Transmission Coefficients Research Articles

Chirality identification of Ibuprofen enantiomers by a terahertz polarization-sensitive metasurface sensor

Chirality plays an important role in medicine, biology, and chemistry. Molecules of different chirality could display dramatically different medical effects, pharmacological activities, and physiological impacts. Ibuprofen is an important anti-inflammatory drug in clinics. The anti-inflammatory effect is almost solely attributed to the (S)-(+)-Ibuprofen, while its enantiomer (R)-(-)-Ibuprofen plays a negative effect on increasing the metabolic burden. In this work, a terahertz (THz) polarization-sensitive metasurface sensor is proposed for qualitative and quantitative identification of the chiral Ibuprofen. The chirality parameters of Ibuprofen are extracted from the circular-polarized transmission coefficients. The parameters are further used to simulate the coupling mechanism between the Ibuprofen and the sensor to explain the principle of recognition. The sensitivities of (R)-(-)-Ibuprofen and (S)-(+)-Ibuprofen are found to be 1.5 THz/(mg/L) and 1.8 THz/(mg/L) for the TM polarization, respectively, and 1.7 THz/(mg/L) and 2.1 THz/(mg/L) for the TE polarization, respectively. The difference enables the chirality identification according to the different frequency shift at the same concentration. The exceptional specificity and sensitivity provide a new avenue for chiral molecular recognition.

Convergence of resonant state expansions for transmission in double delta resonators

We investigate the transmission features of symmetric double Dirac delta resonators using a non-Hermitian quantum approach, based on resonant state expansions involving complex energy eigenvalues. We focus on the convergence properties of these expansions, which involve a sum of resonance and anti-resonance terms We demonstrate that systems with transmission profiles featuring sharp and isolated resonances converge more rapidly, whereas those with overlapping resonances exhibit slower convergence. We also show that for the former systems, by taking into account only the resonance terms, we can accurately describe the transmission coefficient as a sum of Breit-Wigner resonances, each distinctly characterized by its energy and width. We demonstrate that there is a one-to-one correlation between transmission peaks and the resonance energies of the system. We also compare the convergence properties of transmission using Mittag-Leffler expansions, noting their slower rates compared to resonant state expansions. These findings emphasize the advantage of using non-Hermitian resonant expansions for analyzing quantum mechanical systems, providing a clearer understanding of systems characterized by resonant features.

Exploring the structural, optical and photoluminescence of novel terbium-doped barium borosilicate glasses for high-performance technologies

The production process involved the use of the melt-quenching approach to produce a series of barium borosilicate glasses with the specific chemical formula 55B2O3+(26-x)BaO+12SiO2+7Na2O + xTb4O7, where x = 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mol%. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, optical absorption, and photoluminescence spectra measurement were used to examine the prepared samples. X-ray diffraction revealed the non-crystalline character of the assembled samples. The Raman spectroscopy revealed that the incorporation of Tb4O7 into borosilicate glasses induced alterations in their structure. As the doping of Tb3+ ions increases, the density and molar volume of the glasses under investigation increase. Furthermore, the ion concentration and field strength increase while the polaron radius and inter-ionic distance decrease. The glass optical absorption spectra showed five peaks in the wavelength range from 300 nm to 2000 nm: 5L10, 5D3, 5D4, 7F(0, 1, 2), and 7F3, attributed to Tb3+ ion electronic transitions. In addition, optical parameters like optical energy gap, Urbach energy, refractive index, molar refractive index, reflection loss, electronic polarizability, and optical transmission coefficient were computed. Terbium-doped borosilicate glasses had a decreased optical energy gap and an improved refractive index. Photoluminescence spectra were excited at 325 nm and showed five peaks in the range of 400–750 nm. Photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra exhibit distinct peaks in the visible range.

FeN4-Embedded Graphene as a Highly Sensitive and Selective Single-Atom Sensor for Reaction Intermediates of Electrochemical CO2 Reduction.

