Transnational Companies Research Articles

Fighting for Andean Resources: Extractive Industries, Cultural Politics, and Environmental Struggles in Peru

In this deeply researched monograph, the author explores the relationship between environmental risk, transnational extractive industries, and grassroots efforts to claim and practice citizenship in the Andes. International extractive projects in the Peruvian Andes have increased, following the shift toward neoliberal policies in the 1990s and the slow evolution of environmental regulations. These projects are often welcomed by the state and local communities, driven by the widely held belief that they will contribute to “development,” a promise often echoed by transnational companies but one that conjures different images at national, regional, and local levels. Vladimir R. Gil Ramón focuses on the Antamina project initiated in 1996 in Ancash Department near the Huascarán National Park. The book traces the development of the project, skillfully considering the logics of the state, the transnational corporation in charge of the project, several Andean communities, and nongovernment organizations (NGOs) and international bodies that became involved as investors or were drawn into disputes over the environmental consequences of the project design. Ultimately, the author argues that efforts by local communities to demand compensation and mitigation of environmental degradation constitute claims to citizenship and the right to participation, challenging both the state's virtual absence and the rhetoric of “corporate social responsibility.”The first chapter lays the groundwork for the reader to understand the Antamina project, its relations with the state, its transnational networks and investors, and the underlying logics that shaped its interaction with local communities and with other interested parties (such as the World Bank and environmental NGOs). It also establishes the importance of the environmental impact assessment (EIA), meant to establish the criteria for assessing socioenvironmental impact yet a product of privatized transnational networks closely linked to the extractive industries. The EIA legitimized the mining project while minimizing local participation in decision-making, a factor that the author identifies as central to social sustainability. The second chapter considers the conflicts related to the relocation of affected populations. Based on previous experience and the expectation of steady employment, local communities sold land to the mine in the hope of initiating a reciprocal relationship. In contrast, the mine's corporate culture was impersonal and professional, basing land transactions on rates determined at the time of sale. The local communities' unmet expectations laid the foundation for future confrontations by undermining trust between the two sides.The third chapter, perhaps the book's most intriguing, follows the conflicts over plans to construct a road through the Huascarán National Park to transport ore. Here the company met with resistance from local communities as well as NGOs concerned for the park's fragile environments. The demand for participation and the status of the land helped broaden the networks of those who opposed the road, creating international pressure on the Antamina project to pivot toward a subterranean pipeline. This connection of NGOs and investors produced fruitful dialogue, applied pressure at a crucial phase in the project's development, and helped temporarily level the playing field between local interests and those of the mine. The fourth chapter considers the development myths that influence the state, the company, and local communities in their ongoing relationship. Preference for a “great work” emerged out of the expectation of reciprocity—particularly in the form of employment—which the mine's labor regime left unmet. The final chapter explores the conflicts between the power of state and mine authorities and the knowledge of local communities. Both sets of actors held differing definitions of environmental risk and the valuation for compensation. Through community claims regarding the impact on their environment, local actors developed a clearer understanding of their rights and connection to the state.This is an excellent case study of the conflicts that can emerge between Indigenous and vulnerable populations and extractive industries, as well as the international networks of financing and regulation that shape these conflicts. The text also documents how unexpected connections can produce effective results—as when the Mountain Institute connected environmental concerns to the investors of the Antamina project. The book speaks to the context of the Peruvian Andes, approaching debates over environmental degradation as instances of cultural conflict. The text is at its best when it demonstrates the intersection between the uniquely local and the homogenized transnational, presenting circumstances at once singular and yet broadly recognizable to scholars of the Andes. Another strength is the author's mastery of legal, economic, and anthropological literatures in addition to an impressive base of primary sources and interviews. Despite the prose's occasional density, the book will find a ready audience among scholars and graduate students interested in the strategies available for defending vulnerable environments and populations.

