Transport Machines Research Articles

THE DESIGN OF THE TOROIDAL PLANETARY TWO-ROW VARIATOR OF VEHICLES WITH INCREASED REQUIREMENTS FOR THE RANGE OF GEAR RATIOS AND SMOOTH RUNNING

The article presents the design of the toroidal planetary two-row variator, variants of designs of control units of this variators and a method for calculating planetary mechanisms with inclined axes of satellites. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in developing kinematic and schematic diagrams of a two-row planetary variator; formulating and propose the methodology for calculating gear ratios, angular velocities of satellites and geometric transmission parameters; proposing variants of the variator control unit for the purpose of adaptation or unification with agricultural machinery units. (Materials and methods) The research used data from domestic and foreign authors concerning the design and theoretical description of in-line and planetary friction variators, including toroidal. Authors conducted a patent study of design options for friction planetary variators, the gear ratio of which is changed by changing the position of the satellite axes. Kinematic schemes of the proposed design options were compiled in order to develop a method for calculating gear ratios. (Results and discussion) The article presents the design that can be used in transmissions of transport and traction machines operating in the agricultural sectors. It favorably compares with analogues in small axial and overall dimensions, less wear of friction surfaces and a large range of regulation. The range of such planetary variators, designed on the basis of a combination of increasing and decreasing rows, favorably compares with the range of friction variators with toroidal rolling bodies. The article also presents the methodology for calculating gear ratios that can be used for planetary mechanisms with satellite axes that are not parallel to the main axis of the mechanism. A parametric scheme allows you not only to obtain the values of the variator gear ratios for given geometric parameters, but also to calculate these parameters automatically at the required gear ratios. (Conclusions) The developed concept of a combination of series gear ratios can be applied in the designs of planetary variators and used as a basis in further scientific developments.

Системы автоматического управления и регулирования теплоэнергетических установок

The modern stringent requirements for fuel efficiency, exhaust gases toxicity and dynamic performance can only be met by equipping thermal power plants with modern control and regulation systems. Thermal power plants based on internal combustion engines have found the greatest application. They are used in different fields --- automobile and railway transport, agricultural, road-building and forestry machines, in ship-building, aviation, stationary power plants. The analysis of the main directions for further improvement of thermal power plants with internal combustion engines and their automated control and regulation systems has been carried out. Among these directions are an expansion of functional capabilities in such systems, improvement of control and regulation processes quality and their use at adaptation of thermal power plants to work on alternative fuels. The important aspects for improvement of thermal power plants with internal combustion engines are the necessity of studying the working processes of engines and their systems in order to decrease the exhaust gases toxicity. The relevance of these systems research is shown and the evaluation of the current level in their development is made. A characteristic feature of modern control and regulation systems of thermal power plants is their widespread construction on modern microprocessor element base The paper was based on the materials of the reports of the all-Russian scientific and technical conference n.a. Professor V.I. Krutov (27.01.2021)

Research on high-pressure hose with repairing fitting and influence on energy parameter of the hydraulic drive

Reliability and maintenance analysis of transport machines hydraulic drives, basically focused to power units: pumps, cylinders etc., without taking in to account junction elements. Therefore, this paper proposes a research analysis on high-pressure hoses and junctions during technical maintenance. Comparative analysis of fluid behavior and energy efficiency inside non-repaired and repaired high-pressure hoses is presented in this research. Theoretical and experimental research results for hydraulic processes inside high-pressure hose is based on the numerical simulations using Navier–Stokes equations and experimental measurement of fluid flow pressure inside high-pressure hoses. Research of fluid flow dynamics in the hydraulic system was made with main assumptions: system flow rate in the range from 5 to 100 l/min, diameter of the hoses and repairing fitting are 3/8". The pressure drops, power losses, flow coefficients at non-repaired and after maintenance hose was obtained as a result. Simulation results were verified by running physical experiments to measure the pressure losses.

Mechanisms of power distribution: principles of kinematic and force analysis

The article considers the features of performing kinematic and power analysis of a controlled power mechanism for the transmission of wheeled transport and transport-technological machines. Such mechanisms are currently used mainly on cars in order to improve handling, stability, traction and dynamic properties in severe road conditions. Such mechanisms are not produced in Russia, but theoretical studies are currently being conducted, the results of which will allow determining the main parameters of the mechanism and synthesizing its kinematic scheme. The proposed approaches are based on the methods used in the kinematic and force analysis of planetary gears, but it is taken into account that the mechanism of power distribution during operation has two degrees of freedom. It is indicated that there is a structural and functional similarity between the power distribution mechanism of the car and the turning mechanism of the tracked vehicle. A method is proposed for calculating the gear ratio of the power distribution mechanism according to the condition of matching the minimum possible turning radius provided by the steering trapezoid kinematics and the calculated turning radius.

