Transmitter Part Research Articles

Intelligent fire detection and alert system using labVIEW

Fire detection systems are designed to discover fires and allow the safe evacuation of occupants as well as protecting the safety of emergency response personnel. This paper describes the design and development of a fire detection and alert system. Temperature and flame sensors are used to indicate the occurrence of fire. This work consists of two parts, which are transmitter and receiver, both using ZigBee wireless technology. Arduino Uno is used as the microcontroller at the transmitter part to control the sensor nodes and give alert when over temperature and flame are detected. At the transmitter, the collected data from the sensors are transmitted by an XBee module operated as router node. At the receiver side, an XBee coordinator module which is attached to a computer using USB to serial communication captured the data for further processing. In addition, an interactive and user-friendly Graphical User Interface (GUI) is developed. LabVIEW software is used to design the GUI which displays and analyze the possibility of fire happening. The system can display the fire location and provides early warning to allow occupants to escape the building safely.

Energy efficient low density parity check scheme for body channel communication using FPGA

An arrangement of an on-body to on-body thin-ranging channel along with various issues is deliberated. Time-area appearances of body channel communication (BCC) of human are considered by using a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) at variable transmission distances and signal frequencies. In Human body channel communication (HBCC), wide band signaling (WBS) technique is characterized as well as correlated with existing devices and are more stable and expend very less power. But based on the movement of human body, wide band signaling is more sensitive. The WBS constructed BCC is established in FPGA platform at diverse broadcast distances and signal frequencies by using Non Return to Zero (NRZ) encoded information. In this strategy presented, the information encoded by NRZI data at the transmitter part are driven accurately to the human based BCC. At the receiver part, the FPGA enhanced the conventional signals and in addition, the proposed LDPC technique circuit enhances the accepted frequency decoded point information from irregular nodes. The presented LDPC technique based wide band signaling BCC transceiver is acknowledged in the typical 65 nm CMOS executing process. The core region is found as 0.133 mm2. Power consumption of LDPC technique based WBS- BCC transceiver is 1.07 mW at 40Mb/s. The bit energy is 0.02 nJ/b.

A High-Speed DSP Engine for First-Order Hold Digital Phase Modulation in 28-nm CMOS

Conventional delay-based digital phase modulators use a zero-order hold (ZOH) phase control word to modulate the square-wave RF carrier. Recently, new architectures capable of performing first-order hold (FOH) digital phase modulation have been proposed, thus improving the wideband performance to a level suitable for 5G base stations. While currently available literature focuses on the generic operation principle, this brief details the first on-chip implementation of the DSP engine required for actual FOH computations. The circuit is based on a simple iterative algorithm, which can be pipelined for high-speed operation. The DSP engine has been integrated as part of a prototype 5G base-station outphasing transmitter, fabricated in 28-nm CMOS. When processing a 100-MHz orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing signal, the DSP achieves an adjacent-channel leakage ratio of −53 dBc, which is 12 dB better than with conventional ZOH phase modulation. Furthermore, the system enables flexible upconversion to any frequency between 0.35 and 2.1 GHz from a fixed 1.5-GHz reference clock. The power consumption of a single engine is lower than 18 mW.

Enhanced NRZ multi-carriers modulation technologies for microresonators in THz technology applications

Abstract Multi-optical carriers suitable for use in an optical communication system have been generated via integrated microring resonators. These carriers were sufficiently stable for travel in either a free space channel or waveguides while experiencing very low dispersion. Multiple carriers were created using the integrated microring resonators, with each carrier possessing a frequency at 193.012, 193.086, 193.186 and 193.268 terahertz (THz). The second part which is the non-return-to-zero (NRZ) modulation has been performed using the microring resonator modulators. The objective of the research is to generate multi-carriers at infrared region and modulate them for the optical communication application using the microring resonators. At the transmitter part, series of microring resonators have been used to generate four different THz frequencies which can be either de-multiplexed and modulated individually using the NRZ modulation format or modulated without de-multiplexing them as these enter a series of microring resonator modulators and microring resonator drop filters. As results, the detection of the four NRZ modulated frequencies has been performed successfully with high signal qualities. Therefore, in this research microring resonators are used for different purposes as to generate optical signals (at the transmitter part), modulate and filter them along an optical transmission link.

