Data Transmission Rate Research Articles

Research on the Design of Power Supply Gateway and Wireless Power Transmission Based on Edge Computing

There is a rising need for sensors under an IoT network to identify and monitor the environment as more IoT devices and services are made accessible for use. This movement presents challenges such as the proliferation of data and the scarcity of energy. This research presents a strategy for enhancing the service provision capabilities of WSN-aided IoT applications by combining mobile edge computation with wireless signal and control transmission. In order to reduce overall system energy consumption while maintaining data transmission rate and power needs, a new optimization problem integrating power allocation, CPU frequency, offloading weight factor, and energy harvesting is devised. The non-convex nature of the problem necessitates the development of a novel ideal solution group iterative process optimization model that divides the original problem into multiple subproblems, with each subproblem being optimized in turn. According to the results of simulations with a numerical model, our proposed method consumes considerably less energy than just the two benchmark methodologies.

Analysis of the efficiency of block frame transmission in IEEE 802.11 computer networks

In infrastructure schemes of WLANs wireless computer networks, which are based on the use of the DSF (distributed coordination function) function and the CSMA/CA mechanism, the station STA (STAtion) sends a frame if the transmission channel is released after waiting for the end of the DIFS (distributed interframe space) interval and operation of the slot selec-tion mechanism for transmission (backoff mechanism). In case of collisions or damage to the frame by interference, the AP cannot decode the frame and does not send it back to the ACS station. The sending station STA waits for the re-ceipt of a potential ASK before the expiration of the corresponding timeout, and in case of receipt, starts the backoff procedure before transmission. The duration of the slot used in the backoff process depends on the speed of the physical layer technology. To reduce overhead, a transmission mechanism using frame blocks was proposed. This mechanism assumes that a block of frames intended for one recipient can be sent without con-firming the fact of correct reception by the AP access point of each frame separately. In this case, the sender (STA) competes for access to the channel for the first frame of the block. If it wins the access competition, the transmission of the first frame begins, and after receiving the ACK acknowledgment for it and a short SIFS separation interval, the STA transmits a whole block of frames, which is accompanied by a BAR service frame. The mechanism of frames block transmission in wireless computer networks IEEE 802.11 DCF with infrastructure topology has been analyzed. In protected mode, the depend-encies of network throughput on data transmission rate and the number of frames in a block are determined. It is shown that the mechanism of block transmission significantly increases the network throughput, especially in the range of higher transmission rates. With a marked increase in the intensity of interference the transmission of blocks becomes more complicated. Already with BER=10^-6 and the frames number of the order of 10 and more, in some cases there is a need to retransmit distorted in a block frames, and at BER=10^-5 there are many re-transmissions, so the resulting network throughput becomes small.

Applications and Development of Multi-Core Optical Fibers

The rapid development of information and communication technology has driven the demand for higher data transmission rates. Multi-core optical fiber, with its ability to transmit multiple signals simultaneously, has emerged as a promising solution to meet this demand. Additionally, due to its characteristics such as multi-channel transmission, high integration, spatial flexibility, and versatility, multi-core optical fibers hold vast potential in sensing applications. However, the manufacturing technology of multi-core fiber is still in its early stages, facing challenges such as the design and fabrication of high-quality cores, efficient coupling between cores, and the reduction of crosstalk. In this paper, an overview of the current status and future prospects of multi-core fiber manufacturing technology has been presented, and their limitations will be discussed. Some potential solutions to overcome these challenges will be proposed. Their potential applications in optical fiber sensing will also be summarized.

Multi-Gb/s visible light communication based on AlGaInP amber micro-LED.