A Spider-Web Re-engineering Methodology for the Development of Agrarian SMEs in Zimbabwe

The truncated development of agrarian SMEs in Zimbabwe has compelled researchers to come up with effective strategic management frameworks that promote their development.The broad objective is to determine the extent to which a spider web re-engineering methodology (SWRM) develops agrarian SMEs in Zimbabwe. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire to gather data from 100 agrarian SMEs, using purposive sampling technique. The findings revealed that there is positive relationship between a spider web re-engineering methodology and the development of agrarian SMEs. It was ascertained that agricultural SMEs are under performing due to lack of effective strategic management approaches which stimulate their radical development. Thus, the findings reveal that the development of SMEs is highly dependent on an effective SME re-engineering methodology which would contribute to transforming the SMEs into transnational companies.

Emergence of the open innovation model and factors of transition to it

Modern transnational companies are increasingly resorting to the open innovation model. The role of innovation is growing all over the world. The development and implementation of innovations in the current activities of companies characterize the effective competitive development of an organization in the market. This model has a number of advantages: faster development of innovations, the ability to save on R&D via outsourcing innovations, access to the most modern innovations of other companies, etc. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that determine the transition of an increasing number of companies in the world to the open innovation model. In this paper, using the analysis of academic literature, various views on this process have been considered. The work identifies the factors of the development of the open innovation model in the modern world. As a result of the study, the authors have identified the factors that determine the transition of companies to the open innovation model from the traditional closed innovation model.

The Tragic Consequences of the Capitalist Imagery

Overproduction, consumerism and commodity fetishism — it seems like these tendencies are omnipotent and omnipresent in the modern world. The difference between the society criticized by Marx and the reality encompassing us is that in the postmodern societies, it is the information and images that serve as an object of consumption and consequently commodity fetishism. In other words, the service sector produces images that become the means of mediation. In the article, the author looks into the work of Stanislaw Lem Futurological Congress and contemporary French movie The Congress following the same plot. The analysis being founded on the theories of Guy Debord, Slavoj Žižek and Karl Marx, as well as the recent investigations of a journalist Naomi Klein, the author uncovers implicit consequences of the consumerist way of life, imposed on us by the capitalist system as well as media and transnational companies. Arguing, after Žižek, that the criticism of late-capitalism is directly linked to the understanding of the human psyche’s recesses, the article attempts to explain the consumer turning into a marionette of large businesses. This position is further strengthened by the natural necessity for an individual to embrace the system’s core impositions, in particular, to recognize the non-existing authenticity behind a brand. The tendency further leads to the alienation from real merit and overconfidence in the fairness inherent in the existing system. Overproduction and the ubiquitous loss of Walter Benjamin’s Aura result in actual poverty behind the mask of abundance, nature of the art and authenticity becoming extinct. This leads to the natural drive to substitute the lost identity for the (re-) invented one and manifest individualities, sometimes aggressively and vigorously. As Lem’s characters balance on the verge between reality and hallucinations, modern-day consumers lose the established coordinate system, distracted by the absolute and seemingly non-restricted liberty of choice, the virtual reality permitting to act out any repressed impulses and instincts fully and with impunity. Citing Debord, ‘the poverty unites everyone involved in the spectacle and its controversies’. The author is of the opinion that Lem’s Futurological Congress aims at forewarning the reader from the possibility of the imaginary system progressing irreversibly, the idea further reflected in the movie. There is no hope for a society abandoning the boundaries of reality and moral guidelines for good. The analysis could possibly describe the broadening sphere of influence of the multinational corporations and contribute to the lively discussions on the digital divide and the social networks’ actual/ impact on society.

ORGANIZATION OF NETWORK BASIS FOR TRANSNATIONAL TOURISM ACTIVITY

From the standpoint of the system theory, transnational corporations are open complex socioeconomic systems functioning under the low predictability of the external environment. This article offers the investigation of brand-new forms of corporate management organization, taking into account the peculiarities of transnational companies’ operations at today’s global tourism market. The method of the analysis of scientific researches of this problem was applied. The transnational dynamics of corporate networks was studied. It was also investigated the business zoning and adaptation as the reorganizational strategy of transnational corporations.