Analysis of Wireless Power Transfer on the inductive coupling resonant

Wireless power transfer through inductive coupling is proposed in this paper. Based on the concept of Tesla, the circuit was designed using two parallel inductors that are mutually coupled. The designed was split into two which are transmitter part and receiver part. The circuit was simulated using proteus simulation software. The results had shown that the changes in a number of turn of the inductor coils and distance of the two resonators affecting the efficiency of the power transfer. The wireless power transfer can be described as the transmission of electrical energy from the power source to the electrical load without any current-carrying wire connecting them. Wireless power transfer is deemed to be very useful in some circumstances where connecting wires are inconvenient. Wireless power transfer problems are different from wireless telecommunications such as radio. Commonly, wireless power transfers are conducted using an inductive coupling and followed by magnetic induction characteristics. In this project, we use magnetic induction using copper wire with a different diameter. By using these different diameters of wires, we are going to see the power transfer performance of each wire. It is possible to achieve wireless power transfer up to 30 centimeters between the transmitter and the receiver with a higher number of coil's turn. As concern as it may seem, the wireless power transfer field would be in high demand for electric power to be supplied in the future.

ТЕРАГЕРЦОВІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ В ТЕЛЕКОМУНІКАЦІЙНИХ СИСТЕМАХ. ЧАСТИНА 2. ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ТА МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ПЕРЕДАВАННЯ ТЕЛЕВІЗІЙНИХ СИГНАЛІВ СТАНДАРТУ DVB-C І ІМПУЛЬСНОГО НАДШИРОКОСМУГОВОГО СИГНАЛУ РАДІОЛІНІЄЮ ТЕРАГЕРЦОВОГО ДІАПАЗОНУ

The laboratory testbed of a digital simplex radio-relay system of the terahertz range has been studied for the first time in practical terms. It consists of the receiver and transmitter parts of 130÷134 GHz frequency range and a digital modem with a channel data transmission of up to 1200 Mbps for a communication point-to-point distance under normal conditions within 1 km. It is shown that the proposed telecommunication system, which implements the concept of the creation of software-defined radio systems based on Wi-Fi technology, can be highly productive in the next generation mobile communication networks providing the appropriate transmission speeds, reliability, and security. It is studied the parameters of multichannel digital TV signal DVB-C standard when it is transmitted through the testbed of the transmitter and receiver parts of 130 GHz band. The results of the research showed that the application of lower part of terahertz frequency band (130 GHz) with a bandwidth of 24 MHz allows the transmission of three DVB-C television broadcasting channels with a total transport speed of 125 Mbit/s with a high subjective quality of TV programs. The results of the simulation of impulse ultrawideband (IR-UWB) signal transmission by the wireless link of terahertz band are presented. The results of researches of changes of IR-UWB Gaussian monocycle in the transmitter part and its reception by the receiver part of 130.4÷131.5 GHz terahertz band are presented for the first time. On the basis of the results of the research, the requirements for parameters of terahertz wireless link are formulated to ensure acceptable quality of ultrawideband impulse signals receiving. Development of the transmitter and receiver parts of radio relay system of the terahertz range has no direct current analogs in Ukraine. It can provide a significant breakthrough in the development of the telecommunications industry. The obtained research results will also contribute to the development of telecommunications-related industries, in particular: radio astronomy, inter-satellite communication, radar systems, medicine, etc.