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), pivotal for solid-state illumination (SSL) and highly regarded as potential candidates in visible light communication (VLC) systems, have garnered significant interest as a solution to alleviate the congested radio frequency spectrum in next-generation communications. Addressing the challenge of extremely limited bandwidth due to the low response of phosphor in conventional illumination, our research focuses on an AlGaInP-based amber LED. This LED represents a promising avenue for phosphor-free, high-speed VLC applications when used in conjunction with the prevalent blue LED technology based on nitride materials. The fabricated AlGaInP amber LED, with a mesa diameter of 100 µm2, has undergone comprehensive optoelectronic property and transmission performance characterization. We have successfully demonstrated a proof-of-concept for VLC using the amber LED, achieving a data transmission rate of 2.94 Gb/s that complies with the forward-error-correction (FEC) standard of 3.8 × 10-3, utilizing adaptive bit and power loading with discrete multitone (BPL-DMT) modulation.

Study on the inductively coupled high rate system and long-distance transmission

The inductively coupled transmission chain can carry multiple Marine sensors, which is an important means to obtain Marine data, but the current transmission rate of inductively coupled data is low, which can not meet the needs of future Marine data transmission. The induction coupling system designed in this paper adopts the structure of double magnetic loop and a double-winding, and adopts the new single frequency different code algorithm to realize the data transmission rate of 150kbps. Different water environments were set up in the laboratory for testing, and the lower bit error rate was found in the water environment with the ion concentration of 10%-35%, which met the requirements of inductive coupling data transmission in a multi-water environment. It is of great significance to establish the research of underwater inductively coupled long-distance transmission for the subsequent design of a new inductively coupled transmission chain and the improvement of the data transmission rate.

FCMPR:A multi-path secure transmission method based on link security assessment and fountain coding

The security of network data transmission has always been a focus of attention. With the rapid development of quantum computers and the rise of intelligent algorithms such as semantic analysis, traditional data encryption methods struggle to ensure the secure transmission of data. The avoidance routing protocol improves transmission security by circumventing malicious nodes and dangerous areas, but it misses the actual optimal path setup, reducing routing opportunities and increasing communication delays, thus failing to meet the application requirements that demand high security and low latency. To address these issues, this paper proposes a multi-path secure transmission method (FCMPR) based on link security assessment and fountain coding. We have designed a link security assessment method based on a random forest traffic detection model, which can obtain the link's confidence level to assess its security. Furthermore, we have proposed a secure multi-path routing transmission mechanism based on fountain code, enabling safe and rapid data transmission without avoiding malicious nodes. Experimental results show that even with a high proportion of malicious nodes in the network, FCMPR can significantly improve the data transmission rate, reduce the transmission delay, and enhance communication quality while ensuring data security.

Design and optimization of a compact microstrip BPF for wireless communication systems based on open-loop rectangular resonators

In a wireless communication chain, filters play a critical role in ensuring the efficiency, reliability, and overall performance of the system. In fact, filters are essential for selecting specific frequency bands. They can narrow or widen the bandwidth, depending on the requirements of the communication protocol. Appropriate bandwidth management is crucial for optimizing data transmission rates and accommodating multiple channels within the available spectrum. This article describes the design of a compact bandpass filter with two identical rectangular open-loop resonators. The proposed filter frequency response covers the 3.5 GHz global interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and fifth generation (5G) applications. The structure of this filter uses the Rogers RO6010 substrate, which has a dielectric constant of 10.2, thickness of 1.27 mm, and tangent loss of 0.0023. The proposed device is intended for wireless communication systems operating at 3.5 GHz. The filter offers a wide bandwidth of 1.21 GHz with a small size of (5.72 × 12.34) mm2, and a low insertion loss of −0.16 dB. The suggested filter offers effective utilization across various applications including fifth-generation (5G), sub-6G, and WiMAX. Simulation and optimization of the proposed design are conducted utilizing the HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator) software. To corroborate the results from HFSS, the ADS (Advanced Design System) software is employed. The simulation outcomes obtained from both HFSS and ADS simulators demonstrate close resemblance.

