Abstract
The need for effective freight and human transportation systems has consistently increased during the last decades, mainly due to factors such as globalization, e-commerce activities, and mobility requirements. Traditionally, transportation systems have been designed with the main goal of reducing their monetary cost while offering a specified quality of service. During the last decade, however, sustainability concepts are also being considered as a critical component of transportation systems, i.e., the environmental and social impact of transportation activities have to be taken into account when managers and policy makers design and operate modern transportation systems, whether these refer to long-distance carriers or to metropolitan areas. This paper reviews the existing work on different scientific methodologies that are being used to promote Sustainable Transportation Systems (STS), including simulation, optimization, machine learning, and fuzzy sets. This paper discusses how each of these methodologies have been employed to design and efficiently operate STS. In addition, the paper also provides a classification of common challenges, best practices, future trends, and open research lines that might be useful for both researchers and practitioners.
Highlights
The United Nations defines sustainable development as the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs [1]
In the context of Sustainable Transportation Systems (STS), this paper has reviewed some of the most popular methods for their analysis and enhancement
We have discussed the use of optimization and simulation models, machine learning methods, and fuzzy techniques
Summary
The United Nations defines sustainable development as the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs [1]. Sustainability 2021, 13, 1551 among citizens; (ii) a safe and environmentally friendly mode of transportation; (iii) an economically sustainable system; and (iv) public health, since high levels of pollution in cities have been associated with serious health problems, i.e., cardio-respiratory morbidity, mortality, and cancer [6,7] This variety of dimensions can be observed in the main group of stakeholders (i.e., government, users, and the community). The decisions related to sustainable transportation boosted by governments and legislators are diverse in their nature, and in recent years their focus has been on alleviating traffic congestion in highly urbanized areas and on developing alternative transportation systems to traditional ones that minimize the emission of pollutants, e.g., the implementation of policies that favor the use of bicycles or public transport All these strategies and decisions go through the identification of user preferences regarding communication routes, transportation methods, and consumption habits, among others.
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