Los Determinantes de la Inversión Extranjera Directa en el Ecuador: Análisis Empírico del Periodo 2002-2017

El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar los determinantes que estimulan la inversión extranjera directa (IED) en Ecuador entre 2002 y 2017. Mediante estimaciones de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios y un modelo de vectores autorregresivos (VAR) se comprueba empíricamente que el grado de apertura de la economía y la productividad del trabajo se relacionan positivamente con la IED, lo que indica que las inversiones de las empresas transnacionales (ET) están orientadas a la estrategia de búsqueda de mercados y eficiencia. Mientras tanto, fueron menos importantes el producto interno bruto, la inflación el tipo de cambio real y el costo laboral.

Globalization from the Standpoint of Economic Security of a Country and Its Regions: Some Aspects of Threat Systematization

The article deals with current issues related to the theory and practice of ensuring Russia’s economic security at the federal and regional levels from the point of view of risk assessment caused by globalization. The work aims to systematize threats to the country’s economic security from the perspective of the nature of relations between business entities and government authorities in the context of globalization processes. The author’s approach to characterizing the risks caused by both excessive and insufficient administrative impact on the activities of transnational and other large companies is presented, the negative consequences of both processes for the country as a whole and for its individual regions are considered. Special attention is paid to the anti-corruption component of ensuring economic security as a prerequisite for effective interaction between government departments and business groups.

Megaproyectos y conflictos ecoterritoriales. El caso del Tren Maya

Al amparo de la globalización neoliberal, actualmente los procesos de despojo transforman de manera recurrente territorios indígenas en América Latina. En este artículo, se propone analizar la oposición que se da entre estas prácticas de acumulación por desposesión de las empresas transnacionales (ETN) y las cosmovisiones de los pueblos originarios a través del análisis de los conflictos ecoterritoriales. Tomando el concepto de Rocío Silva Santisteban, se trata de conflictos que nacen de la pugna por el uso y gestión del territorio, entendiendo territorio como concepto holístico, donde interaccionan múltiples violencias. El objetivo de este artículo será desgranar el choque entre estas dos visiones antagónicas del mundo de la mano de perspectivas como la ecología-mundo de Jason W. Moore, que permitirá leer los megaproyectos como un producto más del capitalismo que explota sistémicamente seres humanos y naturaleza al servicio de la acumulación, o el ecofeminismo, que aportará luz a la interdependencia entre territorios y cuerpos como espacios vulnerables. Asimismo, se tomará como ejemplo el caso del Tren Maya, el megaproyecto estrella del actual presidente de México, Andrés Manuel López Obrador, para evidenciar el falso desarrollo que promete la obra ferroviaria para el sureste del país en el marco de la llamada Cuarta Transformación. A través de este conflicto ecoterritorial, que ha despertado la oposición de movimientos sociales e indígenas, se plasmará este choque de visiones y se corroborará el avance de las fronteras extractivas gracias, entre otros aspectos, a la vulneración de derechos humanos como el derecho a consulta del Convenio 169 de la OIT. Por último, el artículo invitará a mirar el Tren Maya desde una mirada de las cartografías críticas, que lo interrelacionarán con proyectos mayores y que revelarán México como un país laboratorio de los tratados de comercio internacional que han propiciado la expansión de megaproyectos en el país.

The value of studying supply chains for tobacco control.

