Transmission Rate Research Articles

Hepatitis C Virus Reinfection Among Men Who Have Sex With Men With HIV in New York City.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) reinfection rates are substantially higher than primary infection rates among men who have sex with men (MSM) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in European cohorts. The behaviors mediating this high rate of transmission among MSM are poorly characterized. We performed a prospective cohort study in New York City (NYC) of MSM with HIV who cleared HCV to determine the incidence of and risk factors for HCV reinfection. We assessed the risk behaviors for primary HCV in NYC: receipt of semen in the rectum, and sexualized methamphetamine use, along with route of use. Multivariable analysis was performed with Andersen-Gill extension of the Cox proportional hazards model. From 2000 through 2018, among 304 MSM with HIV who cleared HCV, 42 reinfections occurred over 898 person-years, for an incidence rate of 4.7 per 100 person-years. Assessing 1245 postclearance visits, only receipt of semen into the rectum was associated with reinfection (hazard ratio, 9.7 [95% confidence interval: 3.3-28.3], P < .001); methamphetamine use was not. The high HCV reinfection rate over almost 2 decades demonstrates that sexual transmission of HCV is not inefficient or unusual and that direct-acting antiviral treatment is not sufficient for HCV elimination among MSM in NYC. The contrasts between both the rates of and risk factors for primary and HCV reinfection suggest that HCV prevalence is highly heterogenous among sexual networks and that sexualized methamphetamine use, rather than mediating transmission, is instead a surrogate marker for the highest HCV prevalence networks. As neither condoms nor treatment have been successful strategies for HCV prevention in NYC, novel interventions are needed to stem this sexually transmitted HCV epidemic.

Dual Guardians of Immunity: FoRab10 and FoRab29 in Frankliniella occidentalis Confer Resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Orthotospovirus.

Rab GTPase is critical for autophagy processes and is implicated in insect immunity against viruses. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of FoRabs in the autophagic regulation of antiviral defense against tomato spotted wilt orthotospovirus (TSWV) in Frankliniella occidentalis. Transcriptome analysis revealed the downregulation of FoRabs in viruliferous nymph and adults of F. occidentalis in response to TSWV infection. Manipulation of autophagy levels with 3-MA and Rapa treatments resulted in a 5- to 15-fold increase and a 38-64% decrease in viral titers, respectively. Additionally, interference with FoRab10 in nymphs and FoRab29 in adults led to a 20-90% downregulation of autophagy-related genes, a decrease in ATG8-II (an autophagy marker protein), and an increase in the TSWV titers by 1.5- to 2.5-fold and 1.3- to 2.0-fold, respectively. In addition, the leaf disk and the living plant methods revealed increased transmission rates of 20.8-41.6 and 68.3-88.3%, respectively. In conclusion, FoRab10 and FoRab29 play a role in the autophagic regulation of the antiviral defense in F. occidentalis nymphs and adults against TSWV, respectively. These findings offer insights into the intricate immune mechanisms functional in F. occidentalis against TSWV, suggesting potential targeted strategies for F. occidentalis and TSWV management.

Introducing PCL-Based Electrospun Nanocomposite Wound Dressings: Synergistic Effects of Curcumin and Reduced Graphene Oxide

ABSTRACT The development of effective wound dressings is critical for enhancing patient outcomes in both acute and chronic wound care scenarios. In this research, electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds were fabricated from poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), enhanced with curcumin and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) to optimize their biomedical applications, particularly in wound healing. The resulting scaffolds were rigorously characterized through scanning electron microscopy, contact angle measurements, water uptake capacity, and water vapor transmission rate assays. The biocompatibility of these novel nanofibers was affirmed through MTT assays. Antibacterial tests confirmed the scaffolds’ ability to inhibit both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, with inhibition zones measuring up to 9.9 mm for S. aureus and 9.2 mm for E. coli. Additionally, scaffolds containing curcumin exhibited significant antioxidant activity, achieving up to 40% radical scavenging efficiency. The study further revealed the scaffolds’ capability for sustained drug release, with an initial burst release within the first 12 hours followed by a gradual release over 168 hours. Overall, the PCL-curcumin-RGO electrospun mats demonstrated considerable potential for biomedical applications, notably in the field of wound dressings, due to their enhanced antibacterial, antioxidant, and biocompatible properties.

