Circuit Transmission Research Articles

RTDS‐based HIL testing platform for complex modern electricity transmission systems

This study demonstrates the capability and performance of the developed state-of-the-art hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing platform based on the real-time digital simulator (RTDS). The evaluations of (i) the effects of thyristor-controlled series compensation (TCSC) on the feeder protection first main (unit protection) and (ii) the performance of feeder protection second main (distance protection) of multi-ended transmission circuits with adjacent TCSC are carried out. Realistic parameters of transmission lines and TCSC are used for system modelling, and practical physical relays are used for the testing. The potential impacts of TCSC on both unit protection and distance protection are analysed based on the simulation results and relay measurements from the developed RTDS-based HIL testing platform.

A wireless powered electroactive polymer using magnetic resonant coupling

This paper reports an ionic polymer-metal composite (IPMC) soft actuator that is controlled and powered in a wireless manner. IPMC is an ionic electroactive polymer (EAP) that can be actuated at a low voltage, fast response and miniaturized, therefore, attracts significant interest that have led to extensive investigations, especially for biomedical application. The device design utilizes magnetic resonant coupling as the wireless powering scheme. A planar based LC receiver circuit and DC rectifier circuit are fabricated using double sided and single sided copper-clad flexible polyimide sheets, respectively. The fabricated IPMC cantilever is bonded to the DC rectifier circuit and performs unimorph motion when the exposed magnetic field (generated by the transmitter circuit) matches the resonant frequency of the LC receiver circuit, ∼25 MHz. Experiment wireless operation of the fabricated LC receiver circuit shows a maximum induced DC voltage of ∼2.3 Vdc. The cantilever deflection is measured as 66 μm at ON-OFF activation cycle with 0.6 W RF output power.

1.00 (0.88) Tb/s per Wave Capable Coherent Multi-Channel Transmitter (Receiver) InP-Based PICs With Hybrid Integrated SiGe Electronics

We demonstrate multi-channel InP-based coherent transmitter and receiver photonic integrated circuits hybrid integrated with SiGe driving and amplifying electronics both capable of operating at 880 Gb/s and the transmitter alone up to 1 Tb/s per wave. These hybrid assemblies demonstrate optical transmissions across a commercial line system at distances from 200 to 1400 km, with symbol rates between 66-100 GBd, utilizing 16-, 32-, and 64-QAM modulation formats. Additionally, we demonstrate a back-to-back transmission from the TxPIC assembly to a reference receiver at 100 GBd × 32QAM, a 1 Tb/s per wavelength capability.

The Design of the Acoustic Wave Meter Transmitting Circuit

It is very important to design a good transmitter for acoustic wave guage, the performance of the transmitter directly decides whether the equipment can work properly or not, and the effective data can be got. The transmitter circuit structure of acoustic wave guage is introduced in this paper, including driving circuit design, power amplification circuit design and the transducer matching circuit design, and calculation of the transmitter output power. Finally, the actual measurement data is used to prove that the ultrasonic transmitter design is reasonable and practical.

Design and Dynamic Analysis of The Gear Contact Fatigue Testing Machine

For gear contact fatigue testing, a new gear contact fatigue testing machine structural based on closed mechanical power-flow was proposed and the structural model was established. A set of power balance of the system was given according to theoretical calculation and mathematical deduction of the system transmission efficiency. In addition, statics and dynamics simulation analysis of the power transmission circuit was carried out, and the structural strength and stability under normal operating frequency was checked. The simulation results showed that the design and theoretical calculations had been confirmed.

Review of LiFi Technology and Its Future Applications

Abstract In order to respond to the increasing demand of capacity and bandwidth caused by the high number of wireless applications and users, LiFi technology was introduced. It uses the visible light spectrum instead of the radio spectrum to transmit data wirelessly through the illumination of LED lamps. The main advantage of this technology is to provide wireless communications with high data rates. Other advantages include efficiency, availability, security and safety. Also, this technology uses free unlicensed spectrum, and it is cost-effective. Additionally, unlike RF systems, no multipath fading and the transmitter and receiver circuits are not complex. However, LiFi has several issues, which include high path loss, sensitivity to blockages and Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) situations. Probably, the biggest issue of LiFi is the uplink communication which is difficult to implement due to practical and cost reasons. Several future applications of this technology include places where RF is restricted such as hospitals and airplanes. Also, it can be used for traffic management, underwater communication, and outdoor access to the Internet. Moreover, it can be combined with WiFi technology either in hybrid technique or aggregated technique. It is found that later technique gives better results. Another possible application is the optical attocells. It is found that the hexagonal cells model is the best for deterministic deployments of optical APs, whereas the hard-core point process (HCPP) model is the best for random deployments. Furthermore, LiFi can be used for multiuser access with high data rate by using non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique. Due to the great features of LiFi, more applications and everyday life devices will adopt this technology in the future. However, Because of its limitations, it may not totally replace RF technology, but they will work collaboratively to achieve a better performance.