Exploring effective ways to detect intermediates during the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) process is pivotal for understanding reaction pathways and underlying mechanisms. Recently, two-dimensional FeN4-embedded graphene has received increasing attention as a promising catalyst for CO2RR. Here, by means of density functional theory computations combined with the non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) method, we proposed a detection device to evaluate the performance of FeN4-embedded graphene in intermediates detection during the CO2RR process. Our results reveal that the four key intermediates, including *COOH, *OCHO, *CHO, and *COH, can be chemisorbed on FeN4-embedded graphene with high adsorption energies and appropriate charge transfer. The computed current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and transmission spectra suggest that the adsorption of these intermediates induces significant type-dependent changes in currents and transmission coefficients of FeN4-embedded graphene. Remarkably, the FeN4-embedded graphene is more sensitive to *COOH and *COH than to *OCHO and *CHO within the entire bias window. Consequently, our theoretical study indicates that the FeN4-embedded graphene can effectively detect the key intermediates during the CO2RR process, providing a practical scheme for identifying catalytic reaction pathways and elucidating underlying reaction mechanisms.

Cryptosporidiosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients in Tripoli Medical Center

Cryptosporidiosis is a leading cause of protracted, life threatening diarrhea in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infected patients. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for transmission of cryptosporidiosis in HIV infected adults and to assess prevalence of Cryptosporidium in HIV patients in Tripoli Medical Center (TMC) Hospital. The study was a descriptive prospective cross sectional study carried out on 65 HIV patients in TMC hospital, only symptomatic (diarrheal) HIV infected patients were screened. All Cryptosporidium spp. positive cases were enrolled in the study and interviewed to record socio-demographic information, water supply and animal contact. The results showed the prevalence of infection with cryptosporidium in HIV infected patients was 5% (5 cases) out of 65 patients. The finding of this study indicates that Cryptosporidium parvum is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients in Tripoli, Also pollution of water supply provides an important source of infection. And In addition to that the immune status of the patients play an important role in the infection. From the present study the following are recommended: Periodic examination of patients who are suspected to be in special risk, Improved environmental sanitation as water supply and sanitary sewage disposal system.

A study on water resonance between double baffle under oblique waves

This work investigates the interactions between oblique waves and a partially immersed double baffle. An analytical solution to this problem, based on the linear potential flow theory, has been found by utilizing the eigenfunction matching method. The resonance issues between the double baffle under the action of oblique waves is primarily investigated using this model, considering various relative widths, 2B/L (2B is the distance between the two baffles, L is the wave length), and the relative submergence, kD (k is the wavenumber, D is the submergence of the baffles). When resonance occurs, the transmission coefficient will rapidly increase to 1. By analyzing the relationship between the transmission coefficient and the relative width 2B/L, it is found that there are different resonance points and modes. The resonance points and modes depend on the submergence of baffles kD. This study provides a formula for calculating the resonance points. For a normal incident wave, when kD is below 1.0, the 1st-order resonance occurs in the small 2B/L region, resulting in a piston motion. High-order modes exhibit different forms, with standing waves occurring for kD ≥ 0.8, progressive waves for kD ≤ 0.48, and resonant modes ranging between standing and progressive waves for 0.48 <kD < 0.8. The effects of the incident angle on the resonance point and mode under oblique waves have also been investigated. The incident angle wave affects the interval between the two neighboring resonance points, which increases to 1/cosα times of the normal incidence for an angle of α. The resonance motion under oblique waves is nearly identical to that under the normal incident waves in the transverse plane. The difference is that there is a progressive wave in the longitudinal plane under the action of oblique waves.

A semi-analytical fracture high-conductivity location diagnostic method for vertically fractured wells in multilayered reservoirs: field case study

Deep multilayered reservoirs are usually developed using multilayered fracturing techniques; however, the non-uniform placement of proppant causes uneven distribution of fracture conductivity. This study introduces a semi-analytical well test model for hydraulically fractured wells in multilayered reservoirs, accounting for varying fracture conductivity within the hydraulic fracture. The model is built upon the point source function, boundary element method, Duhamel theorem, and pressure superposition principle. Verification tests are conducted to ensure calculation accuracy. Sensitivity analysis is performed on key parameters, encompassing the transmissibility factor, storativity factor, fracture extension, and fracture conductivity. The findings indicate that 1) Increased heterogeneity among layers correlates with a more pronounced pressure drop; 2) Poorly-propped fracture conductivity influences the duration of bilinear flow, becoming negligible after linear flow; 3) The model’s applicability extends to other multilayered reservoirs (e.g., carbonate reservoirs) with minor adjustments. Lastly, a case study from Xinjiang oilfield is presented to demonstrate that the proposed method can derive reservoir and fracture properties for each layer individually. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the potential of pressure data in characterizing multilayered reservoirs.

