Transnational Companies Research Articles

International Framework Agreements

When the negative outcome of globalization in the 1990s was becoming more visible and transnational companies were heavily criticized, the first global union federations started to negotiate transnational agreements with transnational companies to counter unilateral codes of conduct which had been proclaimed at that time. Today there are more than 140 international framework agreements (‘IFAs’) with the aim of ensuring social standards are at place, some dedicated to specific topics. These agreements developed and now often contain specific provisions on implementation and monitoring, sometimes including complaint and dispute resolution mechanisms. Some of these IFAs provide local trade unions with specific rights like access to the premises or neutrality in case of unionizing campaigns. Thriving examples are the Indonesian Freedom of Association Protocol and the Bangladesh Accord, which contain detailed provisions, as will be analyzed below. This development may be described as the beginning of transnational collective bargaining.

Illicit tobacco trade is ‘booming’: UK newspaper coverage of data funded by transnational tobacco companies

BackgroundTransnational tobacco companies (TTCs) have heavily publicised their argument that standardised tobacco packaging will increase the illicit tobacco trade. Leaked Philip Morris International (PMI) documents suggest that the company may...

Features of interaction of the state and transnational companies

The purpose of the article is to assess the global experience of TNCs in stateinvestment processes. The instruments of state influence on the activities of TNCsare characterized. It is shown that the legal regulation of the activities of TNCsis impossible without resorting to international legal sources of regulation offoreign direct investment. the research methodology consists in using a combinationof methods: expert assessments, comparative and system analysis. The indicatedmethodological approach made it possible to analyze the strengths and weaknessesof the interaction between the state and TNCs and, through them, justify the useof a specific strategy. the scientific novelty of the results obtained is to determinethe role of TNCs in the world economy and countries’ politics, given in particularthe positive and negative consequences of their activities and the fact that theemergence of such international corporations is a logical step in the developmentof the international economy and is a necessary stage in the modern reorganizationand development of the country’s economy. conclusion. In the current stage ofeconomic development, government influence is necessary to maintain andredistribute investment flows to high-tech sectors related to the development ofindustries, which will increase the long-term international competitiveness of TNCsin the markets of global economy sectors.

Corporate Social Responsibility between Self-Regulation and Government Intervention: Monitoring, Enforcement and Transparency

The existing rules and standards on corporate social responsibility can best be described as a hybrid legal architecture, where various regulatory approaches maintain a friendly coexistence. This type of multilevel rule-making is sometimes perceived to be complicated and not very effective because it is often said to leave some areas of economic activity unregulated and, in any case, unenforced. Given this difficulty, it becomes evident that the interaction between the different regulatory strategies currently in place, ranging from self-regulation to government intervention, has to be analyzed in more detail. Scholars have often argued that there is a governance gap because public international law only provides for certain rights, but no obligations, for transnational companies. What scholars sometimes miss, however, is that the law, although indirectly, does in fact already regulate corporate behavior with regard to human rights, labor, the environment and anti-corruption. In this article, I identify and describe various monitoring, enforcement and transparency mechanisms through which international soft law standards are backed up by national public and private law rules. The importance of this is that it will help us better understand what the role of the law is in the status quo with regard to corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility, regulatory theory, transnational governance, legal theory, business and human rights, business and the environment

Бондовые склады: современная инфраструктура торговли сельскохозяйственной продукцией

