Transmission Rate Research Articles

Phononic crystal-based acoustic demultiplexer design via bandgap-passband topology optimization

The wave demultiplexer, which selectively transports specific frequencies from incident waves, has garnered considerable interest for its applications across various engineering disciplines. This study introduces a new customizable design method for acoustic demultiplexers based on the topology optimization of phononic crystals (PnCs). To achieve an acoustic demultiplexer capable of filtering multiple frequencies, a topological design model for PnCs that simultaneously considers bandgaps and passbands is proposed. By assembling the optimized PnCs within the structure, the demultiplexer can separate sound waves of different frequencies into distinct output channels. In the optimization model, an objective function based on transmission rates is proposed to determine whether specific frequencies fall within the specified bandgap or passband. To solve this complex topology optimization problem, the Kriging-based material-field series expansion (KG-MFSE) approach is used to describe the material distribution and optimization of PnCs. The designed PnC unit cells can be directly integrated into the demultiplexer without requiring additional space. Based on specified combinations of passbands and bandgaps, different PnCs are designed to realize a programmable acoustic demultiplexer capable of filtering various sound waves. Numerical analyses demonstrate that the constructed acoustic demultiplexer effectively separates the specified frequencies. Finally, experimental validation of the 3D printed acoustic demultiplexer model confirms the effectiveness of the proposed optimization method.

Vibration suppression of a meta-structure with hybridization of Kresling origami and Yoshimura origami

In recent years, the deployment and vibration suppression capabilities of spacecraft have become one of the prominent research topics. Considerable effort has been dedicated to studying the deployability and vibration suppression performance of origami structures. However, traditional origami types severely limit their application in aerospace engineering due to their unique deployment behavior. This study introduces a novel meta-structure with hybridization of Kresling origami and Yoshimura origami (MHKYO), designed to suppress low-frequency vibrations. The band structure and transmission rate of the proposed metastructure were studied to evaluate its vibration suppression performance. The adjustment of the bandgap of the metastructure was achieved through geometric parameter variation. Quasi-static compression experiments and transmission rate experiments were carried out, and the results obtained were almost consistent with those obtained by finite element methods. During the compression process, the origami metastructure exhibited quasi-zero-stiffness (QZS) behavior. The influence of the metastructure’s stiffness on the band structure was analyzed. It is also proved that the hybrid origami metastructure improves the vibration suppression performance of the traditional origami metastructure. This work proposes a new origami-inspired metastructure, providing a certain theoretical basis for the application of origami technology in aerospace engineering.

Mathematical analysis of Ebola considering transmission at treatment centres and survivor relapse using fractal-fractional Caputo derivatives in Uganda

In this article, we seek to formulate a robust mathematical model to study the Ebola disease through fractal-fractional operators. The study thus incorporates the transmission rate in the treatment centers and the relapse rate, since the Ebola virus persists or mostly hides in the immunologically protected sites of survivors. The Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the infectious diseases that has recorded a high death rate in countries where it is endemic, and Uganda is not an exception. The world at large has suffered from this deadly disease since 1976 when it was declared epidemic by the World Health Organization. The study employed fractal-fractional operators to identify the epidemiological patterns of EVD, especially in treatment centers and relapse. Memory loss and relapse are mostly observed in EVD survivors and this justifies the use of fractional operators to capture the true dynamics of the disease. Through dynamical analysis, the model is proven to be positive and bounded in the region. The model is further explicitly shown to have a solution that is unique and stable. The reproduction number was duly computed by using the next-generation matrix approach. By taking EVD epidemic cases in Uganda, the study fitted all parameters to real data. It has been shown through sensitivity index analysis that the transmission rate outside treatment centers and relapse have a significant effect on the endemic state of the disease, as they lead to an increase in the basic reproduction ratio.

Modeling of Malware Propagation Under the Clustering Approach in Scale‐Free Networks

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we present an innovative malware propagation model that combines epidemic spread and clustering techniques, specifically designed for scale‐free networks. The proposed model builds upon the susceptible–exposed–infected–recovered (SEIR) framework, effectively simulating the dissemination of malware across the network. Our research demonstrates a notable reduction in the rate of malware transmission compared to the traditional SEIR model, with this improvement in containment being attributed to the incorporation of clustering methodologies. We also calculate the basic reproduction ratio (R0) for the proposed model, which offers valuable insights into the potential consequences of malware outbreaks within the network. By exploring variations in key parameters, we deepen our understanding of the model's behavior under different conditions. Furthermore, we evaluate the role of clustering in mitigating malware spread, highlighting its significant effectiveness in reducing the overall impact of infections.