Blockage Effects of Road Bridge on mmWave Channels for Intelligent Autonomous Vehicles

Vehicular communication and sensing technologies are key to enabling 6G Intelligent Autonomous Transportation Systems (IATS). With the introduction of massive sensors and artificial intelligence (AI) fusion applications, IATS is needed to support data transmission rates up to 10 Gb/s. Millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology has attracted extensive attention owing to abundant spectrum resources, which can support the timely transmission of massive data. However, performance degradation of mmWave due to signal blockage has become one of the critical technical challenges. Road bridges as one of the common obstacles in urban scenarios, which has severe blockage effects on communication links. Therefore, this paper comprehensively studies the impact of road bridge blockage effects on mmWave vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) links and proposes an empirical model that can accurately characterize the bridge blockage effect. First, we use a self-developed mmWave channel sounder to carry out channel measurements on typical urban roads. Measurement results indicate that a maximum extra propagation loss of up to 23 dB is caused by road bridges. In addition, to address the deficiencies of existing propagation prediction models, the Single Road Bridge (SRB) model is proposed in this work. This model reveals for the first time the extra propagation loss caused by the road bridge to the channel. Compared with existing models, the SRB model can make the mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) within 5 dB. The proposed SRB model is of great value for accurately simulating real-world road bridge blockage events when designing future IATS.

Resource Scheduling in URLLC and eMBB Coexistence Based on Dynamic Selection Numerology

This paper focuses on the resource allocation problem of multiplexing two different service scenarios, enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultrareliable low latency (URLLC) in 5G New Radio, based on dynamic numerology structure, mini-time slot scheduling, and puncturing to achieve optimal resource allocation. To obtain the optimal channel resource allocation under URLLC user constraints, this paper establishes a relevant channel model divided into two convex optimization problems: (a) eMBB resource allocation and (b) URLLC scheduling. We also determine the numerology values at the beginning of each time slot with the help of deep reinforcement learning to achieve flexible resource scheduling. The proposed algorithm is verified in simulation software, and the simulation results show that the dynamic selection of numerologies proposed in this paper can better improve the data transmission rate of eMBB users and reduce the latency of URLLC services compared with the fixed numerology scheme for the same URLLC packet arrival, while the reasonable resource allocation ensures the reliability of URLLC and eMBB communication.

High‐Speed GaN‐Based 405 nm Violet Superluminescent Diode with Tilted Facet for Visible Light Communications

Visible light communication (VLC) based on superluminescent diode (SLD) is a promising technology with great potential for future 6G optical wireless network. In this work, a 405 nm violet SLD device is fabricated with an 8° tilted facet at one end of the waveguide based on InGaN/GaN quantum wells. The device has an optical power of 14.67 mW under continuous‐wave operation. The full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the SLD at 400 mA is 12.52 nm, which is significantly larger than that in a violet laser diode (LD). Using the SLD as transmitter in VLC system, a high data transmission rate of 3.299 Gbps has been achieved using the discrete multiple tone (DMT) modulation. The corresponding bit error ratio (BER) is measured to be 1.67 × 10−3, which satisfies the forward error correction (FEC) threshold of 3.8 × 10−3. The results suggest that such device can be used as a promising light source for VLC and light fidelity (LiFi) applications.

Robust and quantized repetitive tracking control for fractional‐order fuzzy large‐scale systems

SummaryIn this article, the decentralized repetitive tracking controller design for fractional‐order large‐scale Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy system with time delays is developed. We mainly focus on the design of a decentralized repetitive tracking controller based on the Lyapunov stability theory, by which the addressed large‐scale system asymptotically stabilized with performance index. Further, the repetitive control with quantized signal is developed to ensure the good tracking performance with the presence of interconnected model and external disturbances. Specifically, a logarithmic quantizer is used to quantify the control signal which can reduce the data transmission rate in the network. Finally, a numerical example is presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller design technique.

