controlling the roots and seeds of the plant. (Results and discussion) Authors assembled and installed a prototype of the ISCh-19 emitter in the educational and scientific laboratory of the Department of Technological and Transport Machines and Complexes of the Tver State Agricultural Academy on the soil channel. The roots that were at a depth of 0.2 meters under the radiation of 45 minutes, began to have a humidity of 1-3 percent, the tips of the roots closer to the surface were burned, converted into mineral fertilizer. (Conclusions) With an increase in the temperature of exposure to the soil, the viability of plant materials of Sosnovsky hogweed located in the soil decreases. The ISCh-19 is effective in the fight against Sosnovsky hogweed: the sown seeds were exposed to radiation, as a result of the experiment, the seeds did not germinate and the weed lost its viability. This device will help in the future to simplify the fight against Sosnovsky hogweed, allowing to stop its spread on agricultural soils.

Modeling of the process of collection, sorting and transportation of logging residues at the logging area

Effectiveness of economic development of logging industry is impossible without scientifically grounded strategies of formation of perspective technological logging processes with complex use of the total biomass of harvested trees. Degree of utilization of wood biomass is to be considered the most important principle of progressive logging technology. One of the main tasks of the national logging complex is the use of low-grade wood, lumpy wood waste, top of trees, twigs and branches, which will significantly improve efficiency of logging. To solve this problem, this article reviews the process of modeling of work of sorting and transportation machine designed for loading, sorting and transportation of felling residues to timber road. The technological scheme also provides cutting waste with knife for sorting by size. The study provides a detailed technological scheme of logging operations using forwarders with a removable body for loading, sorting and transportation of felling residues. The body of the forwarder is divided into compartments for transportation of waste with different parameters. The information and logical model of the process of collection, sorting and transportation of felling residue, which is proposed by machine, was offered. The formula for calculating the performance of operation of the sorting and transportation machine was obtained. Sorting according to species and types of felling residues is necessary for the production of fuel and technological wood chips for further use in production of valuable commercial products.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ МОДИФИЦИРОВАННОГО РАБОЧЕГО ОРГАНА КОМБИНИРОВАННОЙ РОТАЦИОННОЙ КОСИЛКИ

Currently, there are practically no mechanization tools on the market that combine grass removal (mowing) and the levelling loosening of the upper soil layer, while cutting the root systems contained in the soil in one pass. The purpose of the study was to provide a theoretical rationale of the modifi ed design of the working tool of the combined rotary mower, as well as to conduct its laboratory and fi eld studies. Complex theoretical, laboratory and fi eld studies were carried out using the equipment of the Department of Technological and Transport Machines and Complexes, the Department of Technology of Processing and Storage of Agricultural Products of Tver State Agricultural Academy and recognized methods of experimental research. In the course of theoretical studies, the main parameters of the new working tool were determined, which enabled two technological processes to be carried out in one pass: grass mowing and cutting with loosening of the top soil layer (0…10 cm). On the basis of the obtained data, a workable model of the working tool was designed. When tested in laboratory conditions, regardless of the operating modes and the initial state of the cultivated soil, improved agrophysical properties were observed in terms of absolute humidity and saturation with root residues. It was found that the most optimal level of absolute humidity for the impact of the working tool on soils of light-loamy granulometric composition was 20%, while the best structural and density indicators were observed at all values of soil saturation with root residues; thgey averaged 2.24 units and 1.26 g/cm3. It has been established that at low operating speeds, it is advisable to use a higher rotation speed of the working tool (at 150 rpm), at the same time, with an increase in speed, the speed of rotation should be reduced (to 110 rpm). As a result of fi eld experiments, convincing data were obtained on the feasibility of using a new working tool that provides eff ective mowing of grassland vegetation (the purity of the stem cut is 95.6%) and loosening of the surface layer of the soil (0…10 cm), increasing the structural coeffi cient by 26.8% while optimizing the density and grinding of root systems. The next stages of the study include developing and manufacturing a workable design of a combined rotary mower prototype that ensures the optimal energy intensity of performance and the required quality of technological processes.

Improving availability of the mechanisms under harsh conditions of Arctic based on the monitoring their energy load

The limitations of the existing system of keeping track of operating time of transport and technological machines by running hours and mileage are considered. The results of testing vehicles with the use of special instruments that allow logging and storing data on the speed rate and load mode of engine and vehicle operation are presented. It has been found that the speed rate and load mode of operation of an internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles under in different operating conditions form in diverse ways, which is reflected in the implemented power and the amount of mechanical work performed by the engine. It has been suggested to assess the operation time of the vehicle by amount of mechanical work in joules, performed by ICE, that would allow to optimize the maintenance schedule and improve the availability of the machinery and mechanisms under the harsh conditions of Arctic and Siberia.

Improving the movement smoothness of a mobile repair shop for machinery servicing in the Arctic

A wide range of transport and technological machines (TTMs) (construction and road machinery) are produced based on truck chassis and often used in challenging road conditions as well as in hard-to-reach areas such as the Arctic. The Arctic conditions are characterized by a lack of roads with improved surfaces; therefore, suspensions must withstand high loads caused by uneven roads. The speed of mobile repair shops’ arrival to areas of TTM operation depends on the design of the elastic and damping elements of such repair shops. The paper describes a design of a new pneumohydraulic shock absorber with an additional external chamber. The proposed shock absorber design makes it possible to improve the movement smoothness of machinery when moving off-road, and, therefore, increase the speed of movement.