Transparent Procedures Research Articles

Comparison of the Laws Governing Online Loans in England and Indonesia

Introduction: This study compares the laws governing online lending, or peer-to-peer lending, in the UK and Indonesia, two nations with distinct fintech market features. This paper examines the legal framework that oversees the online lending sector in both nations using a normative juridical and comparative approach, with a particular emphasis on consumer protection, risk management, and regulatory supervision. Objective: According to the study's findings, Indonesia's fintech industry is governed by the Financial Services Authority, but the UK has more developed laws with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) as the only body in charge. in contrast to Indonesia, the UK has more stringent licensing procedures and higher minimum capital requirements. Theoretical Framework: According to the study's findings, Indonesia's fintech industry is governed by the Financial Services Authority, but the UK has more developed laws with the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) as the only body in charge. in contrast to Indonesia, the UK has more stringent licensing procedures and higher minimum capital requirements. Method: This research uses a case approach to analyze existing problems. There are differences in legal regulations that cause problems. implementation of sanctions and supervision that cannot be implemented properly. These indications will be analyzed to find solutions to existing problems. Results and Discussion: While Indonesia has just recently started to create comparable safeguards for investors, the UK mandates that online lending platforms have explicit backup plans and reserves to protect consumers. Research Implications: There are still regulatory loopholes that need to be filled, especially in the areas of data protection, transparency, and dispute resolution procedures, despite Indonesia's notable legislative advancements in the online lending sector, according to this report. Originality/Value: Taking into account the local market's features and the degree of financial knowledge of the Indonesian populace, this study suggests that Indonesia implement some of the best practices from the UK regulatory system.

Connectivity of Discretionary Status in State Administrative Court Lawsuit: Implications After Law Number 6 of 2023 on Amendments to the Job Creation PERPPU

This research aims to analyze the impact of regulatory changes on the handling of discretionary authority within the State Administrative Court (PTUN) in Indonesia. Specifically, it examines how the legal status of discretion as an object of dispute has evolved following the enactment of Law No. 6 of 2023, which amended the Job Creation Perppu. The study focuses on how this legislative reform affects the acceptance and settlement of lawsuits related to discretionary decisions by public officials, as well as the legal boundaries that define which discretionary actions can be challenged in court. Using a normative juridical approach and in particular, this research employs statutory analysis to evaluate relevant laws and regulations, case studies to analyze precedents in PTUN decisions, and a comparative approach to assess differences in discretionary oversight before and after the enactment of Law No. 6 of 2023. The findings show that Law No. 6 of 2023 enhances judicial oversight of discretionary actions by allowing challenges based on both procedural and substantive grounds. It sets clearer limits on discretionary authority, requiring decisions to meet standards of transparency, accountability, and public interest. This reform strengthens the PTUN's role in reviewing not only the legality but also the justification of administrative decisions, offering citizens greater protection against arbitrary discretion and promoting good governance. This research contributes to academic discourse on administrative law by offering specific insights into how Law No. 6 of 2023 impacts discretionary authority and PTUN supervision. It highlights that the law now requires discretionary acts to meet stricter standards, focusing on procedural transparency and substantive justification. For instance, public officials must ensure their decisions align with good governance principles, and PTUN now plays a stronger role in assessing the substance of these actions. This provides legal practitioners with clearer guidelines for handling disputes involving discretion, particularly regarding the balance between decision-making flexibility and citizen protection.

Formal yet ineffective opposition coordination under competitive authoritarianism: Nation Alliance in Turkey

Pre-electoral opposition coordination is the most effective strategy to counter contemporary forms of autocratisation. While scholars have recently begun to explore the factors that lead to the formation of pre-electoral alliances in competitive authoritarian regimes, the high variation in terms of their composition and effectiveness is generally neglected in the existing scholarship. There is a lack of research on why some inter-party coalitions have limited effectiveness in the electoral arena while others nominate optimal candidates through routinised and transparent procedures and run cohesive campaigns. Through a detailed analysis of the Nation Alliance (2018–2023) in Turkey, we argue that in the context of high regime vulnerability, power asymmetry between alliance partners and a high level of leadership control over candidate nomination in opposition parties hinder the potential effectiveness of formal pre-electoral alliances.