Analysis of multimedia network data security based on routing algorithm

In today’s society, the application of multimedia data is increasing, and the accompanying data security is also an important issue. This paper will analyze the data security of multimedia network based on routing algorithm. The advantages of wireless local area networks (WLAN) and ad hoc networks are combined in wireless mesh networks (WMNs), which have steadily grown to be a reliable method of wireless broadband access. The application of multi RF and multi-channel technology improves the performance of WMN. However, the limitation that includes the number of wireless network interface cards and channels in the network, results in the great challenges ofrouting and channel allocation in multi RF and multi-channel WMN. Based on AODV algorithm, this paper proposes a new cross layer routing algorithm which is JRCA-AODV algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate that the JRCA-AODValgorithm can successfully increase multiRF multi-channel WMN throughput while lowering packet loss rate and network delay. Take the packet rate of 8 Mbps as an example, the network throughput based on JRCA-AODV algorithm is 1.14 times that of MRMC-AODV algorithm, the packet loss rate based on JRCA-AODV algorithm is 14.06% lower than that of MRMC-AODV algorithm, and the network time delay based on JRCA-AODV algorithm is 14.27% lower than that of MRMC-AODV algorithm. At the same time, JRCA-AODV algorithm can effectively reduce the probability of data loss caused by the competitive and shared access mechanism of the channel, improve the success rate of data transmission, thus reduce the probability of data eavesdropping and tampering in the process of repeated transmission, and improve the security of multimedia network data.This will provide a new direction for promoting the idea of multimedia data security.

A survey of millimeter wave backscatter communication systems

Backscatter communication is an emerging low-power communication technology that has been integrated into the Internet of Things (IoT) due to its exceptional self-sustainability. However, conventional backscatter communication (BackCom) technologies often encounter limitations in data transmission rates, making it challenging to meet the growing bandwidth demands of IoT applications. In contrast, millimeter wave (mmWave) BackCom exhibits significant potential for high-speed data transmission owing to its abundant spectrum resources. Therefore, this paper presents a comprehensive survey of the existing literature on mmWave BackCom. We start by introducing the fundamental principles of mmWave BackCom, encompassing its architecture, basic techniques, and foundational knowledge. Subsequently, we review various mmWave backscatter communication techniques proposed in the current literature. Finally, we discuss several applications based on these techniques before finally addressing challenges and open issues associated with mmWave backscatter.

Design and development of a CanSat for air pollution monitoring with RSSI based position retrieval system

A CanSat is a miniature satellite system designed to be launched and operate in a manner similar to a satellite but on a much smaller scale. The term “CanSat” is derived from the combination of “Can” (referring to the soda can-sized container often used for the prototype) and “Satellite.” These small and cost-effective systems are typically used for educational purposes and scientific experiments. The main objective of this study is to present the design of CanSat, which is intended to track air pollution. The total weight of the CanSat includes the weight of the sensors, communication equipment, and other subsystems, which makes up the CanSat's total weight of 150 g. The data transmission rate can vary depending on the capabilities of the communication equipment used, but typically ranges between 1 and 10 transmissions per second. The Xbee communication protocol is commonly used for telemetry, typically at either 2.4 GHz or 900 MHz, but not both simultaneously. The major components of the CanSat are the power and sensor subsystems. The appropriate sensors are chosen by considering the main design elements, and typically include sensors to measure temperature, humidity and gases that can identify various pollutants to collect data on local air quality. CanSat is also equipped with a location retrieval system to ensure it can be recovered after launch. However, the type of system used can vary depending on the specific design. Power conservation techniques are employed to ensure that the CanSat can operate for as long as possible. Component selection is also carefully considered to make the CanSat more portable, affordable, and able to gather data on air pollution effectively.