Design of Reliable Body Channel Communication Transceiver with Spread Spectrum Clock Generator and PNR Generator

In this work, the communication of a channel in the human body has a characteristic (time-domain) which can be measured at various distances in transmission and various frequencies of a signal by the printed circuit board-an analog frontend board (PCB-AFE) support. Besides, for the wideband signal of Body Channel Communication (BCC), a human body skin acts within a range of 1 Mb/s to 40 Mb/s as the transmission medium. This communication is more stable and attenuating low power while comparing with all another transmission medium in wireless. Moreover, due to the motion of a human body, this communication doesn't get affected. Though, the body antenna gives effects in the communication of a channel of the human body by occurs some interference. The Manchester data acts as encoder and decoder in transmitter and receiver parts respectively, in an AFE-PCB the Manchester encoder data is amplified after receiving the data from end to end channel of a human body. The data quality is improved by 7X sampler in clock data recovery (CDR) circuit. Therefore, the proposed design of reliable BCC Transceiver with SSCG and PNR Generator is processed in XilinxISE14.5, ModelSim Simulator 6.5a (Quartus II 8.1), and Micro wind software tools. It is also implemented in a XilinxXC9572XL kit. The power consumption and delay is reduced up to 90%, speed is increased up to 50% and leakage current is reduced up to 80% in the transmitter part.

A Highly Reconfigurable RF-DPLL Phase Modulator for Polar Transmitters in Cellular RFICs

A multirate fractional-N RF digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) phase modulator implementation for polar transmitter supporting cellular communication standards up to 4G LTE-A is demonstrated. The RF-DPLL integrates LC-tank-based digital-controlled oscillator (DCO) cores with $\Sigma $ – $\Delta $ -noise shaping and fractional sample rate conversion to account for a broad range of frequency bands and spectral emission requirements. A two-point modulation with different sampling rates and signal scaling is applied to optimize the system for operation in narrow-band and wide-band phase modulation. DCO digital predistortion and DCO gain estimation in combination with open-loop gain auto adjustment and delay calibration are implemented to achieve sufficiently low-in-band distortion. Measurement results of the RF-DPLL system as part of a polar transmitter implemented in 28-nm CMOS are shown, fulfilling 3GPP specifications for 4G, LTE-A uplink and legacy cellular communication standards like 3G, UMTS/HSPA+ and 2G, GSM/EDGE.

Wireless Mobile Robotic Arm Controlled by PS2 Joystick Based on Microcontroller

In the last year, with a huge usage of wireless enforcement and where nearly everything which was controlled by humans is being automated by using robots. In this paper a control system of the mobile robotic arm was built by using a PS2 joystick and the microcontroller (Arduino UNO) and sends the command by the master Bluetooth (HC-05) that represents the transmitter part. Where the receiver receives the data by the slave Bluetooth (HC_05) to generate the specific motion by take the command from Arduino UNO. The purpose of this paper is to design and implement a mobile arm robot for dangerous and difficult places that humans can't reach it and make the specific tasks.

Monolithic Integration of Photonic Devices for Use in a Regrowth-Free CoWDM Transmitter

This letter demonstrates the monolithic integration of a range of photonic devices, such as couplers, splitters, lasers, and modulators to create a photonic integrated circuit suitable for use as part of a regrowth free CoWDM transmitter. The device was fabricated using UV lithography and did not require any epitaxial regrowth. The optical extinction of the modulator was shown to improve by up to 9.8 dB by injection locking the adjacent laser to longer wavelengths.

Magnetic Resonant Three-Coil WPT System Between Off/In-Body for Remote Energy Harvest

In this letter, the effect of the human body in a magnetic resonance wireless power transfer (MR-WPT) system for wearable and implantable devices is studied. To implement the experiment, muscle-mimicking liquid is configured with parameters similar to those of the human body. The transmitter part is located outside the human body (in the air), and the receiver part is implanted in the liquid. The proposed 3-coil MR-WPT system, which operates at 6.78 MHz shows effectively higher transfer efficiencies compared with a 4-coil MR-WPT system at near transfer distance which is the predicted position for a pacemaker. The results indicate that the proposed system with optimized receiver using air-pocket has potential applications in off/in-body devices that benefit from remote energy harvesting, especially at near distances such as pacemakers.