Klein tunneling and Fabry-Perot resonances in the α - T 3 bilayer with aligned stacking

This paper investigates the quantum tunneling effect on the α − T 3 bilayer with aligned stacking. An effective model is constructed to describe the properties around the triple band crossings for stacking with a vertical alignment of sites in the bilayer system. Focusing on these band crossings, it is found that while the energy spectrum remains gapless throughout, it is characterized by flat energy bands. Subsequently, the transmission coefficient, T, for Dirac quasi-electrons across a rectangular potential barrier is calculated, alongside the relationship between the transmission rate and the coupling parameter α. It is observed that super-tunnel phenomena occur at certain values of the quasiparticle energy, where the transmission is perfect regardless of the angle of incidence on the barrier, with α = 1. Furthermore, it is found that for a wide range of parameter values, the transmittance evolves monotonically and exponentially with increasing alpha. The paper also highlights the occurrence of the Klein paradox in the system, where quasiparticles approaching the barrier with zero-angle incidence exhibit ideal quantum transparency.

Wavelength Dependence of Modal Bandwidth of Multimode Fibers for High Data Rate Transmission and Its Implications

Wavelength Dependence of Modal Bandwidth of Multimode Fibers for High Data Rate Transmission and Its Implications

The prevalence of vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and associated factors among exposed infants in Eastern Lake zone and Southern Highland of Tanzania: a cross-sectional study

Background Globally, the rate of antiretroviral therapy coverage for pregnant women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) increased by 38% between 2010 and 2015 but only by 2% between 2016 and 2020. Objectives We aimed to determine the prevalence of vertical transmission of HIV among infants from mothers living with HIV and associated factors in the Eastern Lake Zone and Southern Highland of Tanzania from January to December 2022. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study extracted data from the Open Laboratory Data Repository database collected from January to December 2022 at 93 health facilities. A total of 1,411 infants exposed to HIV from the Mbeya (851), Songwe (304), and Mara regions (256) were enrolled. Results The prevalence for vertical transmission of HIV was 2.48% (35/1411). We observed a non-significant difference in the prevalence of vertical transmission in children whose first test was done below six weeks of life (1.89%) and other age groups (2.52-2.62%) (p < 0.917). Children not given antiretroviral prophylaxis had eleven times higher odds of acquiring infection (AOR 11.39, 95% CI: 3.61–35.97). Mothers who were not on ART during pregnancy had three times the odds of transmitting HIV to their infants (AOR 3.03, 95%CI: 0.91–10.15). Conclusions We found a low prevalence of vertical transmission of HIV compared to previous studies done in Tanzania. The use of ART prophylaxis for infants exposed to HIV is significantly associated with the low rate of HIV transmission.

Intelligent Food Packaging: Quaternary Ammonium Chitosan/Gelatin Blended Films Enriched with Blueberry Anthocyanin-Derived Cyanidin for Shrimp and Milk Freshness Monitoring

Blueberry anthocyanin-derived cyanidin (BAC) was used to prepare a series of responsive food freshness packaging films by compounding it with quaternary chitosan (QC) and gelatin (G). The fundamental properties, pH sensitivity, and functional attributes of the films were examined. The BAC solutions exhibited notable variations in color (from red to pink to violet) under different pH conditions. The incorporation of BAC resulted in improved UV–vis shielding capabilities but compromised the mechanical strength of the films (with tensile strength values from 85.02 to 44.89 MPa, elongation at break from 13.08% to 3.6%, and water vapor transmission rates from 5.24 × 10−9 to 7.80 × 10−9 g m−1 s−1 Pa−1). The QC-G-BAC films, containing 5–15 wt% BAC, exhibited noticeable color changes in acidic/ammonia environments within a short timeframe, easily discernible to the naked eye. Furthermore, the inclusion of BAC significantly enhanced the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the films. The addition of 5–15 wt% BAC to QC-G-BAC films could be employed for assessing the freshness of fresh shrimp (from red to dark red) and pasteurized milk (from red to dark earthy yellow). Among them, the total color difference (ΔE) of QC-G-BAC5 film was significantly correlated with the pH, acidity, and total colony count of pasteurized milk (R = 0.846, −0.930, −0.908, respectively). This new concept in smart packaging offers a straightforward and user-friendly freshness indicator.