Bolstering Access to HIV-Related Health care in Zimbabwe Among Young Mothers Living With HIV: Lessons Learned on HIV Health Promotion From Zvandiri's Young Mentor Mother Program.

HIV disproportionately affects adolescent girls and young women living in Southern Africa. Rates of perinatal HIV transmission are high in this population, emphasizing the need for targeted health promotion and public health programming to improve the health of young mothers living with HIV. Zvandiri, a non-profit organization in Zimbabwe, created the Young Mentor Mother (YMM) program in response to this issue. This health promotion program uses peer-led service delivery conducted by trained young mothers living with HIV, called YMMs. We conducted semi-structured virtual interviews (N = 29) among Zvandiri staff and YMMs to identify benefits and challenges, and to inform future program scaling. We applied thematic analyses to the transcriptions. Participant narratives revealed several themes, including three key benefits from the YMM program: (1) peer support, (2) holistic care, and (3) women's empowerment. Participants also shared barriers to the success of the program, reflecting two overarching dimensions: (1) barriers related to scaling up the YMM program and (2) challenges related to addressing socio-structural factors. Barriers to scale-up included limited funds and resources, and food insecurity. Socio-structural challenges included HIV-related stigma, cultural and geographic differences, and intimate partner violence (IPV). These challenges align with the social-ecological model, whereby structural factors (lack of funding, food insecurity), community factors (HIV-related stigma, socio-cultural differences in accepting HIV care), and interpersonal factors (IPV) affect the implementation and scale-up of the program. We recommend future adopters of the YMM program to tailor the model for their community, prioritize peer supporter's well-being, foster women's empowerment, and adopt a holistic care approach.

Energy Efficient Secured PSO Optimized Clustering and Data Aggregation Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), sensor nodes are placed to sense and collect data. Due to the energy constraint nature of WSN, optimising the energy during the data dissemination is a major concern. To solve this problem, data aggregation may be used to bring down the redundant transmission of packets in WSN. In most of the previously available techniques, security is also a major concern during data aggregation and routing process with optimized energy. Many data aggregation-based routing systems are subject to security attacks during the data transfer from sensors to source to Clustered Heads (CHs) and then to sink with data aggregation process. Moreover, the existing data aggregation-based routing protocols suffer from data redundancy with less accuracy in aggregated data. For handling such issues order to overcome these issues, an Energy Efficient Secured Clustered Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) oriented Data Aggregation Routing Protocol (EESCPSO-DARP) that can provide efficient authentication during data aggregation-based routing is introduced in this paper. Moreover, the proposed protocol enhances the rate of the data transmission by efficient prevention of false data injection and other attacks through node authentication and data encryption. This proposed protocol minimizes the energy usage by minimizing the retransmissions by eliminating the possible redundant transmissions of data during data aggregation-based routing. Moreover, the introduced protocol minimizes both communication and computational overhead through optimal clustering and routing with PSO and provides and efficient routing system. This proposed EESCPSO-DARP protocol has been developed by using the NS3 simulator. The results of this protocol showed improved security, higher packet delivery ratio and enhanced network throughput with reduced energy and delay.

Innovating a EVOH composite coating towards outstanding H2 barrier and anti-corrosion properties

Concerning the mitigating leakage and hydrogen-induced embrittlement during the conveyance of hydrogen (H2), we have developed an innovative dual-layer composite coating that exhibits exceptional hydrogen gas barrier properties and good resistance to corrosion. Using a bottom-top approach combining hot pressing with spin-coating techniques, the bottom Ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) layer with glass flakes (GF) serves as an effective hydrogen gas barrier and the top fluorosilicone resin (FSR) layer with composite nanofiller possesses good corrosion resistance, ensuring the functional integrity of the EVOH layer. The composite coating shows an exemplary low hydrogen gas transmission rate (H2 GTR) value of 2.858 cm3/(m2·24 h·0.1 MPa), representing a substantial decrease of 99.98 % compared to the FSR coating and 15 times more effective than commercial gas barrier films. Moreover, even after a 90-day immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution, the coating maintains an impressive impedance at 0.01 Hz (|Z|0.01 Hz) of 1.0 × 1011 Ω·cm2. The composite coating is exposed to 2 MPa hydrogen for 7 days, and we find that it still sustains outstanding hydrogen gas barrier and anti-corrosion properties.