Design of a remote-control drug delivery implantable chip for cancer local on demand therapy using ionic polymer metal composite actuator.

Since the local, on demand, cancer therapy is a challenging clinical issue today, this paper presents the design, fabrication and characterization of a remotely controlled single reservoir drug delivery chip using Ionic Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC) actuator. Here, Drug release was externally programmed and controlled wirelessly on demand by a communication circuit. The transmitter and receiver circuits were designed to control the release/sealed status remotely even from 7 cm distance while the transmitter and receiver were coupled magnetically. IPMC here was used as the moving cap of the reservoir, that in release mode, lets the drug out on demand with a low received power of 20 mW. The novel simple design could release the whole content of the drug which is remarkable in comparison with the designs which need complicated optimizations of diffuser, nuzzle and IPMC diaphragm pump, leading to an incomplete release. To make sure that there is no leakage in the sealed mode, IPMC was attached to a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) support film. Biocompatibility of all the components of the chip were tested by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.

Design of oscillation wireless charging system based on time-base circuit

With the application of a large number of portable low-voltage electronic products, the charging safety of the equipment needs to be solved because of the complex underground environment and high temperature and humidity. An oscillatory wireless charging platform based on 555 time base circuit is developed in this paper. The transmitter circuit is mainly composed of PWM waveform generator and MOS switch circuit. The frequency adjustable output range can reach 500kHz, and no program control unit is required. The receiver circuit can output 5V DC power stably and simply. The whole charging platform has few components at both ends of the receiver, which can ensure low failure rate and easy miniaturization. All the components are universal components with low cost. The tested transmission distance can work stably within 20CM, and the stable output ofabout 3 watts can be obtained. The system can be installed in any position in the mine, and the battery is not removed when charging, which greatly enhances the security of the charging process and is of great practical value.Keywords: NE555, Waveform generating Circuit, Resonance Circuit, receiving Coil

Simple Design of Transmitter Circuit and Optimization Design of Receiver Circuit for Wireless Power Transfer

Two important parts of wireless power transfer are transmitter circuit and receiver circuit. Previous research has been completed which use CMOS H-Bridge in transmitter and full wave rectifier in receiver. This paper presented simple design of transmitter circuit and optimization of receiver circuit in rectifier circuit with transient analysis and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) from LT spice software. The simple transmitter circuit used an integrated circuit (IC) NE555 with push-pull as oscillator circuit and LC resonant, while the receiver circuit used LC resonant, rectifier circuit, CLC filter for smoothing direct current (DC) output and 500 Ohm as load. The circuit design had resonant frequency of 250 kHz on both of transmitter and receiver, which comply with Power Matters Alliance (PMA) standard. The optimization of rectifier circuit had been done by comparing output of power load when it used basic rectifier (full wave), voltage doubler (dickson circuit and Villard circuit) and voltage multiplier (cockcroft-walton circuit). The results showed the receiver with Dickson circuit as rectifier has the highest efficiency compared to other rectifier circuits with efficiency of 10.93 % when it used coupling coefficient of 0.99, because Dickson rectifier has resonant frequency that is closest to 250 kHz and the highest level power, compared to other rectifier circuits.

Super Capacitor Electronic Circuit Design for Wireless Charging

<span lang="EN-US">Keeping time as base, a gadget has been proposed, where electrical accessories like Mobiles are charged within a fraction of minutes which is highly efficient and time saver as compared to the present time chargers which take nearly two hours to get fully charged. Objective of this project is to create a circuit which will be charged quickly and wireless. Wireless charging circuit works on the principle of inductive coupling. AC energy has been converted to DC energy through diode rectifier. Oscillator circuit produces high frequency passed by transmitter circuit to transmit magnetic field which is received by receiver circuit. A wireless charging concept with super capacitor will lead to faster charging and long operative life. Here super capacitor is used as a storage device. A Super capacitor has magnificent property, it can charge as well as discharge very quickly and linearly alike battery. The main difference between battery and super capacitor is specific energy, Super capacitor have 10-50 time less than battery.</span>

Manchester‐encoded data transmission circuit integrated by metal–oxide TFTs suitable for 13.56 MHz radio‐frequency identification tag application

This study proposes a Manchester-encoded data transmission circuit suitable for 13.56 MHz radio-frequency identification (ID) tags integrated by indium-zinc-oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs). All the modules in the circuit are only constructed by two types of logic units: NOT gate and NOR gate. The 16 bit ID data are stored in the read-only-memory circuits realised by a fixed TFTs array. The 16 bit ID data are encoded by Manchester module as the output of the Manchester-encoded data transmission circuit with a bit rate of 103 kbps. The chip area is 6.5 mm 2 with the total number of gates as 76 and the sum of the transistors as 300. Moreover, the power consumption is 3.8 mW at VDD = 5 V.