INTRODUCTIONTobacco control research and advocacy has yet to capitalize on understanding the tobacco industry supply chain. The objective of this narrative review is to expose the processes, actors and supporting industries involved in tobacco production, laying the groundwork to expand the scope of tobacco control beyond the transnational tobacco companies (TTCs).METHODSWe reviewed 69 academic articles (2013 to 2019) and five tobacco industry journal issues.RESULTSWe identify six major processes in tobacco production: farming, primary processing of the leaf, secondary processing into products such as cigarettes, packaged product, usage by smokers, and decay. Supply chain actors include seed and plant retailers, farmers, leaf processors, wholesalers, brokers and middlemen, manufacturers, retailers, smokers and refuse collectors with considerable variation in intermediate actors by location. Supporting industries supply additives, machinery, packaging, logistics, marketing, and research and development (R&D).CONCLUSIONSThis expanded understanding of the supply chain can enable wider appreciation of the various incentives and risks of being involved in the industry, all of which is important information to feed into tobacco control policies. Researchers and campaigners, seeking to design effective policy preventing the expansion of this industry and the health harms it produces, need to look beyond the TTCs to identify under-exploited leverage points along the entire tobacco supply chain.

Workforces and local communities against corporate restructuring: a comparative case study of resistance to plant closures in Northern Spain

ABSTRACT The article examines the formation of local networks of resistance to production relocation plans. We present evidence from three case studies characterized by strong local defiance to plant closure plans in three American-owned transnational companies with four production sites in Northern Spain. The article explores the repertoire of protest and support mobilization leading the workforces to forge local alliances with trade unions, public authorities and other local community organizations and collectives. We focus on labour conflicts that transcend company boundaries through mobilizing urban communities. The methodology used is qualitative. Our analysis is grounded on a theoretically informed comparative case study based on the literature on power relations and micro-political struggles in transnational companies. We also make use of conceptual insights from the labour geography perspective. The article delves into the contra-hegemonic potential of labour-community alliances. Our findings substantiate the role of micro-politics in transnational companies and reveal opportunities and constraints for effective local responses to corporate restructuring.

Review: El Susto, by Karen Akins

In recent years, public health has taken aim at sugary beverages, the pleasurable drinks clever media campaigns have led consumers to associate with happiness. On the surface, the issue is understood as one of personal will and motivation. Decreasing—or better yet, eliminating—our consumption of these empty calories is associated with decreased risk of diabetes and certain cancers, as well as decreased incidence of tooth decay. This may seem to call for a simple behavioral change, but lowering sugary beverage consumption is a goal laden with economic, social, and even racial undertones, ripe for analysis and debate. Karen Akins, a former activist who first encountered the ruinous effects of diabetes in Mexico as a medical mission volunteer in 2008, takes on this complexity in her first documentary, El Susto, using Mexico as a case study.Akins blends multiple perspectives, using narration to thread across interviews, footage of daily life, celebrations, and political and industry events, as well as commercials and other forms of popular culture. The film brings together the many voices involved in this debate: researchers, politicians, the business sector, the food industry (Coca-Cola), and civil society. Importantly, she gives voice to the Mexican population suffering the brunt of chronic health illnesses. Imagery of the dire health consequences (amputations, blindness, death) is effectively juxtaposed against the profit-driven perspectives of the industry and the politicians who have supported the industry through recent decades.El Susto begins with El Día de los Muertos—the Day of the Dead—Mexico’s celebration of the passing from one world to the next. The film uses the celebration as an initial anchor to talk about type 2 diabetes, which is the main cause of death in the country, despite greater media attention being given to violent deaths and the drug cartels. Bottles of Coca-Cola sit conspicuously between flowers and other trinkets that adorn the beautiful altars built for the celebration. Family members recount the departed’s love for the fizzy beverage, a love that they also share, even when associating Coca-Cola with their own diabetes diagnosis and the death of their loved one. Yet the narrator centers the perceived causes of diabetes on the concept of “el susto.” Susto translates as a fright, a sudden scare, or a sensation during which one’s soul momentarily leaves the body as a result of grief, traumatic events, earthquakes, kidnappings, and so on—events too common in Mexican society. According to the film, 76 percent of Mexicans believe that sustos cause diabetes. Yet, as the viewer soon learns, the core of the problem is not sustos but the politics, corruption, and trade agreements that have allowed Coca-Cola to become such an important part of everyday life in Mexico.Akins brings to full view the consequences of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), industry power, and resource allocation on public health, echoing important recent scholarship, such as Alyshia Gálvez’s Eating NAFTA (2018) and Marion Nestle’s Soda Politics (2015). The film presents the roots of Coca-Cola’s global influence, along with contemporary views from the company’s strategic events and political rallies, where industry tactics are laid out along with its influence in policymaking. Beyond Coca-Cola, viewers are also presented with larger issues contributing to Mexicans' love for sugary beverages: water access and safety, health care access, and the health care system’s lack of capacity to address chronic diseases, leading to greater risks of complications, disabilities, and death from mostly preventable conditions. In doing so, Akins provides evidence of how profit and the well-being of the rich have been prioritized at the expense of the poor, who more often than not are marginalized Indigenous communities in the country. Fortunately, Akins also presents solutions, showcasing Mexico’s civil society and researchers’ efforts to create impactful change, focusing on the passing of sugary beverage taxes in 2014 (which also included a tax on junk foods). The showcase is largely uncritical, praising both Mexico’s victory in passing the tax and civil society efforts to call attention to local industry influence. The policy victories—the sugary beverage tax and the recently passed front-of-package labels—are laudable, but they sustain a focus on behavioral change that places the burden for health solely on the individual. Are there ongoing efforts to improve the health care system? Water access? Socioeconomic and racial inequities? These are a few key aspects that merit further exploration.El Susto is a valuable contribution to motivate deeper conversations about transnational companies and the role of government to safeguard its citizens’ health. The film could be incorporated into classes that tackle issues around food access, nutrition, food justice, and even migration. The film can also be viewed as a needed call for action to push for government regulation of food marketing and of industry involvement in research and policy, both of which are significant, but often overlooked, influences on individual and community health.