Enhancing Internal and External Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells Through Polystyrene Modification of the Perovskite and Rapid Open‐Air Deposition of ZnO/AlOx Nanolaminate Encapsulation

In this study, the internal and external stabilities of a p–i–n methylammonium lead iodide perovskite solar cell (PSC) are improved. Polystyrene (PS) is introduced into the perovskite layer to form a cross‐linked polymer–perovskite network, which enhances the nucleation and growth of the perovskite grains. Moreover, for the first time, 60 nm thick ZnO/AlOx nanolaminate (NL) thin‐film encapsulation (TFE) is deposited directly on the PSC using an atmospheric‐pressure (AP) spatial atomic layer deposition system operated in AP spatial chemical vapor deposition (AP–SCVD) mode. The rapid nature of AP–SCVD enables encapsulation of the PSCs in open air at 130 °C without damaging the perovskite. The PS additive improves the performance and internal stability of the PSCs by reducing ion migration. Both the PS additive and the ZnO/AlOx NL TFEs improve the external stability under standard test conditions (dark, 65 °C, 85% relative humidity [RH]) by preventing water ingress. The number and thickness of the ZnO/AlOx NL layers are optimized, resulting in a water–vapor transmission rate as low as 5.1 × 10−5 g m−2 day−1 at 65 °C and 85% RH. A 14‐fold increase in PSC lifetime is demonstrated; notably, this is achieved using PS, a commodity‐scale polymer, and AP–SCVD, a scalable, open‐air encapsulation method.

Data rates transmission, operation performance speed and figure of merit signature for various quadurature light sources under spectral and thermal effects

Data rates transmission, operation performance speed and figure of merit signature for various quadurature light sources under spectral and thermal effects

Unravelling heterogeneous malaria transmission dynamics in the Peruvian Amazon: insights from a cross-sectional survey

BackgroundMalaria remains a global health challenge, particularly in Peru's Loreto region. Despite ongoing efforts, high infection rates and asymptomatic cases perpetuate transmission. The Peruvian Ministry of Health’s “Zero Malaria Plan” targets elimination. This novel study combines microscopic, molecular, and serological techniques to assess transmission intensity, identify epidemiological risk factors, and characterize species-specific patterns across villages. The findings aim to inform targeted interventions and support broader malaria elimination efforts in line with the Zero Malaria Plan initiative.MethodsA cross-sectional malaria survey was conducted in the Zungarococha community, comprising the villages Llanchama (LL), Ninarumi (NI), Puerto Almendra (PA), and Zungarococha (ZG), using microscopic, molecular, and serological techniques to evaluate malaria transmission intensity. Statistical analysis, including multivariate-adjusted analysis, seroprevalence curves, and spatial clustering analysis, were performed to assess malaria prevalence, exposure, and risk factors.ResultsThe survey revealed a high prevalence of asymptomatic infections (6% by microscopy and 18% by PCR), indicating that molecular methods are more sensitive for detecting asymptomatic infections. Seroprevalence varied significantly between villages, reflecting the heterogeneous malaria transmission dynamics. Multivariate analysis identified age, village, and limited bed net use as significant risk factors for malaria infection and species-specific exposure. Seroprevalence curves demonstrated community-specific patterns, with Llanchama and Puerto Almendra showing the highest seroconversion rates for both Plasmodium species.ConclusionsThe study highlights the diverse nature of malaria transmission in the Loreto region, particularly nothing the pronounced heterogeneity as transmission rates decline, especially in residual malaria scenarios. The use of molecular and serological techniques enhances the detection of current infections and past exposure, aiding in the identification of epidemiological risk factors. These findings underscore the importance of using molecular and serological tools to characterize malaria transmission patterns in low-endemic areas, which is crucial for planning and implementing targeted interventions and elimination strategies. This is particularly relevant for initiatives like the Zero Malaria Plan in the Peruvian Amazon.