Optimisation of the thermal and structural performance of an integrated patio door

Frames for glass doors and windows need to be designed to be both thermally insulating and structurally strong, and there are computer programs which accurately determine the required properties. However, these programs are complex and expensive to use and are not useful for initial design work. By identifying the structural and insulating roles of the various layers within the frames we obtain simple results for the thermal transmittance and structural properties of frames. These results can be used for design guidance. More accurate (but still simple) results were obtained and coded in Excel for easy processing. References R. J. Roark ``Formulas for stress and strain'' McGraw-Hill (1965), 4th ed. ``Thermal performance of windows, doors and sharing devices–-Detailed Calculations''. iso 15099:2003(E) ``Thermal performance of windows, doors and shutters–-Calculation of thermal transmittance–-Part 2 Numerical Method for Frames''. bs eniso 10077-2-2003 ``Thermal performance of windows, doors and sharing devices–-Part 1 General''. bs en 10077-1:2006

Antenna and RF system for fly‐away satellite terminal communication applications on Ka‐band

ABSTRACTAntenna and RF system for fly‐away satellite terminal communication applications on ka‐band is presented in this article. Fly‐away satellite terminals 1 or 2 people is fixed by installing motion terminal, movement and installation of equipment, and ease of operation to the user's for low‐power consumption, small size, and light weight is important. For low‐power consumption and compact and light‐weight, dual‐reflector antenna system volume using dual‐offset Gregorian antenna structure is minimized, magnesium by weight is minimized. Transmitter part of RF systems has low‐power consumption and compact light weight using the pHEMT MMIC compound devices. For harmonic rejection, the photonic band‐gap low‐pass‐filter is designed. In receiver part, low‐noise amplifier and down converter rolled into one function of the low‐noise block converter structure is designed for compact and light weight. In this article, fly‐away satellite terminal with low‐power consumption and compact light weight is described by antenna system and RF system performances. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2020–2025, 2016

Performance Evaluation of Modified SLM Technique in OFDM System Using Selected Codeword Shift

Selective Mapping (SLM) is a well-known technique used in OFDM System to reduce high Peak-Average Power Ratio (PAPR). High PAPR occurred during signal processing which multiple data are converted into electromagnetic signal via Inverse Fast Fourier transform (IFFT) at the transmitter. Even though SLM technique has a potential to reduce high PAPR, it disrupts the overall performance of bit error rate (BER) at receiver part. In this paper, a modified SLM has been proposed using circulant shift and embedded bit side information to overcome the BER performance degradation at the receiver part as well as to further improve the PAPR performance at the transmitter part. The results have shown an encouraging improvement of PAPR and BER to the OFDM system performance.

A 9 MHz-2.4 GHz Fully Integrated Transceiver IC for a Microfluidic-CMOS Platform Dedicated to Miniaturized Dielectric Spectroscopy.

This paper presents a fully integrated transceiver IC as part of a self-sustained, microfluidic-CMOS platform for miniaturized dielectric spectroscopy (DS) from MHz to GHz. Fabricated in AMS 0.35 μm 2P/4M RF CMOS, the transmitter (TX) part of the IC generates a single-tone sinusoidal signal with frequency tunability in the range of ~ 9 MHz-2.4 GHz to excite a three-dimensional (3D), parallel-plate, capacitive sensor with a floating electrode and 9 μL microfluidic channel for sample delivery. With a material-under-test (MUT) loaded into the sensor, the receiver (RX) part of the IC employs broadband frequency response analysis (bFRA) methodology to measure the amplitude and phase of the RF excitation signal after transmission through the sensor. A one-time, 6-point sensor calibration algorithm then extracts both the real and imaginary parts of the MUT complex permittivity, ϵr, from IC measurements of the sensor transmission characteristics in the voltage domain. The "sensor + IC" is fully capable of differentiating among de-ionized (DI) water, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and alcoholic beverages in tests conducted at four excitation frequencies of ∼ 50 MHz , 500 MHz, 1.5 GHz, and 2.4 GHz generated by the TX. Moreover, permittivity readings of PBS by the sensor interfaced with the IC at six excitation frequencies in the range of ~ 50 MHz-2.4 GHz are in excellent agreement (rms error of 1.7% (real) and 7.2% (imaginary)) with those from bulk-solution reference measurements by commercial benchtop equipment. The total power consumption of the IC is with 1.5 V (analog) and 3.3 V (digital) supplies.