Five Disruptive Technologies in 6G to Support Digital Twin Networks

With the expected explosive growth of the number of mobile user devices and data traffic in the next decade and beyond, and the expected development of various new applications and services such as vehicle-to-everything, extended reality and smart city, the requirements for Quality of Service (such as ultra-high data transmission rate, ultra-low latency, support for the highest moving speed and seamless connection, etc.) will reach levels never seen before. The sixth generation (6G) of networks is conceived to address the requirements mentioned above. Digital Twin refers to a digital representation to represent a physical entity in virtual space while its corresponding physical object remains in the physical space. In this article, we first briefly introduce some basic knowledge of Digital Twins. We then outline possible innovative technologies expected in 6G networks that will help Digital Twin systems to reach their full potential and deliver the high-level performance needed for the next generation of communications.

Joint delay and energy aware dragonfly optimization‐based uplink resource allocation scheme for LTE‐A networks in a cross‐layer environment

AbstractThe exponential growth in data traffic from smart devices has led to a need for highly capable wireless networks with faster data transmission rates and improved spectral efficiency. Allocating resources efficiently in a 5G communication system with a huge number of machine type communication (MTC) devices is essential to ensure optimal performance and meet the diverse requirements of different applications. The LTE‐A network offers high‐speed mobile data services and caters to MTC devices and has relatively low data service requirements compared to human‐to‐human (H2H) communications. LTE‐A networks require advanced scheduling schemes to manage the limited spectrum and ensure efficient transmissions. This necessitates effective resource allocation schemes to minimize interference between cells in future networks. To address this issue, a joint delay and energy aware Levy flight Brownian movement‐based dragonfly optimization (DELFBDO)‐based uplink resource allocation scheme for LTE‐A Networks is proposed in this work to optimize energy efficiency, maximize the throughput and reduce the latency. The DELFDO algorithm efficiently organizes packets in both time and frequency domains for H2H and MTC devices, resulting in improved quality of service while minimizing energy consumption. The Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method increases the energy efficiency by producing the appropriate channel and power assignment for UEs and MTC devices.

SDN-Based Congestion Control and Bandwidth Allocation Scheme in 5G Networks

5G cellular networks are already more than six times faster than 4G networks, and their packet loss rate, especially in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), can reach 0.5% in many cases, such as when there is high-speed movement or obstacles nearby. In such high bandwidth and high packet loss network environments, traditional congestion control algorithms, such as CUBIC and bottleneck bandwidth and round-trip propagation time (BBR), have been unable to balance flow fairness and high performance, and their flow rate often takes a long time to converge. We propose a congestion control algorithm based on bottleneck routing feedback using an in-network control mode called bottleneck routing feedback (BRF). We use SDN technology (OpenFlow protocol) to collect network bandwidth information, and BRF controls the data transmission rate of the sender. By adding the bandwidth information of the bottleneck in the option field in the ACK packet, considering the flow fairness and the flow convergence rate, a bandwidth allocation scheme compatible with multiple congestion control algorithms is proposed to ensure the fairness of all flows and make them converge faster. The performance of BRF is evaluated via Mininet. The experimental results show that BRF provides higher bandwidth utilization, faster convergence rate, and fairer bandwidth allocation than existing congestion control algorithms in 5G cellular networks.

Time-Allocation Adaptive Data Rate: An Innovative Time-Managed Algorithm for Enhanced Long-Range Wide-Area Network Performance

Currently, a variety of Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technologies offer diverse solutions for long-distance communication. Among these, Long-Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) has garnered considerable attention for its widespread applications in the Internet of Things (IoT). Nevertheless, LoRaWAN still faces the challenge of channel collisions when managing dense node communications, a significant bottleneck to its performance. Addressing this issue, this study has developed a novel “time allocation adaptive Data Rate” (TA-ADR) algorithm for network servers. This algorithm dynamically adjusts the spreading factor (SF) and transmission power (TP) of LoRa (Long Range) nodes and intelligently schedules transmission times, effectively reducing the risk of data collisions on the same frequency channel and significantly enhancing data transmission efficiency. Simulations in a dense LoRaWAN network environment, encompassing 1000 nodes within a 480 m × 480 m range, demonstrate that compared to the ADR+ algorithm, our proposed algorithm achieves substantial improvements of approximately 30.35% in data transmission rate, 24.57% in energy consumption, and 31.25% in average network throughput.