Analysis of unsteady flow of [formula omitted] based nanoparticle of different shapes in the presence of joule heating over stretching surface

This work investigates the unsteady flow behavior of variously shaped Cunanoparticles based EG-nanofluid in the presence of Joule heating across a stretched surface. The study's objective is to comprehend and explore how the geometry of nanoparticles affects the thermal behavior and velocity field of a nanofluid flow. The matter is significant because it has an impact on industrial processes, thermal management systems, and cooling technologies. Moreover, the influence of joule heating on convective heat transfer is examined. In order to account for unsteadiness and shape-dependent nanoparticle features, numerical solutions are derived for the major equations of corresponding thermal phenomenon of nanofluid flow. The acquired results shed important light on how the form of nanoparticles and Joule heating affect the properties of heat transfer across the stretching sheet. Meanwhile, friction coefficient and local Nusselt number are calculated numerically and tabulated for discussion. Cu nanoparticles in various forms and other relevant parameters are investigated for their effects on flow, joule heating properties, and heat transmission. Significant evidence shows that using spherical nanoparticles instead of cylindrical or platelet-shaped ones results in a 15 % boost in heat transmission rates. Moreover, Joule heating has significant effect over thermal boundary layer and can generally boost heat transfer by up to 20 %. It is argued that the thermal efficiency of nanofluid systems can be greatly increased by optimizing the form of nanoparticles and taking Joule heating into account. This work is novel due to it fully examines the combined impact of Joule heating and nanoparticle morphology on unstable nanofluid flow, offering new perspectives beyond previous studies that mostly focused on steady-state conditions or disregarded the shape aspect. Through a deeper comprehension of nanofluid behavior in dynamic environments, our work opens the door to more efficient thermal management system design.

Impacto en la incorporación de metales en las propiedades fisicoquímicas y

New biodegradable packaging has been developed from renewable sources, mainly of vegetable origin. Arrowroot starch has been recently used to produce high-quality biodegradable films capable of behaving well when incorporating oils, extracts, metal, and metal nanocomposites. The study aimed to verify the impact of incorporating metals in the sulfate and chloride forms in a biopolymeric matrix from arrowroot starch in terms of biodegradability, physicochemical and microbiological parameters. Different arrowroot films were produced to incorporate solutions with a concentration of 1 Mol L-1 of sulfate and chloride metals. The action of biodegradability in soil, UV transmittance, and visible light were observed in UV-Vis spectrophotometry and antimicrobial action on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella serovar Typhimurium, and Salmonella serovar Enteritidis. Good results were obtained, such as biodegradability time between 81.70 to 100 % (30 days), a low transmission rate of UV radiation and visible light between 250 to 890 nm, high capacity for bacterial inhibition between 22.08 to 10.05 mm for E. coli, among 25.59 to 11.10 mm for S. aureus, between 22.14 to 11.66 mm for S. serovar Typhimurium and between 21.11 to 8.26 mm for S. serovar Enteritidis. It is concluded that the biodegradable films of arrowroot starch incorporated with metals showed potential in all the evaluated tests, thus characterizing possible new products for different uses, such as low time available in the environment, preservation of the characteristics of special products, and antimicrobial capacity.

Deterministic modelling of asymptomatic spread and disease stage progression in vaccine preventable infectious diseases

AbstractThis study introduces a deterministic formulation for modelling the asymptotic spread of a vaccine preventable disease as well as the different stages for the progression of the disease. We derive the formula for the associated basic reproduction number. To illustrate the proposed model, we use data from the 2017–2018 diphtheria outbreak in Yemen and fit the parameters of the model. A sensitivity analysis of the basic reproduction number, with respect to the model parameters, show that this number increases with an increase of the transmission rate while this number decreases when vaccination rate increases.

Tunning the hydrophobic performance and thermal stability of pectin film by acetic anhydride esterification

Pectin, a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls, is characterized by a high abundance of hydroxyl groups and carboxylic acid groups, which results in a strong affinity for water and limits its suitability as a film material. This study aimed to modulate the esterification degree of PEC films by adjusting the concentration of acetic anhydride, and assess the impact of acetic anhydride esterification modification on the properties of the resultant PEC films. The results demonstrated successful grafting of acetic anhydride onto the galacturonic acid ring in the PEC molecule through the esterification process. The hydrophobicity, thermal stability, barrier properties, and mechanical properties of the esterified PEC films were investigated. Among the various concentrations tested, the E-PEC-0.25 film exhibited the highest contact angle of 103.46° and tensile strength of 33.44 MPa, showcasing optimal performance. The E-PEC-0.1 film achieved the highest esterification degree of 0.94 and elongation at a break of 21.11 %. It also exhibited the transparency of 11.66 and the lowest water vapor transmission rate of 0.56 g·mm/(m2·h·kpa). Additionally, TGA and DSC tests revealed enhanced thermal stability of the esterification-prepared films. These findings highlight the potential of acetic anhydride tuning as a promising strategy for optimizing pectin film production.

