Transmission Scheme Research Articles

The Alarming Situation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in 2019-2023.

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have the potential to cause severe illness in wild birds, domestic poultry, and humans. The ongoing circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) has presented significant challenges to global poultry industry and public health in recent years. This study aimed to elucidate the circulation of HPAIVs during 2019 to 2023. Specifically, we assess the alarming global spread and continuous evolution of HPAIVs. Moreover, we discuss their transmission and prevention strategies to provide valuable references for future prevention and control measures against AIVs.

HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of urban Ghanaian pregnant women: Results of a qualitative study

IntroductionKnowledge, attitudes, and perceptions (KAPs) regarding HIV/AIDS is one of the cornerstones in the fight against the disease. Mortality and morbidity among HIV-infected pregnant or postpartum women are reported to be eight times higher than their HIV-uninfected counterparts. Preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) strategies can be more effective if women, particularly pregnant women, have comprehensive knowledge about HIV/AIDS. MethodsThis qualitative study was designed to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of HIV/AIDS among 18 pregnant women attending antenatal care in a health facility in Accra, Ghana. Data was collected through individual in-depth interviews, transcribed and thematically analysed using the six steps identified by Braun and Clarke. ResultsThree themes emerged from the analysis: (a) Pregnant women’s knowledge of the causes and transmission of HIV/AIDS, (b) Attitude towards HIV/AIDS and HIV testing, and (c) Perceptions about pregnant women living with HIV. We found the knowledge of the causes and mode of HIV transmission among the pregnant women to be relatively high. However, testing to determine their HIV status was low, owing to factors such as fear of testing positive, the stigma, discrimination, and prejudice associated with HIV/AIDS, and misconceptions some had about how the virus could be contracted (spiritually), which necessitated spiritual assistance before, during, and after testing. ConclusionThe findings underscore the need for health professionals to address myths and superstitions about HIV/AIDS during antenatal care visits to encourage and improve testing uptake among pregnant women.

Improving the Reliability of Lightweight Blockchain LPWAN Transmission Schemes

Improving the Reliability of Lightweight Blockchain LPWAN Transmission Schemes

Benefit evaluation of HVAC and HVDC for offshore wind power transmission system under the multidimensional index

With the development of offshore wind power transmission technology and the emergence of new dimensions in deep-sea wind power scenarios, some indexes in the existing evaluation system cannot meet the comprehensive benefit evaluation of multiple offshore wind power transmission schemes in new operating scenarios, making the identification of the optimal economic distance of different schemes vague. Therefore, this paper integrates multiple parameters into the total life cycle cost and levelized cost of energy indexes for traditional and new transmission schemes in deep-sea scenarios, considers power generation income, environmental and carbon index, and proposes a multidimensional evaluation method for offshore wind power transmission systems, and analyzes the sensitivity of the constructed indicators. Then, using actual geographic information data, the established parameter fusion multidimensional evaluation method is used to analyze the technical and economic ranges of four offshore transmission schemes. The results show that the optimal economic critical interval of active commutation type high voltage direct current transmission system (CSC) is 98 km, which is about 23 % higher than that of voltage source converter based high voltage direct current transmission system (VSC). Therefore, CSC is more suitable for deep offshore wind power transmission than VSC and has better comprehensive technical and economic performance.

Energy efficient multi-user task offloading through active RIS with hybrid TDMA-NOMA transmission

In this paper, we address the challenge of minimizing system energy consumption for task offloading within non-line-of-sight (NLoS) mobile edge computing (MEC) environments. Our approach integrates an active reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) and employs a hybrid transmission scheme combining time division multiple access (TDMA) and non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) to enhance the quality of service (QoS) for user task offloading. The formulation of this problem as a non-convex optimization issue presents significant challenges due to its inherent complexity. To overcome this, we introduce an innovative method termed element refinement-based differential evolution (ERBDE). Initially, through rigorous theoretical analysis, we optimally determine the allocation of local computation resources, computation resources at the base station (BS), and transmit power of users, while maintaining fixed values for the offloading ratio, amplification factor, phase of the reflecting element, and the transmission period. Subsequently, we employ the differential evolution (DE) algorithm to iteratively fine-tune the offloading ratio, amplification factor, phase of the reflecting element, and transmission period towards near-optimal configurations. Our simulation results demonstrate that the implementation of active RIS-supported task offloading utilizing the hybrid TDMA-NOMA scheme results in an average system energy consumption reduction of 80.3%.