Forecasting the life of a structure relative to the operating mode

The question of forecasting the service life of transport machines designed by taking into consideration the load spectrum, that is close to the real one, is an important problem at the calculation. One of the ways to simulate real operating conditions at the design calculation is a method of randomization quasirandom loads. Methods of randomization are widely used in many areas of science and technique. In the article, the numeric comparison of different ways of randomization is shown at the calculation for determining the service time using two techniques: the use of a standardized function of randomization in the high-level programming language of the and the law of normal distribution at its different parameters. The use of the law of normal distribution makes the more exact fatigue calculation because it makes it possible to simulate the quasirandom process that corresponds to the real operation picture to a greater degree. The results presented in the work make it possible to fulfill the calculation of the service time of the metallic structure that is under cyclic asymmetric loads, at the well-known nature of the application of loading to it.

Energy model of transport machines with braking energy recovery

Most of the time, modern transport vehicles operate in unsteady modes. Undoubtedly, the reasons for the decrease in the efficiency of machines are fluctuations in speed and load, their deviations from the optimal values cause an increase in energy losses. Another reason for the increase in energy losses is the process of forced braking when it is necessary to stop the car. A class of vehicles with hybrid propulsion systems that can recover braking energy are currently being developed. Significant advantages among them are transport vehicles with a flywheel energy storage, which have a long service life. This article discusses the energy model of transport vehicles with the possibility of braking energy recuperation.

JUSTIFICATION OF PARAMETERS AND DEVELOPMENT OF A LINEAR ASYNCHRONOUS ELECTRIC DRIVE OF A VIBROCENTER GRAIN SEPARATOR

The development of agriculture depends on the conditions of quality assurance and preservation of grown and produced products. To solve these problems, in particular, grain processing enterprises must have a well-equipped technical base capable of ensuring high-quality separation of grain, which arrives without losses in the short term. Separation of cereals is a key place not only in the processing process, but also is one of the main ways to increase the yield of cereals, as the separation process contributes to the selection of the highest quality (physiologically mature) seed. Work with grain is based on basic principles, which include advanced technology, flow processing methods and automation of the production process. Post-harvest processing of grain must ensure the timely organization and timely execution of all its stages while ensuring the minimum possible values ​​of energy and complexity of the process. The vast majority of separation machines used today in agriculture have a fairly low productivity, as most of them use gravitational forces to clean grain mixtures. Every year, production requirements are growing, and require new, most energy and technologically efficient methods of separation, as well as the creation or modernization of existing separating machines with higher productivity, quality and efficiency of separation of grain mixtures. Without theoretical and practical research, grain cleaning machines are impossible to further improve and create new, high-tech and energy-efficient structures. The main difficulty in considering improvements in temporary grain vibratory centrifugal separators is the lack of a basic design scheme of the vibrating drive, which will allow the implementation of a given law of oscillations with the required accuracy and ability to smoothly adjust the amplitude and frequency of oscillations in the vertical plane. Interesting and broad prospects for the development of electric drive are associated with the use of so-called linear motors. A large number of production mechanisms and devices have translational or reciprocating motion of the working bodies (lifting and transport machines, feed mechanisms of various machines, presses, hammers, etc.). As the drive of these mechanisms and devices, conventional electric motors were used in combination with special types of mechanical transmissions (crank mechanism, screw-nut transmission), transformed the rotational motion of the working body. Linear motors can be asynchronous, synchronous and direct current, repeating the principle of their operation of the corresponding motors of rotational motion.