Bioinspired, anti-fogging and de-icing transparent surfaces with flexible property

In cold environments, natural phenomena like icing, frost, and fog can significantly impede the functionality of optical windows. Consequently, there is a growing demand for optical windows that demonstrate anti-fogging and de-icing characteristics while maintaining flexibility and transparency with high optical clarity. The development of cost-effective and straightforward anti-fogging and de-icing elements encounters various challenges. The remarkable visual acuity of polar bear eyes in challenging weather conditions can be attributed to a tear film that covers the cornea and the thermoregulatory characteristics of their eyeballs. Inspired by the anti-fogging and anti-icing properties of polar bear eyes, a new flexible, transparent surface with heating capabilities has been developed. To address the limitations of conventional slippery surfaces that solely offer anti-fouling properties, a flexible internal heating unit is integrated into the slippery surface through a layered nesting technique to emulate the homothermal features of polar bear eyeballs. The slippery property of the PDMS surface can be attributed to a gel layer containing an auto-secretory lubricant. To preserve its optical properties, a new processing method that combines liquid metal microfluidics and femtosecond laser processing is employed. This technique can create narrow channels with a high length-to-diameter ratio, thereby reducing the impact on the transmission rate. The sample demonstrates self-cleaning, resistance to dust and pollution, and efficient electrical heating properties. Testing on fogging and freezing validates the practicality and effectiveness of these substances for applications in anti-fogging and de-icing.

Factors Determining Adherence to Hand Antisepsis by Healthcare Workers during Pandemic Infection Spread (as exemplified by COVID­-19)

Relevance. The healthcare personnel’s adherence to hand antisepsis is а pressing problem during any epidemic outbreak. In the context of high biological hazards, the possibility of performing proper antiseptic procedures is reduced while nosocomial pathogen transmission and healthcare-associated infection (HAI) rate growth are promoted. Aims. Studying the factors determining the healthcare workers’ adherence to hand antisepsis during a pandemic infection spread (as exemplified by COVID-19). Materials and methods. The study was conducted during the entire COVID-19 pandemic. To estimate the rate of adherence rate by the healthcare personnel to hand hygiene, we conducted an anonymous questionnaire survey of the staff in infectious disease hospitals (2021–2022) as well as assessed the viral and bacterial contamination rates of the personnel’s hands and the hospital environment items (2021–2023). Epidemiological (descriptive-evaluation), bacteriological (conventional culture, AMR determination using a VITEK2 analyzer), molecular biological (RT-PCR, Sanger sequencing) and statistical (a questionnaire survey, building machine learning models) methods were used in the study. Results. Based on the results of the survey, the main factors influencing the formation of attitudes towards antiseptics among the staff of medical organizations with medical and non-medical education were identified. It was found that the pandemic spread of infections negatively affects the level of contamination of the hands of infectious diseases hospital staff, which amounted to 35.3% of doctors, 28.8% of nurses, and 25% of hospital cleaners. The spectrum of isolated pathogens included viruses (SARS-CoV-2) and opportunistic microorganisms (Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Pantoea agglomerans, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli), including those with a wide profile of antimicrobial resistance. Conclusion. During the COVID-19 epidemic, the rate of adherence to hand antisepsis in the infectious disease hospital was 82.3% in the staff with a medical background and 71.2% in the staff without one. The results confirm the significant role of staff hands in the in-hospital transmission of dangerous pathogens and indicate the need for systematic monitoring of the level of knowledge on antiseptics among all employees of a medical organization, regardless of specialization and level of education.