Adaptive Transmission Strategy for Non-Uniform Coding of 360∘ Videos

A 360° video offers a more immersive experience, gaining increasing popularity among users. However, enhancing the transmission efficiency of 360° videos under limited bandwidth conditions remains a significant challenge. This paper segments the video into three areas: the attention area, the edge area, and the viewpoint-switching transition area. Based on the segmentation of these three distinct video areas, a novel non-uniform coding transmission method for 360° videos is presented, along with mathematical modeling to define the optimization problem. A heuristic algorithm is subsequently introduced, which adaptively determines the optimal number of tiles and allocates the bitrate for each tile in real time to enhance the user’s quality of experience (QoE). Finally, a simulation platform has been developed to validate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm by conducting comparative analyses with existing algorithms.

A blockchain transaction mechanism in the delay tolerant network

Current blockchain systems have high requirements on network connection and data transmission rate, for example, nodes have to receive the latest blocks in time to update the blockchain, nodes have to immediately broadcast the generated block to other nodes for consensus, which restricts the blockchain to run only on real-time connection networks, but the existence of delay tolerant networks poses a great challenge to the deployment of blockchain systems. To address this challenge, a novel blockchain transaction mechanism is proposed. First, the block structure is modified by adding a flag, and on this basis, the definition of the extrachain is proposed. Secondly, based on the blockchain transaction process, transaction verification and consensus algorithms on the extrachain are presented. Thirdly, both the extrachain selection algorithm and appending algorithm are proposed, so that the extrachain can be appended to the blockchain fairly and safely. Finally, an extrachain transmission scheme is presented to broadcast the blocks generated in the delayed network to the normal network. Theoretical analysis and simulation experiments further illustrate the efficiency of the proposed mechanism.

A Physical-Layer Security Cooperative Framework for Mitigating Interference and Eavesdropping Attacks in Internet of Things Environments.

Intentional electromagnetic interference attacks (e.g., jamming) against wireless connected devices such as the Internet of Things (IoT) remain a serious challenge, especially as such attacks evolve in complexity. Similarly, eavesdropping on wireless communication channels persists as an inherent vulnerability that is often exploited by adversaries. This article investigates a novel approach to enhancing information security for IoT systems via collaborative strategies that can effectively mitigate attacks targeting availability via interference and confidentiality via eavesdropping. We examine the proposed approach for two use cases. First, we consider an IoT device that experiences an interference attack, causing wireless channel outages and hindering access to transmitted IoT data. A physical-layer-based security (PLS) transmission strategy is proposed in this article to maintain target levels of information availability for devices targeted by adversarial interference. In the proposed strategy, select IoT devices leverage a cooperative transmission approach to mitigate the IoT signal outages under active interference attacks. Second, we consider the case of information confidentiality for IoT devices as they communicate over wireless channels with possible eavesdroppers. In this case, we propose a collaborative transmission strategy where IoT devices create a signal outage for the eavesdropper, preventing it from decoding the signal of the targeted devices. The analytical and numerical results of this article illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed transmission strategy in achieving desired IoT security levels with respect to availability and confidentiality for both use cases.

Deciphering the enigma of Lassa virus transmission dynamics and strategies for effective epidemic control through awareness campaigns and rodenticides

This study aims to formulate a mathematical framework to examine how the Lassa virus spreads in humans of opposite genders. The stability of the model is analyzed at an equilibrium point in the absence of the Lassa fever. The model’s effectiveness is evaluated using real-life data, and all the parameters needed to determine the basic reproduction number are estimated. Sensitivity analysis is performed to pinpoint the crucial parameters significantly influencing the spread of the infection. The interaction between threshold parameters and the basic reproduction number is simulated. Control theory is employed to devise and evaluate strategies, such as awareness campaigns, advocating condom usage, and deploying rodenticides to reduce the possibility of virus transmission efficiently.