The Effect of Fibrillation, Semi-Dry Pressing, and Surface Treatment on the Barrier Properties of Water Molecules and Oxygen on Food Packaging Paper.

The characteristics of fiber morphology and paper structure are critical to the barrier properties of food packaging paper. Herein, this study aimed to use pulp fibrillation, paper semi-dry pressing and carboxymethyl starch (CMS) coating to flatten the fibers, which were formed on the paper surface with good barrier properties due to the tight bond between fibers. The results showed that the permeability of paper was reduced by 87.56%, from 81.44 μm/Pa·s to 10.13 μm/Pa·s after the pulp fibrillation treatment (60 °SR). Moreover, semi-dry pressing treatment contributed to decreasing the water vapor transmission coefficient (WVP) by 50.98% to 2.74 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa, and the oxygen permeation coefficient (OP) decreased by 98.04% to 1.93 × 10-14 cm3·cm/cm2·s·Pa. After coating the paper surface with titanium dioxide (TiO2) and CMS, the WVP of the paper was further reduced to 1.55 × 10-10 g/m·s·Pa, and OP was reduced to 0.19 × 10-14 cm3·cm/cm2·s·Pa. These values were 72.27% and 99.8% lower than those of the original paper, respectively. Therefore, through pulp fibrillation, semi-dry pressing of paper, TiO2 filling, and surface coating with CMS, there is no need to use synthetic polymer surface film-forming agents to achieve the high barrier properties that are required for low water and oxygen molecules permeation in food packaging paper.

Experimental investigation on hydrodynamic performance of submerged floating tunnel under the protection of a new floating energy dissipation and anti-vibration device

This study describes an efficient and applicable approach to decrease the hydrodynamic response of a submerged floating tunnel (SFT). A new type of floating energy dissipation and anti-vibration device is proposed, mainly consisting of a floating box superstructure with water and a polyvinyl chloride porous media substructure. The experimental model of an SFT with the present protection device is designed and conducted in a wave–current flume. The wave–current attenuation mechanisms for the present protection device are experimentally investigated. The sensitivity analysis for the key parameters, e.g., structure type and wave–current parameter, is conducted to investigate the hydrodynamic performance of the SFT with the present protection device. The results show that the present protection device has excellent wave–current attenuation capacity, and the transmission coefficients and the current–velocity attenuation coefficient reach 0.2 and 0.15, respectively. The sway, heave, roll, and typical cable tension from the SFT with the protection are, respectively, about 8, 6, 8, and 3 times smaller than that from without the protection. The results show that the SFT with the present protection device has excellent anti-vibration performance, which is beneficial for its safety and stability. This study has important theoretical and practical values to the anti-vibration design of SFTs serviced in complicated ocean environments.

Meander Structure Analysis Techniques Using Artificial Neural Networks

Typically, analyses of meander structures (MSs) for transfer characteristics are conducted using specialized commercial software based on numerical methods. However, these methods can be time-consuming, particularly when a researcher is seeking to perform a preliminary study of the designed structures. This study aims to explore the application of neural networks in the design and analysis of meander structures. Three different feedforward neural network (FFNN), time delay neural network (TDNN), and convolutional neural network (CNN) techniques were investigated for the analysis and design of the meander structures in this article. The geometric dimensions or top-view images of 369 different meander structures were used for training an FFNN, TDNN, and CNN. The investigated networks were designed to predict such electrodynamic parameters as the delay time (td), reflection coefficient (S11), and transmission coefficient (S21) in the 0–10 GHz frequency band. A sufficiently low mean absolute error (MAE) was achieved with all three methods for the analysis of MSs. Using an FFNN, the characteristic td was predicted with a 3.3 ps average MAE. The characteristic S21 was predicted with a 0.64 dB average MAE, and S11 was predicted with a 2.47 dB average MAE. The TDNN allowed the average MAEs to be reduced to 0.9 ps, 0.11 dB, and 1.63 dB, respectively. Using a CNN, the average MAEs were 27.5 ps, 0.44 dB, and 1.36 dB, respectively. The use of neural networks has allowed accelerating the analysis procedure from approximately 120 min on average to less than 5 min.