Increase of wear resistance of crankshafts of timber transport machines

The paper considers the technological process of restoration of crankshaft necks by plasma spraying with wear-resistant thermoreacting powder PG-NA80. Wear of the crankshaft necks during operation requires repair, restoration or replacement of this part. As a result of the literature analysis, plasma spraying was found to be the most optimal and relatively inexpensive method of crankshaft recovery. The purpose of our work is to investigate the wear resistance properties of the sprayed coating and the search for op-optimal parameters of its application process. The sprayed coatings were studied according to two parameters: joint strength and wear resistance. For the study, experimental equipment of the plasma spraying laboratory of the department was used. As a result of the experimental study, separate regression equations of the effect of the main factors of plasma spraying on relative wear resistance were obtained. A comparison of physical, mechanical and tribotechnical characteristics showed an improvement in the properties of coatings by 8-12% obtained from thermoreacting powder in comparison with traditional PGSR-4 and PN55T45. Analysis of the obtained research results showed that this technological process can be effectively used to restore worn out crankshafts of forestry vehicles.

Experimental studies of the deflection of the hydraulic cylinder as a result of its operational loading

Two-way hydraulic cylinders with a one-way rod are widely used on Transport and technological machines. During operation, compressive loads act on such a hydraulic cylinder, as a result of which there are deformations of the hydraulic cylinder in the longitudinal plane, i.e., there is an operational deflection. As a result of the appearance of such a deflection, the bending loads and reactions acting on the hydraulic cylinder and its elements significantly increase, which leads to an acceleration of the process of wear of the hydraulic cylinder elements such as the piston and the guide sleeve and an increase in the probability of the hydraulic cylinder failure. Keywords: hydraulic cylinder, deformation, contact, stress, deflection

Integrating Process‐Based Reactive Transport Modeling and Machine Learning for Electrokinetic Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater

AbstractAdvanced reactive transport models of fluid flow and solute transport in subsurface porous media are instrumental for the assessment of contaminant environmental fate and for the design of in situ remediation interventions. However, the increasing complexity of process‐based reactive transport simulators often leads to long runtimes, which poses severe restrictions for tasks that require numerous model evaluations. To overcome this limitation, we demonstrate how machine learning surrogate models, trained on the outputs of a limited number of process‐based reactive transport simulations, can predict the evolution of complex subsurface systems. We focus on electrokinetic enhanced bioremediation of chlorinated solvents in low‐permeability porous media, which is an in situ remediation technology entailing a suite of complex and coupled physical, chemical, and biological processes. A process‐based, multicomponent reactive transport model, capable of describing the key mechanisms of electrokinetic flow and transport, is setup in a two‐dimensional domain. The model accounts for electromigration and electroosmosis, the electrostatic interactions between charged species, the chemistry of the pore water solution, the microbially mediated degradation of the organic compounds, and the dynamics of different degraders. We develop a response surface surrogate framework using an artificial neural network as approximation function and we show that the surrogate model has the capability and the flexibility to capture the complex dynamics of electrokinetic remediation in subsurface porous media and allows computationally efficient model exploration, sensitivity analysis, and uncertainty quantification.

Optimization of the composition of polymer composite materials with hybrid matrices for the production of machine parts operating in Arctic conditions

The results of mechanical tests of polymer composite materials with various types of hybrid matrices at negative temperatures are presented. The hybrid matrix is formed during the product forming by adding viscoelastic components to the binder of the main matrix, which retain a liquid state. Technical wax, anaerobic and organosilicon polymer materials were used as viscoelastic components of various types of hybrid matrices. Based on the test results using optimization methods, the optimal compositions of PCMs with hybrid matrices were determined for the production of parts of transport and technological machines operating in Arctic operating conditions at temperatures of -30°C and -50°C.

A Simplified Throughput Model for a Unit-Load AS/RS Considering Dynamics Principles

This paper presents a unit-load automated storage and retrieval system’s (AS/RS) throughput analysis that uses an S/R machine for diagonal aisle transportation and a structure for both vertical and horizontal transportations. Although many methods are available to compute the AS/RS throughput rate, the method recommended by the Material Handling Institute (MHI) is more suitable for real or practical cases. This method assumes (i) randomized storage with constant vertical and horizontal speeds of the S/R machine, and (ii) simultaneous travel in both directions. We consider a new simplified and more efficient approach for MHI’s method to predict the throughput performance of the AS/RS.