Abstract. Bonded warehouses are the most important infrastructure link in the distribution systems of the leading countries in international trade. The largest transnational companies of such States, having a piece number of bond structures, provide huge supplies of their products to the domestic and international markets. The purpose of the study was to justify the need to develop bonded warehouses and bonded zones in Russia in order to create infrastructure conditions for the development of production and trade in agricultural products. Research methods included observations, groupings, comparisons, and statistical evaluations. According to the results of the study, it was determined that bond structures in Russia are regulated by legal documents applicable to temporary storage warehouses, adopted within the framework of the common economic space of the member States of the Eurasian economic Union. The procedure for temporary storage in bonded warehouses allows avoiding tax and other duties, obtaining licenses, permits, etc., entering products into the customs regime and filing a Declaration during the storage period. In addition, bonded warehouses provide users of their services with economic benefits due to lower prices for services, comprehensive maintenance, and faster product movement. The analysis showed that in Russia, bonded warehouses and zones have a low level of development: their number and capacity are insufficient, and the services offered are limited to transport, warehouse, and customs. At the same time, warehouse activity in Russia is highly profitable: the profitability of assets is 2.3 times higher than the indicator for the economy as a whole. For further development of bonded warehouses in Russia, it is recommended to increase their capacity in the regions that are key in the production and trade of agricultural products, expand the services provided, and integrate with agricultural producers. The scientific novelty of the work consists in substantiating the theoretical foundations of the role and necessary characteristics of bonded warehouses as an infrastructure basis for the development of trade in agricultural goods in Russia.

A Sociological Examination on the Reinterpretation of Religious Businessman's Religious Values in Post-Fordist Market

Postfordist üretim, çağımızın yeni bir çalışma tarzına ve iş hayatına gönderme yapmakla birlikte postmodern hayatın bir parçasıdır. Bu yüzden postfordizm ve postmodernite arasında bir “karşılıklılık ilişkisi” mevcuttur. Tüm dünyada olduğu gibi küresel anlamda yeni esnek iş anlayışından, dindar (Müslüman) iş adamları da etkilenmişlerdir. İş ve kariyerin toplumsal yaşamda diğer alanlar gibi bir güç, gösteri ve sosyal rekabet haline gelmesi ise Müslüman kesimi geçmiş dönemlerde savundukları çoğu değer ve söylemleriyle çelişen bir konuma getirir.Bu araştırma, üç ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde postfordist üretim biçimi ve çalışma hayatının temel anlayışı incelenmiştir. İkinci bölümde bu anlayış karşısında küresel, uluslararası ve ulusaşırı şirketlerin yeni stratejileri ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde; postfordist kapitalist anlayıştan dindar iş adamlarının nasıl etkilendiği ve dinî değerlere kattıkları yeni anlam ve yorumlar tespit edilmiştir. Dindar iş adamlarının bir taraftan kapitalist piyasanın ku-rallarını uygularken, diğer taraftan halka yönelik olarak geçmişteki değerlerden taviz verilmediğini ima eden bir yaşam tarzını nasıl gerçekleştirdiklerinin betim-lemesi yapılmıştır. Sonuçta, dindar iş adamlarının bir taraftan dinin kamusal alanda görülmesine katkı sağlarken diğer taraftan dinî değerlere yeni anlam ve yorumlar katarak dinin etkisini soluklaştırdıkları görülmüştür.Araştırma, betimleyici analiz açısından ele alınmıştır. Araştırmada metot olarak literatür taraması ve doküman incelemesi tercih edilmiştir.

Analyzing big tobacco\u2019s global youth marketing strategies and factors influencing smoking initiation by Nigeria youths using the theory of triadic influence

BackgroundMajor transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) have identified Nigeria, the seventh most populous country in the world, as a market with a significant revenue potential, given its high youth population and growing gross domestic product (GDP). This research analyses tobacco industry-related strategies and activities targeting youth (aged 15 to 24 years) in Nigeria involving existing, but most importantly, future tobacco users. Nigeria is the focus of this study because the tobacco industry has viewed it as a major emerging market since the 1990s. Successful marketing in Nigeria could provide the industry with a template for similar initiatives in other emerging markets in low- and middle-income countries.MethodsThe research began with a systematic review of secondary literature to determine how the tobacco industry has targeted youth globally and factors contributing to youth smoking initiation. It then used the theory of triadic influence as a heuristic framework to categorize the various factors influencing youth smoking initiation and industry strategies related to increasing tobacco use among youths. Quotations from internal tobacco industry documents were organized into the three streams of the theory of triadic influence: biology/personality, social and cultural/environmental streams. A total of 12 interviews were conducted with 6 policymakers and governmental officials, 2 civil society organization representatives, a high school principal, a journalist and 2 researchers to investigate how the tobacco industry had targeted youth in Nigeria.ResultsThe findings indicate that TTCs have actively targeted youth in Nigeria since the 1990s, focusing on changing behaviour through the biology/personality, social and environmental/ cultural streams.ConclusionThe study suggests that Nigeria implement and vigorously enforce its 2015 National Tobacco Control Bill as well as a package of other measures to prevent tobacco companies targeting youth.