Transnational Corporations as Business Entities in the Banking Sector

Introduction: the paper is devoted to the study of the essence of understanding TNCs in the banking sector through the analysis of such concepts as “transnational company (corporation)”, “international company (corporation)”, “international bank” and “transnational bank”. To this end, the author examines the concept and features of transnational corporations in the banking sector, their essential features, highlighted by the civil doctrine and used by judicial practice. Using the methods of scientific cognition, primarily the method of system and comparative analysis, the author identifies the constituent features of a transnational corporation by applying an insight-substantive approach to the study of the concept of TNCs as the largest intermediary in the system of international capital migration. Results: it is established that in the modern scientific literature there is no single approach to understanding the transnational corporation in the banking sector. In order to determine the main approaches to the understanding of TNCs in the banking sector, the author’s approaches to the definition of this phenomenon are systematized. The study identifies three groups of approaches: a TNC as a national company transcending the state; a TNC as a set of national companies; a TNC as a parent company operating in several states. Conclusions: the author concludes that a TNC in the banking sector should be understood as a transnational bank operating in several countries on the basis of an institutionalized network of representative offices operating on the basis of the national legislation of the countries of operation, which allows them to ensure the international movement of capital in order to diversify the economy and stimulate the innovative development of international economic relations.

Exploring the Framework for Alliance Performance between Malaysia-Japan Defence Manufacturing Companies – A Conceptual Study

The defence industry is considered an important element of the overall defence capability of any country. Due to this, developing nations across the world have acknowledged the benefits of building a defence industrial base. Hence, there is rising interest in the defence sector to develop a strategic alliance for analysing the role, effect and nature of different types of cooperative behaviour among transnational companies. Hence, this paper intends to explore the antecedents that can help to assess the alliance outcomes for Malaysia-Japan defence companies. The study was based on RBV (resource based view), to discuss the alliance outcomes for both of these countries’ defence manufacturing companies that can help to gain access to their resources for the purpose of increasing their value through a suitable combination of resources. Moreover, four organizational success factors of alliance management are also discussed as a part of the framework explored in this study. This study provides meaningful insights for the defence manufacturing company managers and administrators to plan their current and future investments in building up the organizational success factors for alliance performance discussed in this study to achieve competitive advantage and sustainability in the long run.