Digital Voting with Blockchain using Interplanetary File System and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance

Traditional voting schemes are often overwhelmed by problems such as deception, influence, and incompetence, which can be resolved by applying blockchain technology with transparency, decentralization, and immutability. This study proposes a safe and indisputable digital voting system with blockchain technology to maintain the integrity of the voting procedure. The reliability and privacy of the voting procedure are upheld with distributed ledger technology and cryptographic techniques. The essence of the proposed method is the immutability of the blockchain ledger, which ensures a tamper-proof record of each cast vote, promoting transparency and offering a way of audit for free verification. The proposed method employs cryptographic protocols to protect individual votes while preserving complete transparency and verifiability of the voting procedure. The InterPlanetary Filesystem (IPFS) is applied to ensure data integrity. Moreover, the practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (pBFT) consensus algorithm is utilized to remove glitches in distributed settings. The proposed approach provides a decentralized platform where voters can cast their votes from anywhere without difficulty using an internet connection, eliminating the need for physical ballot papers and polling stations. Using immutable ledger and cryptographic security aspects in blockchain, the reliability of the voting procedure can be protected while maintaining voter anonymity and confidentiality. Finally, it is shown that the proposed scheme outweighs other existing approaches.

Four analysis moments for fuzzy cognitive mapping in participatory research

ABSTRACT Fuzzy cognitive mapping (FCM) is a practical tool in participatory research. Its main use is clarifying causal understandings from several knowledge sources. It provides a shared substrate or language for sharing views of causality. This makes it easier for different interest groups to agree what to do next. Each map is a collection of causal relationships with three elements: factors (cause and outcome), arrows linking factors, and weights indicating the perceived influence of each cause on its outcome. Stakeholder maps are soft models of how they see causes of an outcome, such as access to services or systemic racism. Based on a standardized FCM protocol, we present four moments in FCM analysis. (1) Agree shared meaning across maps. (2) Calculate the maximum influence of perceived causes. (3) Simplify the maps for communication. (4) Identify priorities for action. We provide explanations of the four moments in FCM analysis, with examples from five countries. FCM offers a practical means to guide health action. It incorporates local perspectives with transparent and traceable procedures.

Opinion: Challenges and needs of tropospheric chemical mechanism development

Abstract. Chemical mechanisms form the core of atmospheric models to describe degradation pathways of pollutants and ultimately inform air quality and climate policymakers and other stakeholders. The accuracy of chemical mechanisms relies on the quality of their input data, which originate from experimental (laboratory, field, chamber) and theoretical (quantum chemistry, theoretical kinetics, machine learning) studies. The development of robust mechanisms requires rigorous and transparent procedures for data collection, mechanism construction and evaluation and the creation of reduced or operationally defined mechanisms. Developments in analytical techniques have led to a large number of identified chemical species in the atmospheric multiphase system that have proved invaluable for our understanding of atmospheric chemistry. At the same time, advances in software and machine learning tools have enabled automated mechanism generation. We discuss strategies for mechanism development, applying empirical or mechanistic approaches. We show the general workflows, how either approach can lead to robust mechanisms and that the two approaches complement each other, resulting in reliable predictions. Current challenges are discussed related to global change, including shifts in emission scenarios that result in new chemical regimes (e.g., low-NO scenarios, wildfires, mega- and gigacities) and that require the development of new or expanded gas- and aqueous-phase mechanisms. In addition, new mechanisms should be developed to also target oxidation capacity and aerosol chemistry impacting climate, human and ecosystem health.

Tax Compliance Non-Prosecution: Logical Foundations, Application Review, and Integrated Pathways—A Perspective from the Greater Bay Area in China

Compliance non-prosecution serves as a criminal incentive mechanism aimed at encouraging private enterprises to strengthen internal management and prevent criminal conduct, representing a proactive response to modernizing crime governance centered on cooperative justice. As a significant economic engine, the Greater Bay Area in China would benefit from an integrated tax compliance criminal system to support tax compliance within enterprises involved in legal disputes, promoting their sustainable development. Given the unique characteristics of tax-related cases, the Greater Bay Area should establish a tax compliance criminal procedure led jointly by legal and prosecutorial authorities. This procedure should categorize cases by severity into discretionary non-prosecution and conditional non-prosecution, thus creating a unified standard that integrates governance and prevention in tax compliance rectification. Additionally, an interconnected tax compliance cooperation mechanism should be established within the Greater Bay Area. Such unified regulations on tax compliance non-prosecution would strengthen collaboration in tax enforcement, enhance the standardization, fairness, and transparency of criminal tax compliance procedures, and ultimately improve both enforcement efficiency and judicial authority.