El mezcal: <em>enfant terrible</em> de México. Estudio sociológico sobre la cultura y comercializacióndel <em>mezcal</em> en un contexto globalizado

Objetivo: dar a conocer a la lectora o al lector de habla hispana, particularmente de México, la investigación sociológica más completa que hay sobre el tema actualmente. Se considera relevante porque describe de manera precisa la dialéctica entre, por una parte, los procesos económicos globales y, por otra, sus bases y efectos en ámbitos locales, básicamente la creación de relaciones de subordinación de los productores, comprometiendo su identidad cultural y su economía, con un impacto ecológico negativo. Metodología: se trata de un amplio estudio sociológico que incluye aspectos históricos, antropológicos y económicos. Sin embargo, dada la naturaleza de su objeto, el estudio contempla conocimientos de otras disciplinas, como la agronomía, la industria alimentaria y la mercadotecnia. Además de una extensa investigación bibliográfica y documental, se basa en los métodos etnográficos, particularmente la observación participante y la entrevista, técnicas que puso en práctica en ámbitos locales en México, como en otros países. Resultados: describe los orígenes e historia de la producción y consumo del mezcal y el profundo significado que tiene para muchas comunidades rurales en México. Explica los efectos locales del ingreso del mezcal como producto comercial en el ámbito global, señalando particularmente las contradicciones y efectos perversos de ese proceso, tales como la desestabilización de las estructuras sociales y el daño ecológico locales, en virtud de la lógica de demanda de los mercados internacionales. Por otro lado, destaca la defensa legal, comercial e incluso política que los propios productores han tenido que llevar a cabo para salvaguardar la producción del auténtico mezcal en los ámbitos nacional e internacional, ante el riesgo de su adulteración con fines comerciales en beneficio de empresas transnacionales. Limitaciones: el estudio en sí mismo resulta bastante completo, sin embargo, podría ampliarse con un estudio más profundo y actualizado de la relación del mezcal con la industria del tequila. Así, resultaría muy interesante estudiar cómo, recientemente, la industria del tequila ha comenzado a mimetizar a la del mezcal, particularmente con el lanzamiento de marcas de tequilas cristalinos que evidentemente tratan de emular a los auténticos mezcales. Por otro lado, quizá la principal limitación del libro sea el mismo hecho de estar publicado en francés, pues una versión en inglés la haría más asequible a un público más amplio. Conclusiones: Domingo García Garza, nos ofrece un apasionante relato sobre el origen del mezcal en el “México profundo” y su significado incluso místico, su revalorización a través de la percepción extranjera, su inserción en los mercados transnacionales, la situación prácticamente de resistencia en que se han visto sus productores artesanales, la lucha política y jurídica por salvaguardar su carácter de patrimonio cultural y una interrogante sobre el futuro social, económico y ecológico de las comunidades en las que se produce ancestralmente. Pero, además, la lectura de Le mezcal: enfant terrible du Mexique constituye un ejemplo magistral de la puesta en práctica de los principios fundamentales de la investigación sociológica en su sentido más general.