ТЎҚИМАЧИЛИК МАҲСУЛОТЛАРИГА ТАЛАБНИ ШАКЛЛАНТИРИШДА ХАЛҚАРО МАРКЕТИНГ ТАМОЙИЛЛАРИ

The article examines the principles and methods of international marketing in the formation of demand for textiles, and also analyzes the author’s methodological approaches.The purpose of the study is to develop and implement marketing principles based on international standards in the formation of demand for textile products in the national market.Scientific novelty of the research:1. On the basis of marketing research, consumer demand for textile products was studied and recommendations were given for the production of products in accordance with the needs of the consumer market;2. On the basis of methodological approaches, the classification features of types of marketing have been analyzed from the point of view of the subject, object, location of production, business direction, management principles, regulatory framework and market position, and recommendations have been developed for their application;3. When implementing the marketing policy, requirements have been formed for the restructuring of the production management system, innovative areas to increase the efficiency of all departments.Key words: textile products, national company, international market, national marketing, transnational companies, world market.

Contendiendo en la globalización. Los empresarios cafetaleros del Soconusco y la organización de las cadenas de producción locales y globales

Desde fines del siglo XIX, los empresarios cafetaleros de la región Soconusco en Chiapas, con el apoyo del Estado, establecieron vínculos de producción, transformación y distribución del producto con importadores y torrefactores estadounidenses y europeos. El propósito del artículo es examinar las estrategias y alianzas establecidas por estos empresarios, principalmente desde la década de 1990 del siglo XX, para hacer frente a la reestructuración de la industria cafetalera y el ascenso de las empresas transnacionales en el contexto de la globalización. Entre esas estrategias se encuentra la diversificación de las actividades empresariales, la especialización en el negocio del café y la revalorización del territorio y el agroecosistema. En la investigación se emplearon principalmente métodos cualitativos para recuperar las experiencias y perspectivas de los principales agentes que participan en las cadenas de producción —empresarios finqueros del café, distribuidores, torrefactores—, miembros de organizaciones cafetaleras y de entidades públicas de la región y del estado. La principal conclusión es que los empresarios cafetaleros conformaron un grupo con diferentes grados de alianzas y disputas con actores transnacionales para consolidar diversas formas de inserción en la industria mundial del café; de tal forma que la globalización no implicó un control directo del flujo de recursos y procesos en la cadena del café.

Brief Financial Diagnosis of a Transnational Company

This article highlights a brief financial diagnosis of a transnational company, defined by visibility, transparency, credibility and performance. At the same time, such a company is characterized by a structural diversity in terms of wealth and performance. Among the aspects considered there is the creditworthiness, which is the sum of the liquidity and the solvency, the profitability, which is a reflection of the financial performance, and also the cash flow as an actual expression of the financial balance and the efficiency of the activity.

Agricultural land acquisitions unlikely to address the food security needs of African countries

Abstract In recent years, Large Scale Land Acquisitions (LSLA), direct land tenure changes have been gaining momentum in developing countries. In this study, we evaluate the potential extent to which agricultural land deals in Africa are able to address the host countries’ food security needs, a commonly cited motivation for their establishment. First, we develop a framework to evaluate the priority food security needs of 38 African countries in 2000 based on indicators of food availability, accessibility, stability, and utilization. Second, we estimate whether the crops from land deals would be sold on export or local food markets based on the origin of investments (domestic, foreign or mixed), type of investors (eg. agribusiness, finance, or government) and the intended crops (eg. food, cash crop, or biofuel). This enables us to estimate how likely the investment is to improve in-country food security, versus serving other purposes (e.g., speculation, enclosure of natural resources). Third, we account for the characteristics of the locations where the deals happen (population density, land cover and distance to markets) in order to estimate the level of conflict and deforestation that they could exacerbate. We find that LSLA are only likely to address the identified food security needs of 7 countries. LSLA are also at risk of increasing land pressures and conflicts or deforestation on 83% of the acquired area, including in countries where they could meet food security needs. We also find that the more productive lands are most often allocated to flex crops, while food crops are produced on more marginal lands. We thus argue that even when their purpose is agricultural production, most LSLA are not likely to improve food security; rather, they often serve the financial interests of transnational companies and local elites with the support of host governments. Finally, we recommend agricultural investments to be elaborated in consultation with local communities and marginalized groups to sustainably support their socio-ecological systems.