Localized electronic states induced by the presence of two defective resonators in electronic comb-like waveguides structure

Abstract In this paper, we use the transfer matrix method to determine the band structure and electrical transmission rate of a one-dimensional electronic comb-like waveguide system. This structure is made up of the periodicity of finite GaAs quantum wire (QWR) (segment) grafted in its extremity by a vertical Ga 1 − x Al x As QWR (resonator). In this perfect structure, we replace the resonator situated in the middle of the periodic structure by a composed resonator made of vertical superposition of two resonators of different Al concentrations (x 01 and x 02). These defective resonators induce electronic localized states, inside the electronic band gaps of the perfect structure, with higher energy values depending on the geometrical (lengths) and the physical (x 01, x 02) parameters of the defective resonators. When the length d 02 of the upper resonator composed of Al concentration x 02 = 0.3 increases, these localized electronic states move to lower energies; conversely, when the concentration x 02 increases, they move to higher energies. We also show that there is an important effect of changing the localized states of two resonators connected in cascade with different concentrations. Our results may be relevant to the design of electronic guidance, filtering, and detection systems.

Survey on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Communications for 6G

Although the application of the fifth-Generation (5G) mobile communication has brought tremendous innovations to the daily life of human beings, e.g., autonomous vehicles and internet of everything, the upcoming huger data requirement leads to the emergence of the sixth-Generation (6G) mobile communication. Compared to 5G, the transmission rate, time delay, and wireless coverage need to be improved significantly. Thus, in this paper the applications of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) to the ubiquitous, intelligent and coupling 6G network are surveyed. First, the utilization of UAVs in the framework of space-air-ground-sea integrated network is demonstrated, and the roles and functions of UAVs in different scenarios are emphasized, e.g., the swarm base stations, the deployment for holographic projection, the long-distance relaying and the data collection. Then, the potential 6G key techniques of terahertz, ultra-massive multiple-input and multiple-output, endogenous artificial intelligence, Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS), intelligent edge computing, blockchain and integrated sensing and communication for UAV communications are investigated. Finally, the future challenges of UAV communications for 6G, including the limited duration, integration of networks, compatibility of IRS, development of THz communications, and user security are discussed.

Numerical analysis of unsteady free convection of Al2O3 inside a tubular reactor under the influences of exothermic reaction, and inclined MHD as an application to chemical reactor

This paper delves into the numerical investigation of aluminum oxide–water nanofluid thermal and dynamic performances under the influences of magnetic field application and chemical reaction, utilizing the Finite Element Method within a circular enclosure containing three inner tubes, as an application to the heat exchanging phenomenon between the reactive shell of the cavity and the surface of the triple tubes. Various governing parameters were studied for their interaction on the nanofluid flow and heat transmission rate within the proposed geometry, including the Rayleigh parameter (103≤Ra≤105), Hartmann parameter (0≤Ha≤61), nanoparticles concentration (0≤∅≤6×10-2), magnetic rotational angle (0o≤γ≤90o), and Frank-Kamenetskii parameter (0≤Fk≤3). The results indicated that raising Ra from 103 to 105 results in expediting the nanofluid velocity by 10.62 % and 100 % respectively as well as raising the total heat transfer efficiency. The nanofluid speed was also increased by 28.57 % when Fk has to further increase to a value of 3. When there was no exothermic activity present, the rate of heat transmission was at its lowest, and it was greater when the Fk value was 3. Similarly, there were discernible impacts in various areas of the geometry as the Ha number intensified and the Nuavg decreased. Improvements in local and mean Nusselt parameters are observed when the concentration of nanoparticles is increased, suggesting better heat transfer, achieving an increase by 7 % in the average Nusselt number. This research emphasizes the importance of nanoparticle concentration in raising the medium’s rates of heat transmission, contributing to advancements in energy storage development.

Development and validation of a droplet digital PCR assay for Nipah virus quantitation

BackgroundNipah virus (NiV) is a zoonotic pathogen that poses a significant threat because of its wide host range, multiple transmission modes, high transmissibility, and high mortality rates, affecting both human health and animal husbandry. In this study, we developed a one-step reverse transcription droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR) assay that targets the N gene of NiV.ResultsOur RT-ddPCR assay exhibited remarkable sensitivity, with a lower limit of detection of 6.91 copies/reaction. Importantly, it displayed no cross-reactivity with the other 13 common viruses and consistently delivered reliable results with a coefficient of variation below 10% across different concentrations. To validate the effectiveness of our RT-ddPCR assay, we detected 75 NiV armored RNA virus samples, mimicking real-world conditions, and negative control samples, and the RT-ddPCR results perfectly matched the simulated results. Furthermore, compared with a standard quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay, our RT-ddPCR assay demonstrated greater stability when handling complex matrices with low viral loads.ConclusionsThese findings show that our NiV RT-ddPCR assay is exceptionally sensitive and provides a robust tool for quantitatively detecting NiV, particularly in stimulated field samples with low viral loads or complex matrices. This advancement has significant implications for early NiV monitoring, safeguarding human health and safety, and advancing animal husbandry practices.