Climate extraction and supply chains of data

The global data center industry relies on what this article defines as ‘climate extraction’. Through this peculiar but critical infrastructure for global Internet operations, a focus on Ireland reveals the entanglements of state, corporate, and environmental actors within the extractive calculations of transnational companies. Ireland has been advertised to and by data center developers because of its ‘cool’ climate while downplaying the importance of its low corporate tax rate and the government and planning system’s favorable treatment of big tech companies. Public discourses around big tech ‘greenwash’ power and contribute to a material climate (both atmospheric and infrastructural) from which value can be extracted. This is achieved by extracting for and from data circulation through the built and ‘natural’ environment. This article articulates the ways in which the spatial development of data centers as ‘strategic infrastructure’ contributes to the ongoing naturalization of capital and state power’s entanglements with the so-called natural world through technological systems.

Corporate Social Responsibility between Self-Regulation and Government Intervention: Monitoring, Enforcement and Transparency

The existing rules and standards on corporate social responsibility can best be described as a hybrid legal architecture, where various regulatory approaches maintain a friendly coexistence. This type of multilevel rule-making is sometimes perceived to be complicated and not very effective because it is often said to leave some areas of economic activity unregulated and, in any case, unenforced. Given this difficulty, it becomes evident that the interaction between the different regulatory strategies currently in place, ranging from self-regulation to government intervention, has to be analyzed in more detail. Scholars have often argued that there is a governance gap because public international law only provides for certain rights, but no obligations, for transnational companies. What scholars sometimes miss, however, is that the law, although indirectly, does in fact already regulate corporate behavior with regard to human rights, labor, the environment and anti-corruption. In this article, I identify and describe various monitoring, enforcement and transparency mechanisms through which international soft law standards are backed up by national public and private law rules. The importance of this is that it will help us better understand what the role of the law is in the status quo with regard to corporate social responsibility.

Узгодження інтересів аграрних підприємств і держави

This paper analyzes the business-interests of agrarian companies, and studies the condition of the agricultural sector of Ukraine as a country. The paper shows the importance and significance of agrarian sector of economy, and also the necessity of harmonizing corporate interests with national interests. This study raises concerns over the conflict of interests between the state and large corporations that do business on their territory. The fundamental national priorities of the state were grouped to better understand the objectives of state governance. The research data that was used in this study shows the dynamics of development of Ukraine’s agrarian output and the degree of accumulation of land and means of production in private ownership. This shows that large Ukrainian agricultural companies can function as agents of economic force of the state on foreign markets through their exports. Ukrainian state therefore, has its own strengths and specialization in global economy. The power and might of the state on international arena depends on proper understanding and feasible use of its own resources. The prestige of Ukraine in the world has always been linked with a tremendous potential in the food industry and the production of agrarian goods. Hence, the Ukrainian state must assist in creation and functioning of Ukrainian transnational companies on both the local market and the foreign market, because the presence of large international companies promotes the economic strength and prestige of the host country. Therefore, it is hard to overestimate the importance of this research topic. The scientific and practical relevance of this study is proven, among other things, by the lack of sufficient research in the area of harmonization of national goals of the state and the transnational business-interests. It is oftentimes omitted or even avoided in science, academia and industry. On another note, this topic is not very pleasing to the governing authorities and business altogether, because society demands truth about the utilization of economic and natural resources of the state, as those resources are considered the property of society at large. Big business tends to minimize and whenever possible to avoid paying taxes, while maximizing the access to and use of the resources of the host countries. Finally, the paper ends with some suggestions on how to approach the problem of conflicting interests and how to improve the existing methods of dealing with it.