Optimum design of a novel Ku-band rasorber for RADAR warfare systems using ML neural network

The design, fabrication, and testing of a conformal Frequency Selective Rasorber (FSR) operating at A-T-A mode is designed for RADAR warfare systems. In the design of a miniaturized single-layer FSR element, multiple parameters influencing the absorption and transmission characteristics need to be optimized. This simulation using conventional methods consumes more simulation time. Thus, the geometrical parameters are optimized and predicted using supervised machine learning (ML) techniques to expedite the process. The multiple output regression neural network (MORNN) is used to generate multiple input and output features from the dataset. The ML algorithm is trained using the datasets generated from the electromagnetic solver using which a scalable FSR is synthesized. The reflection coefficient, (|S11|), and transmission coefficient (|S21|) are used as input data, and the dimension of the FSR unit cell for the user input frequency requirements are derived as output data. The extracted dimensions of the FSR offered a small mean square error (MSE) of 0.02 between the desired and observed results. The designed FSR offers absorption at 11.5 GHz and 18.9 GHz while the transmission window extends from 15.02 GHz to 16.09 GHz. The neural network results are endorsed using the EM simulation tool and validated by experimental measurements.

Design of single layer bowtie wide band-stop frequency selective surface with angular stability for C-band applications

This paper presents the design and analysis of a single-layer wide band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) tailored for C-band applications. The proposed FSS design employs a modified bow-tie unit cell structure that enhances band stop characteristics, resulting in improved performance compared to traditional FSS geometry. The design process involves numerical simulations and optimization techniques to achieve the desired frequency response. A modified bowtie element with FR4 substrate comprises the proposed FSS which exhibits a resonant frequency of 6.0 GHz with a wide bandwidth of 4.84–6.96 GHz (35.93 %) and act as a band stop filter. The FSS is analyzed in terms of its transmission coefficients, providing insight into its filtering properties. In addition, parametric studies of the unit cells are done. Furthermore, the angular stability of the proposed FSS is simulated with incident waves at various angles between 0° to 60° for both TE and TM modes. The proposed FSS presents C-band applications of WLAN, ISM/WiMAX, satellite communications, radar systems, shielding and communication devices, also enhancing filtering capabilities and system performance. The simulation results are well correlated with measurement results.

Полосковый резонатор СВЧ с объемным кристаллом: экспериментальные характеристики и определение эффективной диэлектрической проницаемости

The paper presents the results of an experimental study and modeling of the frequency characteristics of a resonator in the form of two strip vibrators, separated by a large gap and covered with a bulk lithium niobate crystal. A metal electrode with a floating potential is installed on the upper surface of the crystal. The frequency dependences of the scattering matrix coefficients of a stripline resonator were measured in the frequency range up to 3 GHz. Electrodynamic analysis was carried out in the COMSOL Multiphysics numerical simulation environment. A comparison was made of experimental and numerical results, which showed good qualitative agreement between the transmission coefficients and reflection coefficients. Resonant oscillations were obtained at two or three frequencies depending on the location and orientation of the crystal. It has been established that at the first resonant frequency the electrode acts as a screen. The absence of an electrode leads to the disappearance of resonance. The simulation carried out in COMSOL made it possible to estimate the effective dielectric constant of the resonator corresponding to the values of the resonant frequencies. The calculation of electromagnetic fields made it possible to establish the types of waves corresponding to resonant frequencies. Knowing the type of waves and estimating the relative dielectric constant made it possible to construct an algorithm for a refined iterative procedure for calculating the values of the resonant frequencies and the effective dielectric constant of the resonator. The possibility of using resonators as single-link bandpass filters with a passband of about 1%, insertion loss of –1.1 dB and minimal return loss of –28 dB at the center frequency is shown.