Energy-efficient hierarchical cluster-based routing strategies for Internet of Nano-Things: Algorithms design and experimental evaluations

Nanodevices (NDs), which are only a few nanometers (nm) in size, need to communicate with each other to perform complex operations. In nanonetworks, this communication typically involves multiple hops, requiring efficient routing protocols. Existing protocols are not well suited for nanonetworks due to their high resource consumption and setup overhead. In this paper, we propose three novel routing protocols for nanodevices. Non-Back Flooding Routing (NBFR) and Layer-Based Flooding Routing (LBFR) aim to reduce unnecessary packet transmission by utilizing distance and layer information based on received signal power. On the other hand, Tree-Based Forwarding Routing (TBFR) is a unicast-based approach that aims to transmit the packet to the destination using the shortest and most reliable path possible through a tree structure. The performance of these proposed methods is compared to well-known methods in terms of packet transmission, energy consumption, end-to-end delay, and setup overhead. TBFR achieved a packet transmission success of 92.95% in topology with the highest density of nanorouters (NRs), while it reached up to 99.57% for fewer nanorouters. Moreover, its end-to-end delay values are much lower than those of multi-path routing protocols. It also consumed one-fifth of the energy compared to its most challenging multi-path competitor, NBFR, regarding packet transmission success. However, for dense nanosensor (NS) topologies, NBFR and LBFR achieved higher packet transmission rates of 87.04% and 86.66%, respectively. Furthermore, in addition to achieving low end-to-end delays, the energy consumption of NBFR is very close to that of TBFR. In summary, the tests show that TBFR is more suitable for communication among nanorouters due to the requirement of building the tree structure, which results in a slightly higher setup overhead. In contrast, NBFR and LBFR are more suitable for communication between nanosensors because of their simplicity and low setup overhead. But, it should be noted that NBFR requires a larger header than the other alternatives.

Modulation Format Recognition Scheme Based on Discriminant Network in Coherent Optical Communication System

In this paper, we skillfully utilize the discriminative ability of the discriminator to construct a conditional generative adversarial network, and propose a scheme that uses few symbols to achieve high accuracy recognition of modulation formats under low signal-to-noise ratio conditions in coherent optical communication. In the one thousand kilometres G.654E optical fiber transmission system, transmission experiments are conducted on the PDM-QPSK/-8PSK/-16QAM/-32QAM/-64QAM modulation format at 8G/16G/32G baud rates, and the signal-to-noise ratio parameters are traversed under experimental conditions. As a key technology in the next-generation elastic optical networks, the modulation format recognition scheme proposed in this paper achieves 100% recognition of the above five modulation formats without distinguishing signal transmission rates. The optical signal-to-noise ratio thresholds required to achieve 100% recognition accuracy are 12.4 dB, 14.3 dB, 15.4 dB, 16.2 dB, and 17.3 dB, respectively.

Identifying the Impact of Chlamydia trachomatis Screening and Treatment on Mother-to-Child Transmission, and Respiratory Neonatal Outcomes in Mexico.

Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) screening and treatment in pregnancy allows the opportunity to reduce adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes worldwide. Although C. trachomatis infection is easily treated and cured with antibiotics, only some countries have routine pregnancy screening and treatment programs. We therefore evaluated whether just one maternal screening for C. trachomatis is enough to prevent adverse pregnancy and negative neonatal outcomes. Among the 4087 first-time gynecological-obstetric consultations granted at the National Institute of Perinatology in 2018, we selected the study population according to a case-cohort design. Antenatal C. trachomatis screening and treatment interventions were performed on 628 pregnant women using COBAS® TaqMan CT. C. trachomatis DNA was also detected in samples from 157 infants of these mothers. In the maternal cohort, incidence of C. trachomatis infection was 10.5%. The vertical transmission rate was 1.5% for the cohort of mothers who tested positive for C. trachomatis and received treatment, and 29.7% for those with a negative test. By evaluating symptomatic neonatal infection, the hazard rate of perinatal pneumonia was 3.6 times higher in C. trachomatis-positive babies than in C. trachomatis-negative babies. Despite the low rate of mother-to-child transmission in women positive for C. trachomatis, possible maternal infection that is not detected in pregnancy significantly increases the risk of neonatal infection with consequent perinatal pneumonia.