The Soybean Trap: Challenges and Risks for Brazilian Producers

Since the 1970s, Brazilian soybean production has grown rapidly, driven by increasing national and international demand and rising prices. Consequently, soybean production has come to be perceived as an attractive opportunity, with the number of farms producing soybean across the country reaching around 240,000 in 2017. However, producers can become trapped by dependencies on moneylenders, traders and input supply companies, facing so-called ’agricultural treadmills’. In this study we undertook interviews with individual soybean producers and representatives of trader companies, producers’ associations, the processing industry, government and civil society, and used these data to analyze rural production operations related to the soybean supply chain and to interpret how agricultural treadmills persist in this sector. Based on literature review and fieldwork interviews, we found that producers have been able to add value to their products, but some strategies they use to cope with production costs lead them into high-risk situations. Our findings show that, sectoral (e.g., producers’ associations) and collective actions (e.g., farmers’ buying groups) are a useful strategy for producers to gain influence and bargaining power against transnational companies and input suppliers compared to acting as an individual within the soybean supply chain. Producers were emphatic that the current soybean business is now much more than just farming activities, and that education and training are highly valuable and important strategies to keep producers in the soybean business and out of traps. These findings are important given the neoliberal context in which individual producers find themselves and which presents challenges that alone they can do little to change. Policies that enable individual producers to make environmentally- and financially-sound agricultural decisions are vital to ensure a sustainable soybean system that does not trap producers in endless cycles of debt and investment.

Role of tolerance in the transnational companies’ management system

The relevance of the research topic is explained by the rapid development of integration processes, the formation of a global economic space, which led to the intensive development of multinational companies. In these conditions, the issue of the role of tolerance in the management system of multinational companies is becoming relevant. Formulation of the problem. New opportunities associated with the formation of the main aspects of tolerance in the management system of multinational companies and draw certain conclusions. Analysis of recent research and publications. The study of certain aspects regarding the functioning and development of multinational companies was covered in the works of such authors as Krivov'yazyuk I., Mekshun P., Melnichuk V., Mikaelyan S., Penska I., Skavronsky I., Terekhov E., Chumak N. and others. A great contribution to the study of issues on tolerance was made by such scientists as Y. Arabchuk, O. Orlovskaya, M. Pirenn and others. Highlighting unexplored parts of a common problem. In favorable conditions for the formation and development of multinational companies, the issue of tolerance in the management system of companies, which is most conducive to resolving a number of conflicts, remains unaddressed. Problem statement, research objectives. The aim of the study is to study the main aspects of tolerance in the management system of multinational companies and draw certain conclusions. The method or methodology of the study. In the work, general scientific methods were used: dialectic, system-structural analysis and synthesis, statistical and economic methods, generalization. Statement of the main material (results of work). The article indicates the role of transnational companies in modern conditions and determines that in the formation and development of these companies, tolerance acquires special meaning in the management system. The main directions of the problems of interethnic relations are systematized and their solutions are recommended by regulating the professional activities of employees of transnational companies. The significance of the “tolerance corridor” in the management system of multinational companies is determined. Scope of the results. The conclusions and results of the article can be used in the educational process of the economic faculties of higher educational institutions. At the same time, the results of the work can be used in the formation of the management system in multinational companies and in the process of professional training of company employees. Conclusions are consistent with the article. Based on the study of the role of tolerance in the management system of multinational companies in the modern conditions of development of Ukraine, the result is that tolerance should be based on professional training of company employees, which is formed on the basis of the tolerance corridor.

Impact of Transitional Corporation

A transnational corporation is a global corporation with footprint in multiple countries. Transnational corporations can be defined as organizations who are spread across the globe but have financial control over the units. Transnational companies or MNCs can provide competitive advantage to the host country by bringing along with it the latest technology that would have been impossible for the host country to obtain.

A rentabilidade dos produtores de soja no Paraguai: concentração e exclusão

Currently, soybean cultivation requires producers to have astute technological, managerial, financial and productive knowledge, especially because it is a standardized product, with an internationally defined price, based on global trade and controlled by transnational companies. The interaction between yield by area, cost of production and selling price defines whether the producer will end the production cycle with a positive or negative balance. The objective of this paper is to analyze the return of soybean production in Paraguay between 2002/03 and 2018/19, noting the variations over the years and their effects on producers. This study uses a qualitative and quantitative approach, such as literature review, statistical data analysis, questionnaire application with 77 soybean producers and 8 former producers and interviews with representatives of 45 companies in the sector. The results show that there is a strong variation in the net profit margin of soybeans according to the harvest year and the producer profile, whose most evident effect is the exclusion of some producers and the concentration in those with larger area and productive efficiency.Keywords: soybean market; farmers; profitability; Paraguay.WESZ JUNIOR, Valdemar João. A rentabilidade dos produtores de soja no Paraguai: concentração e exclusão. Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura, v. 28, n. 1, p. 156-179, fev. 2020.Submitted on November 5, 2019.Accepted on January 6, 2020.