Discipline Restoration Procedures in the South African Police Service: Challenges and Effective Responses

This study examines the barriers to the execution of disciplinary processes and assesses their efficacy in managing misbehaviour and preserving discipline inside the South African Police Service. This qualitative article adopted the non-empirical research design: Systematic review. This study is completely based on the secondary data. A systematic review was done in detail for the collected literature. Research findings indicates that although SAPS has developed extensive disciplinary frameworks, their execution is irregular and sometimes obstructed by bureaucratic inefficiencies and limitations in resources. Jain, Sinclair & Papachristos (2022), asserts that lack of a cohesive strategy for addressing misconduct charges undermines confidence between officers and the communities they serve. The study emphasises optimal practices, including cultivating a culture of ethical leadership and augmenting procedural transparency, as measures to improve the efficacy of discipline restoration initiatives. The study further recommends instituting autonomous supervision systems which could help to safeguard disciplinary procedures from external influences and guarantee openness.

The implementation process of decentralization of health services: a qualitative perspective from Sudan.

Health system reform initiatives have increasingly embraced decentralization as a key trend. The implementation process and its outcomes are influenced by a myriad of factors, including economic forces, political dynamics, and ideological factors. Comprehending and carefully examining the implementation phase of decentralization and its consequences to achieve desired outcomes is crucial. Notably, this phase is often considered the weakest aspect of policy reforms, especially in developing countries. Therefore, this study aimed to explore and analyze the implementation phase of decentralization and its implications as essentials for achieving intended goals. The study objectives evolved around examining the entire decentralization as a multifaceted social and political process in Khartoum State, Sudan, from its early stages of decision-making, policy formulation, and implementation process and the influencing contextual factors. This study was an exploratory qualitative study that employed in-depth interviews to gather perspectives of healthcare providers and policymakers, semi-structured observations, and thematic analysis. The study utilized Grindle's framework for analysis. This study revealed a political nature of decision-making, with a top-down approach to the implementation, which also lacked stakeholder involvement. It showed a lack of transparency, official documentation, and proper handover procedures from the Ministry of Health to the devolved hospitals during the implementation process. A conflict of interest between the federal and the state level was also reported. It is important to note that this process occurred within the context of structural adjustment program (SAP) schemes, which had already empowered the private sector in Sudan. This study documented the implementation process of decentralization of health services and its influencing factors. The study recommended reforming the decentralization policy through consultative stakeholder involvement and by implementing a concurrent responsibility paradigm that divides authority between the federal and state levels.

Evaluating Patient Satisfaction with Services at the Pharmacy of the National Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology in 2024

The study aims to evaluate and identify factors associated with patient satisfaction with the pharmacy services at the National Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology in 2024. A total of 425 interview responses were collected using a questionnaire. Patients reported a high level of satisfaction, with an average satisfaction score of 9.13 (SD = 0.81). Notably, 98.8% of patients rated their satisfaction at 8 or higher. The highest proportion of patients, 39.1%, gave a rating of 9/10. Exploratory factor analysis revealed three extracted factor groups. Multivariate linear regression analysis identified two statistically significant factors influencing satisfaction: the outcomes of services provided at the pharmacy (p = 0.002) and accessibility and transparency of administrative procedures (p < 0.001). These two factors accounted for 25.9% of the variation in satisfaction levels. Patients expressed high satisfaction with the pharmacy services at the National Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology. The identified factors influencing satisfaction include the outcomes of services provided at the pharmacy and the accessibility and transparency of administrative procedures.

Expression of Concern.

The Editor in Chief and the Publisher are issuing an expression of concern to alert readers that the following article is under investigation due to a potential ethical breach regarding lack of transparency in the transplantation procedure as outlined in the article published by Rogers W et al (DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024473): - Chen J, Zhong L. Clinical significance of serum hepcidin-25 levels in predicting invasive fungal disease in patients after transplantation. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2013; 17 (13): 1769-1773-PMID: 23852902. Further updates will be provided once the investigation is completed. The authors have been notified about the ongoing investigation and the publication of this expression of concern.

Kind, Firm, and Fair Medical Regulation: A Systems Approach and Six Ethical Principles

ABSTRACT Background: Regulatory processes can be stressful, anxiety provoking, and complicated for the health professional involved, the institutions they work for, and for the regulators. Methods: This paper uses a case study to describe a systems approach to comprehensively identify the agents (ie: the complainant, the health professional concerned, the regulator dedicated to the case, the institution, the healthcare profession, the public, and the regulatory authority) and 6 ethical issues that emerge during the regulatory process: potential to cause harm, not in the best interest of a person, affects autonomy, unjust, not truthful, and loss of trust. Results: A systems approach lends to a mental model in which there are dynamic interactions across these elements accompanied by positive and negative feedback loops that maintain overall stability of the whole system. Conclusions: The process can be further refined and kinder to those concerned by developing a sensitive approach to improve assessment of risks, using feedback to improve the regulatory process, adapting transparent procedures, not causing undue delays to the process, embedding regulatory activities in a patient safety system, minimizing individual blame, using non-legalistic, non-threatening and respectful communications, and directing the different actors to a support network for guidance and advice.