Research of Information Recovery Methods Corresponding to Up-shift Part in NB-PLC

Power line communication (PLC) is applied in various areas, such as Internet access, smart home, automatic meter reading system, security monitoring system, etc. The introduction of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) improves the reliability and efficiency of PLC substantially, and the standards of wide-band PLC and narrow-band PLC are becoming more complete. This paper is based on the receiver designing work according to the transmitter flow described in ITU-T G.9955. Regarding to the up-shift part of transmitter, two different methods to recover the useful information are provided including Hilbert transform and sub-carrier calculation. Both the theoretic analysis and simulation result shows that the two methods can recover the transmitted data exactly, while the second method can decrease the complexity of receiver and improve the efficiency of PLC system greatly.

High‐power and high‐efficiency complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor voltage‐controlled oscillator for automatic dependent surveillance‐broadcast system

Automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) system requires higher performance, highly reliable, and smaller size, lighter weight and lower cost transceiver. To reduce the size and cost and to increase the manufacturability it is desirable to integrate the whole ADS-B system into a single-chip complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology platform. Watt level power is required from the ADS-B transmitter for transmitting the information about aircraft's precise location at larger distances. This study presents CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) circuit, as a part of ADS-B transmitter, operating at the centre frequency of 978 MHz, delivers the highest output power with the highest efficiency ever reported to the best of authors’ knowledge. The 0.738 mm × 0.606 mm VCO chip fabricated using 0.18 μm CMOS technology, exhibits the single-ended peak output power of −0.46 dBm and the differential peak output power of 2.54 dBm at the frequency of 1 GHz, with the frequency tuning range from 954.3 to 1009.4 MHz and phase noise of −109 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset centred at the frequency of 978 MHz, consuming 19 mW power from 1.8 V supply, thus, showing state-of-the-art-performances. This promising result shows a path towards realising high-power single-chip CMOS ADS-B transmitter.

Flexible 16 $\times$ 10-Gb/s All-Optical Broadcast and Multicast TWDM Passive Optical Network

To achieve flexible packet routing in a time wavelength-division multiplexing passive optical network (PON) architecture, most proposed systems use a tunable transceiver in the optical line terminal (OLT). The tunable transceiver is attractive for use in a PON system because it is able to broadcast and multicast packets within the entire PON system, being limited only to a single PON link. The proposed all-optical packet routing (AOPR) module was designed to incorporate a fixed-type wavelength OLT transmitter with a continuous-wave pump probe signal module. The design of the module is based on the ALL-ON method to support all broadcast signals, which replaces the wavelength tuning feature in the tunable OLT transmitter. The proposed architecture was designed using the multicasting cross-gain modulation (XGM) method. In this proposed design, the XGM function of the OLT system becomes a part of the AOPR OLT transmitter. The arrangement of this design aims to generate single or multiple wavelengths in a downstream direction in each OLT PON port. The measurement results revealed that the proposed system can handle a total of 160-Gb/s broadcast downstream bandwidth to serve 16 PON links using $16\lambda$ with a maximum of 2048 users.

Adrenal gland hormones in primary school children.

It was found that in 8-9-year-old children, the hormonal part of the sympathoadrenal system more rapidly develops in boys, while the transmitter part develops more rapidly in girls. The androgenic and glucocorticoid function of the adrenal cortex matures earlier in girls. To the end of the school year, excretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine decreased, which attests to the development of fatigue.

The Design and Implement for Transceiver of WIA-PA

In this paper, the system scheme and system architecture for transceiver of WIA-PA are presented. The low-IF topology and direct up conversion method are employed, corresponding to receiver part and transmitter part. And in the baseband part, differential and correlation demodulate received signals, as well as time sync, frequency offset calibrate and frame sync operations are designed for solvation the problem of real radio environmental effects. The chip implements using 0.18μm CMOS process has small chip area and low power consumption. The minimum sensitivity of receiver is less than-85dBm for 1% PER (packet error rate), which is better than the required sensitivity for specification.