Wireless-powered electroactive soft microgripper

This paper presents a wireless powered single active finger ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) based microgripper that is operated using external radio-frequency (RF) magnetic field for biological cell manipulation application. A unimorph-like active finger is fabricated by integrating the IPMC actuator to the planar resonant LC receiver and DC rectifier circuits (made of flexible double-sided copper clad polyimide). The finger activated when the device is exposed to the external magnetic field generated by transmitter circuit that matches the resonant frequency of LC receiver circuit, ∼13.6 MHz in magnetic resonant coupling power transfer mechanism. The fabricated prototype shows a maximum IPMC deflection of 0.765 mm (activation force of 0.17 mN) at the RF power of 0.65 W with 3.5 VDC supplied from the LC receiver circuit. Three repeated ON-OFF wireless activation cycle was performed with the reported cumulative deflection of 0.57 mm. The cumulative deflection was increased to 1.17 mm, 1.19 mm and 1.24 mm for three different samples respectively at 5 VDC supplied. As a proof of concept, fish egg was used to represent the biological cell manipulation operation. The microgripper successfully gripped the fish egg sample without any damages. The experiments result validates the effectiveness of wireless RF soft microgripper towards the target application.

Design of a Simple Temperature Transmitter Circuit of an Electric Heater Operated Water Bath

Temperature measurement and its transmission to a remote receiver are very important in any process plant, and various types of thermometer circuits are used for this purpose. In this paper, a simple temperature measurement and transmission system of an electric heater operated water bath is designed and studied experimentally without using any real thermometer. In this technique, electric heater current is taken as a temperature measuring parameter since the steady-state temperature of electric heater operated water bath depends on heater current only if we ignore a small variation of atmospheric temperature. The mathematical relations describing the operation of the proposed temperature measurement and transmission system are determined in this paper. The characteristic curves of the prototype unit of the proposed temperature transmitter are derived experimentally and are reported in this paper. The curves are found to follow the mathematical relations derived in this paper.

Resonance-Enhanced Coupling for Range Extension of Electromagnetic Tracking Systems

This paper investigates the use of resonance-enhanced coupling to increase the received signal level in a six-degree-of-freedom electromagnetic tracking system. Resonant coupling is found to increase the efficiency of the transmitter and increase the gain of the sensing coil, resulting in improved range. However, the measurement update rate is reduced due to the settling time of the transmitter circuit and the limited bandwidth of the sensing circuit. A resistive tuning approach is proposed to balance the tradeoff between a decreased measurement bandwidth and an improved signal level.

Transient- and probabilistic neural network-based fault classification in EHV three-terminal lines

This paper presents a fast and accurate fault classifier for three-terminal transmission circuits. Traditional phasor-based methods fail to meet the high speed requirements of modern power grids and necessitate alternative solutions. The transient-based schemes use advanced signal processing techniques to achieve fast and accurate fault classification. As the three-terminal lines experience very pronounced transients during faults, the proposed method makes use of the fault-generated transients to quickly and correctly classify the fault. Many transient-based schemes fail to give the required accuracy since the transient patterns with relay-measured signals are highly influenced by fault conditions. Therefore, a thorough analysis of transient patterns is carried out in this paper, and based on the typical patterns revealed by the analysis of fault-generated transients an effective classification algorithm is developed. For high-speed classification, only a quarter-cycle of postfault voltage signals measured at the relay points will be processed for feature extraction using wavelet transform. The algorithm includes a hybrid procedure based on a probabilistic neural network for tackling the effects of fault inception angle and fault resistance in transient variations. Particularly, it is designed to overcome the problem with double-line-to-ground fault classification. The technique is simple and extensive simulation studies and comparison substantiate the efficacy of the proposed method under different fault conditions.

Trackside Loss Analysis: An Application in a Radio-Frequency Chain of a Communication-Based Train Control System

A key assumption in the process of optimized design of radio-frequency (RF) networks is the efficient transfer of power from the transmitter source to the load (i.e., the end antenna). Unless the transmitter is located directly next to the load, a transmission circuit composed of multiple cascaded or forked segments connects one to the other. An example of such a transmission network is the RF transmission chain of the communication-based train control (CBTC) trackside antenna system. The data communication subsystem (DCS) design requirements and validation processes necessitate development of means for realistic evaluation and analysis of the reflection/return loss (RL) and insertion loss (IL) values offered by the trackside RF chains of a radio-based CBTC system. The aim of this research is to present a comparative study of three different models developed to quantitatively assess RL and IL values in a general multistage RF transmission network. To provide a more realistic and credible assessment, the comparison has been further substantiated with measurement data.