Profile of HIV/AIDS Patients with Neurological Manifestations in The Tertiary Referral Hospital in Bali

Background: Neurological manifestations in approximately half of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients are related to high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, there is a need for epidemiological data on HIV/AIDS patients with neurological manifestations in Bali, as an international tourism destination. Objective: This study aimed to describe the clinical profile of neurological manifestations among patients with HIV/AIDS in the tertiary referral hospital for Bali and Nusa Tenggara region. Methods: A descriptive-retrospective study was conducted on HIV/AIDS patients presenting with neurological manifestations hospitalized in the Neurology Department of Prof. Dr. I.G.N.G Ngoerah Hospital Denpasar from January 2018 to December 2021. Results: Among the 227 subjects included in this study, the majority were male (69.9%) and HIV positive newly diagnosed (69.2%). Furthermore, out of 126 subjects who had CD4 data, the majority were with CD4 &lt;200 cells/mm3 (85.7%) and 53.1% were &lt;50 cells/mm3, with ages ranging from 18 to 67 years old, at a median of 36 years old. The most common neurological signs and symptoms found were paresis/paralysis (61.7%), headache (54.6%), decreased consciousness (52.9%), and cranial nerve palsy (52%). Cerebral toxoplasmosis (67.4%) and tuberculous meningoencephalitis (20.3%) were the prevalent opportunistic infections, while the mortality rate was 39.6% with sepsis as the major cause. Conclusions: Neurological manifestations are common initial symptoms in diagnosing HIV infection. Therefore, better awareness and earlier detection are required among people with risk factors of HIV transmission, particularly in groups of young and productive age with signs of immunocompromised condition as well as neurological manifestations.

Star shape symmetric engineered meta surface to sense food additives (benzoic acid/copper sulfate) at terahertz spectrum

This research proposed a technique for detecting the sensitivity of benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) and copper sulfate (CuSO4), which is excessively used in foods. The novelty of this work is that it detects the sensitivity of two food additives with the same metasurface. Although it offers the benefits of miniaturization, minimal sample consumption, and cost-efficiency, it is an easier, faster, and nondestructive detection method than other traditional approaches. The proposed design is based on a polyimide substrate with an aluminum resonator that forms a star shape on the substrate. The transmission frequency of the metasurface was determined at 0.91 THz with a transmission coefficient of 36.6 dB. The metasurface sensor is insensitive to polarization and has a large angle of incident. The transmission spectrum shows that the amplitude of the transmission peaks usually changes with variations in the refractive index of the analytes. The proposed sensor effectively detects benzoic acid (C6H5COOH) with a sensitivity of 0.175 THz/RIU and, the sensitivity of the Copper Sulfate (CuSO₄) is 0.225 THz/RIU with the Q factor values of 12 and 10.55 respectively. These sensitivity results and transmission intensities of different analyte thicknesses show that this proposed THz metasurface sensor can be used to detect additives in foods.

ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ РЕГУЛЬОВАНОГО ЕЛЕКТРОПРИВОДУ ОДНОЦИЛІНДРОВОГО ПОРШНЕВОГО КОМПРЕСОРА

The peculiarities of the operation of closed systems of adjustable electric drives of single-cylinder reciprocating compressors due to the presence of a non-linear dependence between the motor load torque and the angular movement of its rotor are considered. The method of synthesis of the regulator of the amplitude of the supply voltage of an induction motor of such an electric drive at a fixed value of the supply frequency is proposed. According to the results of research, it was found that the effect of increasing energy efficiency (reducing the difference in efficiency for constant and periodic loads) due to the use of a voltage regulator increases with a decrease in the power supply frequency. It is shown that the optimization of the transmission coefficient of the voltage regulator of electric drives with a non-linear dependence between the motor load torque and the angular movement is expedient to be carried out according to the criterion of maximum efficiency. References 25, figures 10, table 1.