Optimal time-dependent SUC model for COVID-19 pandemic in India

In this paper, we propose a numerical algorithm to obtain the optimal epidemic parameters for a time-dependent Susceptible-Unidentified infected-Confirmed (tSUC) model. The tSUC model was developed to investigate the epidemiology of unconfirmed infection cases over an extended period. Among the epidemic parameters, the transmission rate can fluctuate significantly or remain stable due to various factors. For instance, if early intervention in an epidemic fails, the transmission rate may increase, whereas appropriate policies, including strict public health measures, can reduce the transmission rate. Therefore, we adaptively estimate the transmission rate to the given data using the linear change points of the number of new confirmed cases by the given cumulative confirmed data set, and the time-dependent transmission rate is interpolated based on the estimated transmission rates at linear change points. The proposed numerical algorithm preprocesses actual cumulative confirmed cases in India to smooth it and uses the preprocessed data to identify linear change points. Using these linear change points and the tSUC model, it finds the optimal time-dependent parameters that minimize the difference between the actual cumulative confirmed cases and the computed numerical solution in the least-squares sense. Numerical experiments demonstrate the numerical solution of the tSUC model using the optimal time-dependent parameters found by the proposed algorithm, validating the performance of the algorithm. Consequently, the proposed numerical algorithm calculates the time-dependent transmission rate for the actual cumulative confirmed cases in India, which can serve as a basis for analyzing the COVID-19 pandemic in India.

Estimating pneumococcal carriage dynamics in adults living with HIV in a mature infant pneumococcal conjugate vaccine programme in Malawi, a modelling study

BackgroundAdults living with human immunodeficiency virus (ALWHIV) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) exhibit higher pneumococcal carriage prevalence than adults without HIV (HIV-). To assess factors influencing high pneumococcal carriage in ALWHIV, we estimated pneumococcal carriage acquisition and clearance rates in a high transmission and disease-burdened setting at least 10 years after introducing infant PCV13 in routine immunisation.MethodsWe collected longitudinal nasopharyngeal swabs from individuals aged 18–45 in Blantyre, Malawi. The study group included both HIV- individuals and those living with HIV, categorised based on ART duration as either exceeding 1 year (ART > 1y) or less than 3 months (ART < 3 m). Samples were collected at baseline and then weekly for 16 visits. To detect pneumococcal carriage, we used classical culture microbiology, and to determine pneumococcal serotypes, we used latex agglutination. We modelled trajectories of serotype colonisation using multi-state Markov models to capture pneumococcal carriage dynamics, adjusting for age, sex, number of under 5 year old (< 5y) children, social economic status (SES), and seasonality.ResultsWe enrolled 195 adults, 65 adults in each of the study groups. 51.8% were females, 25.6% lived with more than one child under 5 years old, and 41.6% lived in low socioeconomic areas. The median age was 33 years (IQR 25–37 years). The baseline pneumococcal carriage prevalence of all serotypes was 31.3%, with non-PCV13 serotypes (NVT) at 26.2% and PCV13 serotypes (VT) at 5.1%. In a multivariate longitudinal analysis, pneumococcal carriage acquisition was higher in females than males (hazard ratio [HR], NVT [1.53]; VT [1.96]). It was also higher in low than high SES (NVT [1.38]; VT [2.06]), in adults living with 2 + than 1 child < 5y (VT [1.78]), and in ALWHIV on ART > 1y than HIV- adults (NVT [1.43]). Moreover, ALWHIV on ART > 1y cleared pneumococci slower than HIV- adults ([0.65]). Residual VT 19F and 3 were highly acquired, although NVT remained dominant.ConclusionsThe disproportionately high point prevalence of pneumococcal carriage in ALWHIV on ART > 1y is likely due to impaired nasopharyngeal clearance, which results in prolonged carriage. Our findings provide baseline estimates for comparing pneumococcal carriage dynamics after implementing new PCV strategies in ALWHIV.