Design of controllable units for mechanical transmissions

The scientific and methodological foundations of the design of mechanical transmission units of transport and technological machines, adapted for diagnosing the operability by thermometry parameters, based on the results of bench tests and simulation modeling by the finite element method, are considered. An algorithm is developed for the design testing of power units for adaptability to thermometric non-destructive testing. Keywords: design, controllability, diagnostics, thermometry, finite element method pastukhov_ag@mail.ru

ANALISIS ASPEK TEKNIS DAN FINANSIAL USAHA PERIKANAN BAGAN APUNG (LIFT NET) DI OHOI SELAYAR KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGGARA

The utilization rate of small pelagic fish in Fish Management Area-714 was moderate exploited. Utilization of small pelagic fish uses several fishing tools, one of which is a lift net. There are 27 floating charts (lift net) on Ohoi Selayar, consisting of 12 boat-lift net businesses and 15 raft-lift net businesses which differ in construction. The purpose of this research is to describe the technical conditions and to analyze the financial condition of the lift net fishery business. The research method is a survey method, with primary and secondary data collection. Sampling was using purposive sampling method. Data analysis was descriptive qualitative and descriptive quantitative. The results showed that the technical aspects of the lift net include: the construction size of the raft-lift net 14.8 m x 13.6 m and the boat-lift net 23.2 m x 24 m. The construction parts are the counterweight, the lift net housing, the support posts, the net rollers, the anchor railings. The auxiliary components consist of: nets, lighting devices, bodies and transport machines and embankments. The method of operating a lift net includes: preparation to fishing ground, setting, immersing, hauling and sorting. The number of fishing activities for the raft-lift net averaged 180 trips/year and the boat-lift net 182 trips/year. Based on the criteria of financial ratio analysis with a non-time value of money (R/C and PP) approach, it can be concluded that the business of the raft-lift net and boat-lift net at the research location is financially feasible to develop.

Functional product map design in lifting and transportation machine building digitalization conditions

In the Industry 4.0. mechanical engineering is undergoing major changes. Combining industry and digital technologies for the flexible and efficient production creating is a main idea of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The article proposes a high-tech product functional map designing approach based on the author’s functions classification, taking into account the specifics of products designed within the Industry 4.0 framework. Based on the warehouse floor transport market trends study, as well as the forklifts consumers survey results, a functional map of a product designed at the Russian lifting and transport engineering enterprise was proposed.

Evaluation of Human Factors of Mining and Construction Transportation Machines Using a Checklist of Ergonomic Indicators

Background and Objective: Operators of mining and construction machinery are more exposed to the risks and accidents of these machines, as well as the possibility of injuries and occupational diseases. Ergonomic design parameters and the current condition of the machines play a significant role in reducing the risk factors associated with occupational injuries. Materials and Methods: The study population in this study includes 80 machines of the two contractors of road construction and tailings. The total negative score of each machine was calculated using a checklist containing 25 questions on such indicators as cabin access, user location, access to control levers, visibility, as well as environmental factors, such as sound level and vibration sensation in the cabin space, based on the method of scoring cabin ergonomic indicators. In this classification, any machine that receives a lower negative score will be better ergonomically. Results: The negative score of machines rises with their age. The highest level of dissatisfaction pertained to cabin noise, vibration, cabin and operator seat design, cabin air conditioning, and ease of access, respectively. Conclusion: Due to financial constraints in most mining and construction companies, it seems that the ergonomics of existing machines can be improved by the implementation of machine maintenance programs using up-to-date and efficient equipment, replacement of outdated parts with new ones, as well as training users to adapt the cabin to personal needs.

PARTITIONING SIGNAL CLASSES USING TRANSPORT TRANSFORMS FOR DATA ANALYSIS AND MACHINE LEARNING.

A relatively new set of transport-based transforms (CDT, R-CDT, LOT) have shown their strength and great potential in various image and data processing tasks such as parametric signal estimation, classification, cancer detection among many others. It is hence worthwhile to elucidate some of the mathematical properties that explain the successes of these transforms when they are used as tools in data analysis, signal processing or data classification. In particular, we give conditions under which classes of signals that are created by algebraic generative models are transformed into convex sets by the transport transforms. Such convexification of the classes simplify the classification and other data analysis and processing problems when viewed in the transform domain. More specifically, we study the extent and limitation of the convexification ability of these transforms under an algebraic generative modeling framework. We hope that this paper will serve as an introduction to these transforms and will encourage mathematicians and other researchers to further explore the theoretical underpinnings and algorithmic tools that will help understand the successes of these transforms and lay the groundwork for further successful applications.