Insights into Dynamic Tuning of Magnetic-Resonant Wireless Power Transfer Receivers Based on Switch-Mode Gyrators

Magnetic-resonant wireless power transfer (WPT) has become a reliable contactless source of power for a wide range of applications. WPT spans different power levels ranging from low-power implantable devices up to high-power electric vehicles (EV) battery charging. The transmission range and efficiency of WPT have been reasonably enhanced by resonating the transmitter and receiver coils at a common frequency. Nevertheless, matching between resonance in the transmitter and receiver is quite cumbersome, particularly in single-transmitter multi-receiver systems. The resonance frequency in transmitter and receiver tank circuits has to be perfectly matched, otherwise power transfer capability is greatly degraded. This paper discusses the mistuning effect of parallel-compensated receivers, and thereof a novel dynamic frequency tuning method and related circuit topology and control is proposed and characterized in the system application. The proposed method is based on the concept of switch-mode gyrator emulating variable lossless inductors oriented to enable self-tunability in WPT receivers.

Fully-digital transmitter architectures and circuits for the next generation of wireless communications

The rapidly evolving trend for increased data rates in today’s and future cellular communication systems poses extreme difficulties for developers of cellular transceivers. A multitude of standards ranging from legacy 2G to the upcoming, yet to be defined, 5G needs to be supported across a broad but fragmented frequency spectrum. Higher data throughput necessitates higher bandwidths, increased number of aggregated carriers, and more complex of modulation schemes. Capable transmitters must exhibit highest in-band performance, e.g. linearity and error vector magnitude. Simultaneously, out-of-band performance, like noise and spurious emissions, is crucial to co-exist with other wireless channels, such as the transceiver’s receivers and other participants. While a “more of everything” is expected, competitive solutions for the wireless market require a constant decrease in silicon area, bill of materials, and especially power consumption. This paper presents the evolution of integrated transmitter architectures facing the above challenges: From conventional analog direct conversion transmitters to fully-digital direct modulation RF transmitters, challenges and benefits are highlighted, presenting modern architectures that benefit from the most advanced technology nodes while supporting upcoming 5G cellular wireless communications.

Integrated Hybrid Wavelength-Tunable III–V/Silicon Transmitter Based on a Ring-Assisted Mach–Zehnder Interferometer Modulator

We demonstrate a wavelength-tunable hybrid III–V/Si transmitter based on a Vernier laser with more than 30 nm tuning range and two microring modulators nested in a Mach–Zehnder interferometer. This transmitter circuit has versatile operating modes. It can be used for on–off keying (OOK) generation based on low drive voltage push–pull ring modulators and for quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) generation where binary phase-shift keying signal is generated by each ring. We reported the first hybrid III–V/Si integrated wavelength-tunable transmitter based on high-speed ring modulators (BW ∼23 GHz), which can cover more than 30 nm. OOK signal generation with better signal integrity, lower drive voltage, and lower chirp is demonstrated as well as 80 Gbit/s polarization-division multiplexing QPSK signal transmission over 100 km with the integrated hybrid transmitter and a fully packaged silicon-based coherent receiver.

Features of spectrum of frequencies of torsional oscillations transmissions of machines

The issue of the strength of machines and mechanisms with intense dynamic loads is given priority. These are different in design, construction, loading conditions of the machine: energy, self-propelled, agricultural, auto and industrial tractors, diesel locomotives, transport and others. They are united by the presence of a powerful source of periodic loads in a wide range of frequencies, the presence of a relatively flexible transmission (crankshafts, elastic couplings, cardan shafts, fusible housing, etc.), the similarity of the nature of dynamic processes, the similarity of research methods. These are machines and constructions that should be considered as the only dynamic system. The theoretical basis and methods of calculations of motor-transmission systems for free and forced oscillations are elaborated in detail. An important step in the study of dynamic processes begins with the idealized reduced equivalent scheme, built on the principle of sampling of inertial and elastic characteristics. Investigation of torsional oscillations in such systems is obligatory. An important part of this analysis is the calculation of the spectrum of eigenfrequencies and forms of oscillation of a multi-mass equivalent transmission scheme. The paper deals with the definition and analysis of the characteristics of the spectrum of frequencies and forms of oscillations of power transmission of transmission machines. For numerical experiments, a 12-mass chain torsion circuit of a typical power transmission of a tractor was selected. Inertia characteristics of the engine, transmission, gearboxes, wheels and others are taken into account. elasticity of the crankshaft, couplings, and others. The approaches to simplify the dynamic model are discussed. It is shown that the spectrum is sufficiently dense; appearance of expected pairs of almost multiple frequencies; some forms of oscillations have a pronounced partial character. The influence on the frequency spectrum of the reduction of the order of equations by combining certain masses is also considered.