Effect of Glucose Addition on Physical Characteristics of Edible Film from Kappa-Carrageenan Using Sorbitol Plasticizer

The development of increasingly advanced food technology has resulted in various new food product innovations, one example of which is edible film. Edible films can be made from polysaccharides such as kappa carrageenan with the addition of sorbitol and glucose plasticizers to improve their physical characteristics. This research aims to determine the effect of adding glucose on the physical properties of edible film from kappa carrageenan and sorbitol plasticizer. The research carried out was experimental using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications. Treatment consisted of glucose concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%. Data analysis used ANOVA, then continued with the DMRT test. The research results prove that glucose has a significant effect (p&lt;0.05) on the physical characteristics of edible film. Optimal results were found at a glucose concentration of 0.5%, with a thickness value of 0.0972 mm, water vapor transmission rate of 3.319 g/m2/day, tensile strength of 3.2648 MPa, and elongation of 22.34%.

Two-way 5G NR FSO-HCF-UWOC converged systems with R/G/B 3-wavelength and SLM-based beam-tracking scheme.

A two-way fifth-generation (5G) new radio (NR) free-space optical (FSO)-hollow-core fibre (HCF)-underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) converged systems with a red/green/blue (R/G/B) 3-wavelengths and spatial light modulator (SLM)-based beam-tracking scheme is practically built. It is the first to practically build a two-way FSO-HCF-UWOC converged system with high-speed and long-distance optical wireless-wired-underwater wireless communication characteristics. It shows a 5G NR FSO-HCF-UWOC convergence from drone or buildings to undersea, using R/G/B 3-wavelengths and an SLM as a demonstration. The R/G/B 3-wavelengths are used to enhance the downstream and upstream aggregate transmission rates. An SLM with electrical comparator is used to adjust the laser beam and mitigate laser beam misalignment caused by drone movement or ocean flow. Over a hybrid of 1-km FSO, 10-m HCF, and 10.44-m ocean water-air-ocean water medium, downstream/upstream 5G-millimeter-wave (MMW) 9.1-Gb/s/24-GHz signals are transmitted with satisfactorily low bit error rates and error vector magnitudes, as well as distinct constellations. This demonstrated that the 5G NR FSO-HCF-UWOC converged system exhibits promising potential as it advances the scenario implemented by the 5G-MMW signals over FSO, HCF, and UWOC convergence, paving the way for high-speed and long-distance communications across diverse media.

Improving emi performance in automotive data transmission systems using spread spectrum modulation

This paper investigates the enhancement of electromagnetic interference (EMI) performance in automotive data transmission systems through the application of spread spectrum modulation techniques. The significance of this research lies in the growing complexity and density of electronic systems within modern vehicles, which increases the potential for EMI-related issues that can compromise the reliability and safety of automotive communication systems. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of spread spectrum modulation in mitigating EMI and improving the overall performance of data transmission in automotive environments. To achieve this objective, the research utilizes both theoretical analysis and experimental validation. The methods include a detailed review of current EMI mitigation strategies, the design and implementation of spread spectrum modulation techniques in a controlled environment, and subsequent testing to measure the impact on EMI performance. Key metrics for evaluation include signal integrity, data transmission rate, and EMI reduction levels. The results of the study indicate a significant improvement in EMI performance when spread spectrum modulation is applied. The experimental data demonstrate a notable reduction in EMI levels, leading to enhanced signal integrity and more reliable data transmission. These findings suggest that spread spectrum modulation is a viable solution for addressing EMI challenges in automotive data transmission systems

A six-compartment model for COVID-19 with transmission dynamics and public health strategies.

The global crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for mathematical models to inform public health strategies. The present study introduces a novel six-compartment epidemiological model that uniquely incorporates a higher isolation rate for unreported symptomatic cases of COVID-19 compared to reported cases, aiming to enhance prediction accuracy and address the challenge of initial underreporting. Additionally, we employ optimal control theory to assess the cost-effectiveness of interventions and adapt these strategies to specific epidemiological scenarios, such as varying transmission rates and the presence of asymptomatic carriers. By applying this model to COVID-19 data from India (30 January 2020 to 24 November 2020), chosen to capture the initial outbreak and subsequent waves, we calculate a basic reproduction number of 2.147, indicating the high transmissibility of the virus during this period in India. A sensitivity analysis reveals the critical impact of detection rates and isolation measures on disease progression, showing the robustness of our model in estimating the basic reproduction number. Through optimal control simulations, we demonstrate that increasing isolation rates for unreported cases and enhancing detection reduces the spread of COVID-19. Furthermore, our cost-effectiveness analysis establishes that a combined strategy of isolation and treatment is both more effective and economically viable. This research offers novel insights into the efficacy of non-pharmaceutical interventions, providing a tool for strategizing public health interventions and advancing our understanding of infectious disease dynamics.