LEGAL ANALYSIS OF LAND ACQUISITION IN NATIONAL STRATEGIC PROJECTS: A CASE STUDY OF TOBA CASE NO. 5/PID SUS-TPK/2023/PN MDN

This study investigates the legal considerations in a corruption case surrounding land transactions in Desa Parparean, Kecamatan Porsea, Kabupaten Toba. The defendants, Daulat Napitupulu and Lumongga Marsaulina Aruan, held land leased to PT. Dok Bahari Nusantara for ship construction. The Ministry of Transportation later selected this land for a shipyard project to enhance tourism in the Lake Toba region. Allegations of corruption emerged during the land certification and compensation processes, prompting legal proceedings. This research applies a normative juridical approach, analyzing judicial decision-making in Case No. 5/Pid.Sus-TPK/2023/PN Mdn, focusing on whether the defendants misused their authority in certifying and compensating for the land. The findings reveal complex historical and cultural dynamics, particularly around the ancestral and communal (ulayat) land rights of indigenous communities in Lake Toba. The court’s evaluation extended to regulatory inconsistencies, highlighting the need to balance environmental protection with national development interests. Although no procedural or legal violations were found in this case, the decision underscores the importance of clear legal processes in protected areas. It also validates the defendants' land ownership certificate and the compensation determined through lawful and independent appraisal. This case emphasizes the critical role of transparent judicial procedures and the protection of indigenous land rights within national strategic projects.

Decoding Metadiscourse Markers in Estonian Academic Texts: A Language-Specific Perspective

This article presents the development of a specialized data set for analyzing Estonian metadiscourse markers in academic usage, extending Hyland's interpersonal metadiscourse model to a non–Indo-European language. Our goal is to show how metadiscourse, as a feature of a writing tradition, can reveal aspects of writing in languages other than English, complementing the traditionally Anglo-centric perspective in metadiscourse research. By analyzing 21 Estonian linguistics research articles, we offer a transparent procedure to address methodological issues in metadiscourse studies and demonstrate the need for language-specific adjustments in the framework. We introduce statistical methods for analyzing multidimensional associations among marker categories, linguistic level, and rhetorical text structure. The findings suggest that Hyland’s metadiscourse model can be adjusted for specific languages, highlighting the influence of language structure on metadiscourse category variation and linguistic expression levels. The study reinforces that the distribution and manifestation of metadiscourse are shaped, among other factors, by unique writing traditions.

Качество таможенных услуг как показатель клиентоориентированности таможенной службы России

This article provides a comprehensive study of the quality of customs services as a key indicator of customer focus of the Russian customs service. The article examines the importance and significance of high quality services in ensuring effective interaction between customs authorities and participants in foreign economic activity, which helps to improve the business climate and increase the country’s competitiveness at the international level. The article analyzes the main indicators by which it is possible to assess the level of customer focus of the customs service, such as the speed and transparency of customs procedures, availability of information, and the professionalism of employees. Particular attention is paid to the best practices and methods used in world practice, which can be adapted and applied in the Russian customs service to improve its efficiency and customer satisfaction.

The Role of Machine-Readable Law Technologies in Ensuring the Stability of Public-Government Communication

The relevance of this study stems from the rapid pace of digitalization and the widespread adoption of innovative digital technologies, particularly in public administration, alongside the significant political and legal changes that have ensued. The transparency and clarity of procedures for governing interaction between citizens and the state are expected to bolster the support and approval of management decisions, thereby enhancing the stability of public-government communication. Machine-readable law technologies can serve as tools for regulating these relationships. This study aims to analyze the use of machine-readable law technologies to ensure the stability of public-government communication under modern conditions. While the advantages of these technologies in the legal field are evident, attention must be given to potential challenges and risks, such as ensuring the accessibility of legal text, maintaining transparency, and addressing personnel-related issues. This study concludes that the implementation of machine-readable law technologies must be conducted with deliberate caution, incorporating expert opinions, sociological studies, and other specialized assessments. Mechanisms of public control and oversight by the professional community must also be involved. A joint human-machine approach to governance appears most promising, as it substantially mitigates the identified risks.