Time factor research of tires tread wear for selfpropelled scraper

Abstract. Problem. The publications analysis about the self-propelled scrapers use on sites of road and reclamation construction is showed that during the performance of working operations there is unacceptable wear of the tires tread as a result of the intensive sliding on the support surface. Over time, the pneumatic tires wear leads to decrease on the durability of the wheeled mover or tire failure as a result of the carcass rupture and the tread delamination. In its turn, the time factor of the tire tread wear depends directly on the duration of the scraper operating cycle, which implements the traction and transport modes. Goal. The life time increasing of the wheeled mover for the self-propelled scraper by reducing the tire tread wear. Methodology. Analytical methods for interaction process research of the pneumatic tires with support surface are used. Mathematical modeling methods were used to determine the time factor of the tire tread wear during scraping. Results. Dependencies for determining the duration of operating cycle components according to the elliptical scheme of scraping organization are presented. Based on the proposed mathematical model, such as takes into account the force, speed and time factors, the fractions of tire tread wear are determined by the components of the scraper operating cycle, which including its maneuvering in the face. It was found that most often the tire tread wear occurs when moving of the soil-loaded scraper. The presented calculation results of the tire life time according to the proposed method are showed the sufficient convergencewith the scraper performance attributes, taking into account only the abrasive mechanism of the tire tread wear. Originality. To determine the life time of pneumatic tires for the self-propelled scraper, as the most fully combined characteristic features of the traction and transport machine, it is proposed to use the preferred mechanism of tire tread wear – abrasive, as well as the deformation models of the pneumatic tire and support surface. Practical value. The use of the proposed method for calculating the tire tread wear will to make the life time forecast of the wheeled mover for the self-propelled scraper at the design stage and to determine the reasonable needs for material and technical means of this machine operation.

A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF SEPTAGE MANAGEMENT IN BANTUL, YOGYAKARTA

Aim: This study aims to assess the entire process of septage management comprising regulation, operational procedures, finance, community involvement, and water quality analysis to maximize the initial and hugest human fecal sludge treatment called Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant (IPLT) in Yogyakarta. Methodology and Results: The Modified EHRA (Environmental Health Risk Assessment) method was applied which focused only on wastewater treatment aspect. Several regulations including standard quality methods (SNI) were utilized and made a comparison between baseline rules and obtained results. Furthermore, quality assessment was accomplished by observation and interview. The results showed that the human sector needs to improve not only the amount of operators but also urgently put up protective personal equipment during the suction process. The dissemination of attractive information about sludge suction service done by PUPKP as a representation of the local government among the dwellers ought to upgrade a lot. Technologies employed which are carriage transportation and vacuum machine, are good enough. Contrarily, septage treatment plants require extra-effort to enhance it as most water quality parameters barely meet the standard quality. BOD, COD, ammonia, total coliform, oil and grease do not meet the third class of water quality (Government Regulation of Republic of Indonesia No. 82/2001). Subsequently, the effectiveness of each unit i.e. anaerobic tank and stabilization ponds are under 50% and the loading rate has a maximum capacity of 87.5m3/day, and 60m3/day minimum capacity. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Therefore, almost all aspects of septage management in Bantul Yogyakarta are required to improve

End-to-end design of mechatronic industrial and automotive computer systems

Due to the constant information develop-ment of society and its industrial component, new transport systems and machines have reached a high level of information excellence. Accordingly, there is a new contradiction between the rapid development of tools and methods of informatization of complex objects and systems, the development of transport telematics (internal for cars and other vehicles and external internal transport control systems) and the heterogeneous nature of existing subsystems and components of the transport complex. Of Ukraine. The problem of resolving this contradiction will allow at all levels of transport infrastructure to improve services to residents of cities and regions, improve transport processes, avoid existing negative consequences: traffic disruptions, unsatisfactory condition of roads, irrational use of funds for re-pair, operation and equipment of highways. This will help improve traffic safety, improve the quality of transport services, ensure people's comfort and save cargo. The goal of the study is to create software and hardware for virtual management, its intellectualization based on the use of virtual logis-tics of transportation processes, providing road users, tools of virtual management, a kind of virtual logistics. The purpose of this article is to study the problem of expressing and proving new rules and concepts for providing knowledge and skills to people who want to work in the IT field of transport applications. The sequence of acquiring knowledge and skills of people who have improved their personal professional level in road transport is determined. The idea of computer science as system engineering of successful consecutive creation of computer equip-ment and software of complex systems by combining their computer and software engineering in the field of motor transport is offered. The scope of use of the obtained results is road transport road organizations of Ukraine, residents of cities and regions as individuals or legal entities of users of transport services.