LA ACTIVIDAD MINERA DEL SIGLO XX EN EL VALLE DE OAXACA: RIESGOS DE SALUD PÚBLICA DE HOY

The abandonment of mining is a topic that has gone unnoticed in the national debate since the mid-twentieth century, as well as in the normativity. The tailings, stacks of ground rocks that remain after the minerals of interest are extracted from the rocks, have a socio-environmental impact. However, the responsibilities of companies, the State and, in general, of civil society against the contaminating effects of tailings have not been defined. The present study evaluates the socio-environmental situation in San Jeronimo Taviche, Oaxaca, Mexico, where transnational companies generated large volumes of tailings. To evaluate the environmental part, 10 samples of water bodies and 13 soil samples were analyzed in which the concentration level of the total heavy metals (cadmium, copper, mercury, lead and zinc) was quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. To evaluate the social aspects, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the miners, telesecundaria students and doctors from the health center, where the working conditions, the extraction processes of the heavy metals and the most common diseases in the miners were registered. It was found that the concentrations of some metals exceed the limits established by current Mexican normativity; in addition, interviews showed that the population is unaware of the health risks arising from the tailings. The present investigation allows understanding the vision of the sanitary and environmental risks that the abandoned tailings represent for the population.

Bringing the commercial determinants of health out of the shadows: a review of how the commercial determinants are represented in conceptual frameworks.

BackgroundThe term ‘commercial determinants of health’ (CDOH) is increasingly focussing attention upon the role of tobacco, alcohol and food and beverage companies and others—as important drivers of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). However, the CDOH do not seem to be clearly represented in the most common social determinants of health (SDOH) frameworks. We review a wide range of existing frameworks of the determinants of health to determine whether and how commercial determinants are incorporated into current SDOH thinking.MethodsWe searched for papers and non-academic reports published in English since 2000 describing influences on population health outcomes. We included documents with a formal conceptual framework or diagram, showing the integration of the different determinants.ResultsForty-eight framework documents were identified. Only one explicitly included the CDOH in a conceptual diagram. Ten papers discussed the commercial determinants in some form in the text only and fourteen described negative impacts of commercial determinants in the text. Twelve discussed positive roles for the private sector in producing harmful commodities. Overall, descriptions of commercial determinants are frequently understated, not made explicit, or simply missing. The role of commercial actors as vectors of NCDs is largely absent or invisible in many of the most influential conceptual diagrams.ConclusionsOur current public health models may risk framing public health problems and solutions in ways that obscure the role that the private sector, in particular large transnational companies, play in shaping the broader environment and individual behaviours, and thus population health outcomes.

Examining the effect of xenophobia on “transnational” mega construction project (MCP) success