Experimental evaluation of interactive Edge/Cloud Virtual Reality gaming over Wi-Fi using unity render streaming

Virtual Reality (VR) streaming enables end-users to seamlessly immerse themselves in interactive virtual environments using even low-end devices. However, the quality of the VR experience heavily relies on Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) performance, since it serves as the last hop in the network chain. Our study delves into the intricate interplay between Wi-Fi and VR traffic, drawing upon empirical data and leveraging a Wi-Fi simulator. In this work, we further evaluate Wi-Fi’s suitability for VR streaming in terms of the Quality of Service (QoS) it provides. In particular, we employ Unity Render Streaming to remotely stream real-time VR gaming content over Wi-Fi 6 using Web Real-Time Communication (WebRTC), considering a server physically located at the network’s edge, near the end user. Our findings demonstrate the system’s sustained network performance, showcasing minimal round-trip time (RTT) and jitter at 60 and 90 frames per second (fps). In addition, we uncover the characteristics and patterns of the generated traffic streams, unveiling a distinctive video transmission approach inherent to WebRTC-based services: the systematic packetization of video frames (VFs) and their transmission in discrete batches at regular intervals, regardless of the targeted frame rate. This interval-based transmission strategy maintains consistent video packet delays across video frame rates but leads to increased Wi-Fi airtime consumption. Our results demonstrate that shortening the interval between batches is advantageous, as it enhances Wi-Fi efficiency and reduces delays in delivering complete frames.

Evaluating the effectiveness of various diversity and combining techniques on an RF-FSO link

Abstract Diversity and combining is one of the robust techniques to mitigate multi-path fading in RF links and turbulence-induced scintillation in FSO links. This article evaluates the effect of different diversity and combining techniques on outage and BER performance of decode and forward RF-FSO link. We have utilized diversity and combining techniques over source to relay RF link and/or relay to destination FSO link. The selection combining, transmit antenna selection, maximal ratio combining, and maximum ratio transmission schemes are considered. The Monte-Carlo simulation results of outage probability and bit error rate are compared by considering different parameters affecting link quality like the strength of atmospheric turbulence, pointing error, FSO link detection scheme, RF link fading strength, diversity order, etc. It is found that configurations like SIMO-SISO, MISO-SISO, SISO-SIMO, and SISO-MISO, where diversity is applied in either source to relay link or relay to destination link, are improving the overall link performance provided that diversity is applied at the link experiencing stronger fading compared to another link. The link configurations SIMO-MISO or MISO-SIMO also improve the link performance and it can achieve BER of 10−5 at less than 15 dB SNR in favourable link conditions.

Frequency Division Multiplexing-Based Power/Signal Synchronous Transmission Strategy for IPOS-DAB DC/DC Converters

Frequency Division Multiplexing-Based Power/Signal Synchronous Transmission Strategy for IPOS-DAB DC/DC Converters

Achieving zero-outage secrecy in short packet cooperative networks

Zero-outage secrecy in short packet is critical in many applications ranging from civilians to military as it guarantees no information leakage to eavesdropper with one hundred percent for any circumstance. This paper aims to consider a novel transmission strategy to achieve zero-outage secrecy in short packet cooperative networks. The zero-outage capacity is derived to guarantee secrecy such that eavesdropper's intercept probability is always at 0.5. The results show that the zero-outage secrecy throughput increases with increasing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regardless how powerful eavesdropper is. This indicates the efficient implement of the proposed scheme in practical scenarios when eavesdropper is located close to transmitter or has unlimited number of antenna. The results also show that there exists an optimum number of antenna to maximize energy efficiency.

Optimal Multiple Wind Power Transmission Schemes Based on a Life Cycle Cost Analysis Model

Due to the high cost and complex challenges faced by offshore wind power transmission, economic research into offshore wind power transmission can provide a scientific basis for optimal decision-making on offshore wind power projects. Based on the analysis of the topology structure and characteristics of typical wind power transmission schemes, this paper compares the economic benefits of five different transmission schemes with a 3.6 GW sizeable onshore wind farm as the primary case. Research includes traditional high voltage alternating current (HVAC), voltage source converter high voltage direct current transmission (VSC-HVDC), a fractional frequency transmission system (FFTS), and two hybrid DC (MMC-LCC and DR-MMC) transmission scenarios. The entire life cycle cost analysis model (LCCA) is employed to thoroughly assess the cumulative impact of initial investment costs, operational expenses, and eventual scrap costs on top of the overall transmission scheme’s total cost. This comprehensive evaluation ensures a nuanced understanding of the financial implications across the project’s entire lifespan. In this example, HVAC has an economic advantage over VSC-HVDC in the transmission distance range of 78 km, and the financial range of a FFTS is 78–117 km. DR-MMC is better than the flexible DC delivery scheme in terms of transmission capacity, scalability, and offshore working platform construction costs in the DC delivery scheme. Therefore, the hybrid DC delivery scheme of offshore wind power composed of multi-type converters has excellent application prospects.