Production and performance evaluation of chitosan/collagen/honey nanofibrous membranes for wound dressing applications

Persistent bacterial infections are the leading risk factor that complicates the healing of chronic wounds. In this work, we formulate mixtures of polyvinyl alcohol (P), chitosan (CH), collagen (C), and honey (H) to produce nanofibrous membranes with healing properties. The honey effect at concentrations of 0 % (PCH and PCHC), 5 % (PCHC-5H), 10 % (PCHC-10H), and 15 % (PCHC-15H) on the physicochemical, antibacterial, and biological properties of the developed nanofibers was investigated. Morphological analysis by SEM demonstrated that PCH and PCHC nanofibers had a uniform and homogeneous distribution on their surfaces. However, the increase in honey content increased the fiber diameter (118.11–420.10) and drastically reduced the porosity of the membranes (15.79–92.62 nm). The addition of honey reduces the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and the adsorption properties of the membranes. Mechanical tests revealed that nanofibers were more flexible and elastic when honey was added, specifically the PCHC-15H nanofibers with the lowest modulus of elasticity (15 MPa) and the highest elongation at break (220 %). Also, honey significantly improved the antibacterial efficiency of the nanofibers, mainly PCHC-15H nanofibers, which presented the best bacterial reduction rates against Staphylococcus aureus (59.84 %), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (47.27 %), Escherichia coli (65.07 %), and Listeria monocytogenes (49.58 %). In vitro tests with cell cultures suggest that nanofibers were not cytotoxic and exhibited excellent biocompatibility with human fibroblasts (HFb) and keratinocytes (HaCaT), since all treatments showed higher or similar cell viability as opposed to the cell control. Based on the findings, PVA-chitosan-collagen-honey nanofibrous membranes have promise as an antibacterial dressing substitute.

Modifying ASTM E96 to assess water vapour transmission rates of geomembranes at high temperatures

This paper presents a novel methodology for assessing water vapour transmission rates (WVTRs) through geomembranes across a wide temperature range, from 20 °C to 90 °C. This expands upon the existing ASTM E96 standard, limited to temperatures up to 32 °C. The study focused on 1.5 mm thick high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyvinyl chloride-ethylene interpolymer alloy (PVC-EIA) geomembranes. The WVTR results—0.15 g/m2h at 25 °C for PVC-EIA and 0.02 g/m2h at 30 °C for HDPE—align closely with values reported in existing literature for similar geomembranes at lower temperatures, validating the methodology proposed in this study. Under elevated temperatures, the WVTR of PVC-EIA increased significantly to 4.7 g/m2h at 90 °C, while HDPE showed a slower increase, reaching only 0.4 g/m2h at the same temperature. This disparity is attributed to polymer composition and behaviour differences under high temperatures. This study's methodology provides a dependable approach for accurately measuring WVTR, including high temperatures relevant to various applications where such data is currently lacking.

Identifying Interest Rate Transmission Mechanism under a Bayesian Network

This study examines causal relationships among various short- and long-term interest rates in the Korean financial market to identify transmission channels. Monthly time series data from January 2015 to February 2024 were used, covering nine interest rates, including call rates, commercial paper (CP) rates, bank lending rates, and Treasury bond yields of different maturities. The study employs a Bayesian network to identify an acyclic causal structure between interest rates alongside a vector error correction model (VECM) to capture long-term equilibrium relationships and short-term dynamics. The findings reconfirm the traditional call rate transmission mechanism, aligning with conventional monetary policy views, demonstrating the call rate’s significant influence on bank lending rates, which affects corporate bond spreads and CP rates. Additionally, it reveals that 10-year Treasury bond yields form an independent interest rate transmission pathway, a finding not previously identified in the literature. These results underscore the need for coordinated monetary and fiscal policies due to the distinct transmission pathways of Treasury yields for sustainable macroeconomic management and growth.

Identifying Interest Rate Transmission Mechanism under a Bayesian Network

This study examines causal relationships among various short- and long-term interest rates in the Korean financial market to identify transmission channels. Monthly time series data from January 2015 to February 2024 were used, covering nine interest rates, including call rates, commercial paper (CP) rates, bank lending rates, and Treasury bond yields of different maturities. The study employs a Bayesian network to identify an acyclic causal structure between interest rates alongside a vector error correction model (VECM) to capture long-term equilibrium relationships and short-term dynamics. The findings reconfirm the traditional call rate transmission mechanism, aligning with conventional monetary policy views, demonstrating the call rate’s significant influence on bank lending rates, which affects corporate bond spreads and CP rates. Additionally, it reveals that 10-year Treasury bond yields form an independent interest rate transmission pathway, a finding not previously identified in the literature. These results underscore the need for coordinated monetary and fiscal policies due to the distinct transmission pathways of Treasury yields for sustainable macroeconomic management and growth.