AI as a tool to enhance digital arbitration effectiveness (Analytical study under silicon valley arbitration center guidelines)

This research addresses the role of artificial intelligence in enhancing effectiveness of electronic arbitration, focusing on Silicon Valley Arbitration Center guidelines. The research is intended to assess effectiveness of those guidelines in enhancing justice, efficiency and transparency of arbitration procedures, analyze impact of artificial intelligence on expediting the arbitration process and assess accuracy and objectivity of arbitral decisions should those guidelines are followed. The research also provides practical recommendations to implement artificial intelligence in the field of arbitration, focusing on improvement of Egyptian Arbitration Act to support using that sophisticated technology. The research highlights significance of technology in improving legal processes and introducing justice in a more efficient and effective form. It also reviews benefits and challenges pertaining to using artificial intelligence in electronic arbitration. Moreover, the research poses key questions on legal and ethical effects and the challenges encounter implementation of artificial intelligence in this field, and how the existing legal systems adapt to that technology.

Cumulative assessment system: design, approbation and application results

The article discusses the issues of developing and testing a cumulative system for evaluating individual achievements of university students, which is a special case of a point-rating assessment system widely used in Western countries. An analysis of the literature describing various aspects of the design and application of such assessment systems shows that, along with their obvious advantages, there are also a number of disadvantages. To eliminate them, the authors design a cumulative assessment system that allows taking into account the points received by the student for completing the current work in the semester not as a mandatory component of the final assessment of the discipline, but as an addition to the points received by the student during the exam/test. The points received by the student in the semester and on the exam/test are summed up and translated into traditional grades «excellent», «good», etc., while the total score may exceed the maximum established final score of 10 points. To apply the developed assessment system, the authors have compiled a table posted in the electronic information and learning environment of the university at the beginning of the semester with detailed explanations of the rules for awarding points for each unit of current work. On the day of the interim certification, the report card is supplemented with the points obtained on the exam. The total score is calculated, which is converted into a traditional score. Such a scheme of action ensures full transparency and objectivity of the assessment procedure. The article also presents the results of the approbation of the assessment methodology developed by the authors. The conducted pedagogical experiment shows that the use of a cumulative assessment system leads to a steady improvement in the quality of students' knowledge, in particular, the final total score in the experimental group exceeded that in the control group by 12,18 %.

Penerapan Manajemen Layanan Sirkulasi Dalam Meningkatkan Kepuasan Pengguna Perpustakaan di SMA Negeri 18 Bone

This thesis discusses internal circulation service managementincreasing library user satisfaction at SMA Negeri 18 Bone.This research is researchqualitative (Qualitative Research). The approach used consists of two, namelyManagement and psychology. The data collection technique used isobservation, interviews and documentation. The research results show that 1) Service managementLibrary circulation at SMA Negeri 18 Bone covers several important aspects.The member registration process ensures authorized user identification,facilitate administration, and improve user experience. Borrowing,returns and billing are managed systematically and computerizedto ensure regulatory compliance and service efficiency. Officer claritycirculation services, supported by easily accessible locations, helpusers get help and information quickly; 2) Managementcirculation services in increasing library user satisfaction in high schoolsNegeri 18 Bone is carried out through a simple and transparent procedure,easy to fulfill service requirements, easy member card service processfast, the condition of the library materials is good and complete, and the officers are clear circulation services. Efficient circulation service procedures, easy requirementsfulfilled, the condition of library materials is orderly, and the clarity of the staff helpsin providing a consistent user experience, making it easieraccessibility, and improve compliance with library rules, whichall of which contribute to a positive institutional image and improved qualitylearning at the school.

Corporate environmental, social, and governance information disclosure and audit governance in the context of green development

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure and audit governance. The objective is to assess the impact of auditor team independence, auditor professional quality, and transparency of audit procedures on the quality of information disclosure, and to elucidate the role of these factors in advancing sustainable development. Research methodologies include the optimization of information disclosure text analysis using natural language processing (NLP) and text generation techniques, complemented by empirical analysis. Key findings indicate that the maximum error between NLP and manual annotation in the proportion of positive emotions in information disclosure is 0.03, and 0.06 in audit governance. The Rouge index score surpasses the 0.5 threshold, while the Perplexity value varies across three experiments, though remaining generally low. Deep learning model results reveal that auditor team independence, professional quality, and procedural transparency significantly enhance the quality of information disclosure. These findings offer crucial insights for enterprises, regulators, and investors, affirming the rationality and stability of the model, and providing valuable input for future green development strategies and decision-making processes.