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to argue that modern-day xenophobia has emerged as one of the high-risk factors for transnational mega construction projects (MCP’s). While research in transnational MCP’s remains surprisingly under-explored, this study aimed to examine how transformational leadership (TFL) and HPW practices can still achieve MCP success despite the rise of xenophobia in the global construction industry.Design/methodology/approachThis study examined survey-based sample evidence from 220 respondents including project team members (operational, quality and technical), project stakeholders (e.g. regulatory authority, subcontractors, functional managers, etc.) and project clients/sponsors. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique was employed to test the theoretical hypotheses and to highlight significance of a holistic and novel framework of MCP success.FindingsThis study’s core finding unveiled a significantly negative effect of xenophobia on MCP success (ß=−0.389, t=5.574, p<0.000). Interestingly, PLS-SEM results also showed a significantly negative effect of TFL on MCP success (ß=−0.172, t=2.323, p<0.018), whereas HPW practices demonstrated a significantly positive effect on MCP success (ß=0.633, t=9.558, p<0.000). In addition, xenophobia and MCP success relationship were positively moderated by TFL (ß=0.214, t=2.364, p<0.018) and HPW practices (ß=0.295, t=3.119, p<0.002), respectively.Research limitations/implicationsThis study underscores the importance of TFL and HPW practices in explaining the linkage between xenophobia and MCP success. Besides advancement of broader multi-disciplinary research and cross-pollination of research ideas, this study also offers unique research direction to explore the potential impact of TFL and HPW practices in demographically diverse project settings especially in countries where xenophobia has swiftly become inevitable.Practical implicationsAs many countries undertake MCP’s with national pride and high strategic importance, this study provides an exemplary model of transnational MCP success. This study shows that conscious use of TFL and HPW practices could guard against escalating xenophobia in the global construction industry.Originality/valueThis study is first to provide an empirically grounded model of MCP success that collectively examines the role of xenophobia, TFL and HPW practices. This research has developed practical references for transnational construction companies in strategic planning and management of MCP’s.

Managing change in transnational companies: does cultural distance matter

Employees' commitment to change is an important prerequisite for change management success. We test how a direct manager's transformational leadership and top management communication impact employees' commitment to change and how, in a transnational organisation, these relationships are moderated by cultural distance. We measure cultural distance using GLOBE (Global Leadership and Organisational Behaviour Effectiveness Research) dimensions. The results of the study in a German technology company (N = 939 employees, operating in 30 countries) show that transformational leadership and top management communication are positively related to affective and normative commitment to change. Cultural distance positively moderates the direct manager's transformational leadership-affective commitment relationship and reduces the influence of top management communication on normative commitment to change.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СТАВКИ НДС НА МОДЕЛЬ ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСКОГО ПОВЕДЕНИЯ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ИМПОРТЕРОВ ПАЛЬМОВОГО МАСЛА)

The article discusses the problem of the reducing life quality of Russians in the new conditions of the market economy. The Russian phenomenon of the use of “palm oil” as a priority raw material in food production is analyzed against the decrease in its use in the EU countriesand against the expansion of the daily diet of the Chinese due to increased dairy food consumption. Opposing points of view of key industry associations (the Dairy Union of Russia and the Fat and Oil Union of Russia) have been identified and are presented in the context of palm oil use in dairy food production. The results of a statistical study of the demand for palm oil from Russian importers against the background of an increase in the value-added tax rate from 10 to 20% in October 2019 are presented. The data of customs statistics on palm oil imports were analyzed in the context of countries of origin, nine codes of the commodity nomenclature of foreign economic activity, months and years within the five-year period of 2016–2020, as well as in the context of the importing regions of Russia. The results of statistical processing of data by the Federal Customs Service revealed no effect of the sharp increase in the VAT rate on the volume of palm oil imports. The analysis of foreign statistics revealed a significant presence of actors in the chemical industry among transnational companies that are the largest consumers of palm oil. The model of entrepreneurial behavior based on consumption in palm oil production, formed and widely spread in the Russian food industry market, is criticized. 98% of palm oil and its fractions imported into Russia goes to the needs of food industry enterprises, and the authors consider that the foreign ownership of these enterprises plays an important role. In the authors’ opinion, in many respects, the latter fact determined our country’s ranking first in the food chemistry sector in the distribution of published patent applications by technology field for the top 10 origins in 2014–2016. In this respect, Russia is far ahead of China, the USA, Japan, South Korea, Germany, the UK,France, and Switzerland. In China, systematic research is being carried out on the ratio of palm oil use in the food (primarily, instant noodles, other fast food) and non-food (chemical industry, including cosmetics production) sectors.