Distilling agro‐extractivism: Agave and tequila production in Mexico

AbstractThis article seeks to challenge the notion that the concept of agro‐extractivism be restricted to crops destined for export with little or no processing. Based on a study of agave and tequila production in Mexico, it argues that the domestic processing of biomass does not change nor necessarily compensate for the negative social and environmental impacts of upstream agricultural activities; it can in fact add to them. We seek to demonstrate this to be the case for industrialized agave–tequila production by adopting an approach that traces the flows of materials, pollutants and money, taking into consideration the degree to which transnational companies control the agave–tequila value chain, the portion of tequila that is exported, technologies, company–farmer and company–worker relations, relevant public policy, and environmental and social impacts. We analyse the polluting consequences of industrialized tequila production and show how the expansion and intensification of agave production since the mid‐1990s has been characterized by increasing volumes of biomass extraction, the emergence or exacerbation of different forms of environmental degradation, the marginalization of small‐scale agave farmers, and deteriorating working conditions for agave‐field workers. In addition, we briefly discuss traditional mezcal production as a socially and ecologically sustainable alternative model.

Ugovor o prodaji sa posebnim osvrtom na značaj tretmana cene - pravno-ekonomski osvrti, dileme i perspektive

In modern business conditions, due to the process of globalization, deregulation and liberalization, sales have reached enormous proportions in the world. It is for these reasons that sales contracts in international trade are of great importance today. Also, the development of industry and economy, as well as the development of multinational and transnational companies, has led to a huge expansion of the range of goods that become the subject of economic trade and thus contracting, since the sales contract has economic and legal effects, but also different conflict norms, dilemmas and treatments. Given the increase in prices in all business segments and the fact that foreign trade has reached enormous proportions in the world, sales contracts in international trade are of great importance today. Also, the development of industry and economy as well as the development of multinational and transnational companies has led to a huge expansion of the range of goods that become the subject of economic transactions. treatment of items and prices, different points of view.

МІСЦЕ ТА РОЛЬ АМЕРИКАНСЬКИХ ТНК У СВІТОВІЙ ЕКОНОМІЦІ

As a result of the growing "openness" of national borders to strengthen foreign economic relations, the role of corporate structures becomes more important and has an unprecedented impact on the country's industrial potential and the national economy as a whole. At the present stage of development, the main role in shaping the economic systems of countries is played not by national economies, but by transnational companies. It is through multinational corporations that globalization processes are taking place, which in the future may lead to the emergence of supercorporations through the acquisition or merger of the world's most influential companies. Today, American TNCs are the most powerful companies, covering all sectors of the economy, occupying a leading position in the world economy and world politics. It is TNCs that contribute to the transformation of the world into a single whole, where its individual parts become functionally interdependent, new trends and laws of development emerge. As the world's largest economy in terms of development, the United States has a leading position in the global market. At the same time, being one of the entities operating in the world economy, American transnational corporations significantly influence both the international exchange of goods and services, international capital flows, and the international exchange of knowledge and technologies. In particular, the United States has long been a leader in the global flow of foreign investment. The article analyzes the activities of US multinational corporations, and their place and role in the international arena. The author draws attention to the leading corporations, emphasizing the dominance of American multinational companies that operate successfully in various sectors of the economy. The article presents statistical data of leading multinational corporations, as well as their economic indicators. Various ratings and magazines that publish information on the world's largest multinational corporations are considered. Foreign direct investment as an indicator of the role of US transnational business in the world is studied. The factors of activity of American TNCs that have a negative impact on recipient countries are given.