Two stage beamforming and combining scheme for FDD massive MIMO systems with multi‐antenna users

AbstractThis paper proposes a two‐stage beamforming and combining scheme in frequency division duplex (FDD) massive multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) systems with multi‐antenna users. Specifically, the proposed scheme is a two‐stage scheme, where the pre‐beamforming matrix and pre‐combining matrix are designed using the channel covariance matrix (CCM) in the first stage. The problem of the pre‐beamforming matrix and pre‐combining matrix design are formulated as an 0–1 quadratic integer programming problem. To solve this problem, it is further transformed into an 0–1 mixed linear integer programming problem. In the second stage, the sparse code multiple access and multi‐user precoding and combining are adopted to mitigate the inter‐user interference. Different from the previous transmission scheme using CCM, the proposed scheme consider the multi‐antenna user system, and uses the CCM to design both the pre‐beamforming and pre‐combining matrices to sparsify the effective channel matrix, such that the overhead of pilot and feedback can be reduced. Moreover, the sparse code multiple access can help to better reduce the inter‐user interference. Simulation results validate the good performance of the proposed scheme.

Covert throughput maximization for NOMA based visible light covert communication networks

Covert throughput maximization for a non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-based visible light covert communication (VLCC) network is investigated. The network consists of a light emitting diode (LED) transmitter, two NOMA users (one public, one covert), and a monitor tasked with detecting any covert transmissions between the LED and the covert user. The transmitter leverages its interaction with the public user to mask the covert communication with the covert user, adopting a random power transmission scheme. This strategy serves to amplify the monitor’s detection uncertainty and significantly enhance the covertness of the VLCC network. Two VLCC scenarios are covered: For the indoor static VLCC scenario where the LED is fixed, subject to the minimum detection error probability of the monitor (covertness constraint) and the outage probability of NOMA users (reliability constraint), the covert throughput is maximized by optimizing the ratio of the LED’s power allocation factor (PAF). For the mobile VLCC scenario where the LED is mounted on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), subject to the constraints of the covertness, reliability and UAV’s flight region, the optimal LED’s PAF ratio and UAV’s location are jointly obtained via a graphical approach. Finally, simulations are carried out to analyze the influence of VLCC parameters on the maximum covert throughput, and results show that compared with benchmark schemes, the proposed scheme can greatly improve the covert throughput.

A dual hashing-based authentication and secure data transmission scheme for vehicular cloud environment using MECC with optimal resource allocation mechanism

A dual hashing-based authentication and secure data transmission scheme for vehicular cloud environment using MECC with optimal resource allocation mechanism

Progressive updates of convolutional neural networks for enhanced reliability in small satellite applications

Small satellites enable many important applications for both economic and scientific purposes. Many of these applications are inherently data-centric and rely on large amounts of high-resolution satellite imagery to be delivered in a timely manner. However, communicating this data to Earth is challenging due to intermittent connectivity, high packet losses, low data rates, and similar issues. Therefore, efficient onboard prioritization and data processing are essential for future satellite missions. Machine learning methods, such as deep neural networks, are very suitable for such prioritization, as they are already used extensively for satellite imagery processing and they can be deployed onboard of satellites. However, updating them to support new classification requirements when the satellite is already in orbit is difficult, as often multiple passes are required to complete model transmission due to the communication challenges. To cope with this issue, we propose a progressive transmission mechanism for model updates, which leverages vector quantization and arithmetic coding. Our mechanism allows to achieve high accuracies even with partially updated models. Evaluation results show that our mechanism significantly outperforms other less optimized transmission schemes.

Novel Coronavirus: An Overview of the History, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management of the Pandemic COVID-19 Catastrophe, with Special Emphasis on Herbal Treatment Alternatives

Abstract: The crisis of COVID-19 pandemic, has shaken up the whole world with its power of transmission and unknown treatment strategy. A disease that starts with fever, cold, and cough leads to extreme fatigue, loss in breathing capacity, alveolar damage, and eventual death. The disease forced human beings to stay at home to protect humankind. Due to the serious nature of this COVID- 19 pandemic, humankind was forced to understand the plausible cause and methods to reduce the spread and find out the best possible therapeutic regimen. Thus, the present review provided new insight into the history, symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical research, and follow-up treatment strategies of COVID-19. Further, In order to deal with such a pandemic situation, we have even introduced a novel concept of natural therapy based on medicinal plants for repurposing it as potential as a therapeutic warrior against COVID-19.

Fountain code-based multipath reliable transmission scheme with RNN-assisted predictive feedback

Fountain code-based multipath reliable transmission scheme with RNN-assisted predictive feedback