Impact of 5G Wireless Technologies on Cloud Computing and Internet of Things (IOT)

With its promise of unmatched speed, low latency, and widespread device connection, the introduction of 5G wireless technology represents a critical turning point in the development of telecommunications. This study examines how 5G would significantly affect cloud computing and the Internet of Things (IoT), two important technical areas.5G brings about a paradigm change in the field of cloud computing by facilitating quicker and more dependable connectivity between end-user devices and cloud servers. High data transmission rates and low latency enable real-time service delivery and processing, creating new opportunities for resource-intensive applications like edge computing, virtual reality, and augmented reality. The integration of 5G with cloud computing has the potential to transform cloud-based services' architecture and functionalities, enhancing their responsiveness and dynamism. Moreover, a new age of automation and communication is heralded by the merging of 5G with IoT. The large flood of IoT devices is accommodated by 5G's expanded network capacity, which facilitates smooth communication and coordination amongst them. By enabling IoT applications with never-before-seen speed and dependability, this synergy opens up new opportunities in industries including industrial automation, smart cities, healthcare, and agriculture. The convergence of 5G and IoT not only expedites the implementation of IoT solutions but also amplifies their efficiency and scalability. But there are obstacles in the way of 5G's revolutionary promise. As more and more devices are connected and data is exchanged, security and privacy issues become critical. In addition, significant financial outlays and careful planning are needed to meet the infrastructure needs for the rollout of 5G. The symbiotic link between 5G, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things is thoroughly examined in this article. It seeks to contribute to the knowledge of the technical environment and direct future research and development activities in order to fully realize the promise of 5G-enabled innovations by analysing the possibilities and difficulties posed by this convergence.

Terahertz Replica Generation of Ultra-High Data Rate Transmission in an Electro-Optical Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Mach–Zehnder Interferometer System

This article presents an analysis of an electro-optical up-converter relying on a semiconductor optical amplifier Mach–Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI). The pulsed control signal is generated by an optical pulse clock (OPC) with a repetition rate of fs= 19.5 GHz. The intermediate frequency (IF) signal, which carries the modulation format known as quadratic phase shift keying (QPSK) at a frequency fIF, is shifted at the output of the SOA-MZI to high outlet mixing frequencies nfs±fIF, where n represents the harmonic order of the OPC. To examine the characteristics of the sampled QPSK signals, we employ the Virtual Photonics Inc. (VPI) emulator and evaluate them using significate metrics like error vector magnitudes (EVMs), conversion gains, and bit error rates (BERs). The up-mixing process is mainly achieved through the cross-phase modulation (XPM) effect in the SOA-MZI, which operates within a 195.5 GHz ultrahigh frequency (UHF). The electro-optical SOA-MZI up-converter demonstrates consistent uplifting conversion gains across the scope of the output mixing frequencies. The simulated conversion gain deteriorates from 38 dB at 20 GHz to 13 dB at 195.5 GHz. The operational efficiency of the electro-optical SOA-MZI design, employing the standard modulation approach, is also evaluated by measuring the EVM values. The EVM attains a 24% performance level at a data rate of 5 Gbit/s in conjunction with the UHF of 195.5 GHz. To corroborate our results, we compare them with real-world experiments conducted with the UHF of 59 GHz. The maximum frequency range of 1 THz is attained by increasing the OPC repetition rate. Ultimately, through elevating the control frequency to 100 GHz, the generation of terahertz replicas of the 4096-QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) compound signal becomes achievable at heightened UHF, extending 1 THz, while maintaining a data transmission rate of 120 Gbit/s and upholding exceptional performance characteristics.