Saturation and absorption effects on the transmission properties of Kerr-type nonlinear layers

The effects of absorption and saturation on soliton states in Kerr-type nonlinear layers are theoretically investigated. In addition to the usual gray and bright soliton structures observed in nonlinear slabs, a flat soliton, i.e., a particular soliton excitation with electric field amplitude independent of the position within the layer, is researched in cases of self-defocusing and self-focusing nonlinearities. Effects caused by the combination of absorption and saturation, such as the shift and extinction of the flat soliton peak, the decrease in the amplitude of the electric field within the nonlinear layer, and the suppression of the multistable behavior of the transmission coefficient in the vicinity of the soliton peaks, are discussed. The present theoretical results are compared and found in good quantitative agreement with previous experimental measurements.Graphical

A comparative investigation on mechanical, gamma-ray and neutron shielding properties of some iron and boron containing concretes samples for nuclear safety applications

This study explores the gamma-ray and neutron shielding properties of fourteen different concrete samples, each tailored with varying percentages of Boron Carbide, Iron, and Iron Boride. Using the MCNP 6.3 Monte Carlo code, we calculated transmission factors for photon energies of 0.662 MeV, 1.1732 MeV, and 1.3325 MeV, and analyzed the impact of concrete thickness on shielding efficacy. Additionally, the Phy-X/PSD software was used to compute critical parameters such as linear and mass attenuation coefficients, half-value layer, tenth-value layer, mean free path, and fast neutron removal cross-section to gain a comprehensive understanding of each material's shielding capabilities. Our findings indicate that adding iron to the concrete matrix significantly enhances its attenuation properties, with the 20%Fe+80%Concrete sample outperforming all others. This composition demonstrated the lowest transmission factors across all tested energies and thicknesses, indicating superior photon attenuation. Moreover, the 20%Fe+80% Concrete exhibited the highest fast neutron removal cross-section, making it highly effective for environments requiring neutron shielding. In addition to the shielding properties, we analyzed the Elastic (Young's) Modulus of the concrete samples to understand their mechanical properties. Standard Concrete had an Elastic Modulus of 261.24 GPa, while the introduction of boron carbide significantly enhanced the Elastic Modulus, with pure boron carbide concrete exhibiting a value of 518.88 GPa. Concrete samples with varying percentages of boron carbide (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) showed a progressive increase in Elastic Modulus, indicating that higher proportions of boron carbide consistently enhance the material's stiffness. Conversely, concrete samples with iron boride and iron showed slight reductions in Elastic Modulus. It can be concluded that the boron carbide enhances stiffness, iron and iron boride provide a balance between stiffness and other properties. In conclusion, the 20%Fe+80%Concrete is a standout material that could greatly improve radiation shielding, offering major benefits.

Явные решения в проблеме звукоизоляции с использованием многослойных структур при нормальном прохождении волн

The problem of sound isolation at ultra-low frequencies (30–200 Hz) by using multilayered structures is con-sidered, taking into account the normal wave propagation and an arbitrary number of layers. It is assumed that the multilayered structure consists of parallel acoustic layers, connected to each other along vertical boundary lines; acoustic half-spaces (air) are located to the left and right of the structure. For the problem, we define the acoustic parameters of the structure. The wave equations of the harmonic process are described for the left and right half-spaces of the structure, using the Helmholtz equation and a system of linear algebraic equations with given boundary conditions. Besides, explicit analytical solutions are obtained to find the transmission coefficient (transparency coefficient), with an arbitrary number of layers. Examples of solution for low-frequency sound absorption for building structures with different numbers of layers of alternating building materials and air spaces are considered. The effectiveness of using mixed structures, in which air layers are sandwiched between high impedance layers, for low-frequency sound absorption has been confirmed by assessing the level of noise reduction.

A Study on Fine-Tuning the Optical Energy Band Gap and Various Optical Parameters with the Impact of Gadolinium Composition in NGFO Ferrite Nanoparticles

In the present work, gadolinium-doped nickel ferrite nanoparticles with the chemical composition NiFe2−xGdxO4 (X = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.25) have been prepared by the sol-gel auto-combustion method and calcinated at 700 ∘C. The spinel ferrite phase formation was confirmed with the XRD graphs. In all the samples, the typical absorbance peak was observed in between 250–300 nm. Tauc plots were used to calculate the optical energy band gap, found in the range of 4.033–4.144 eV, and it was also calculated using x-ray density to be in the range of 3.690–4.300 eV. Both of them were observed in good agreement with each other, and we conclude that the Gd composition could finely tune the optical energy band gap. The impact of Gd composition was clearly observed on optical parameters. The refractive index, reflectivity, absorption coefficient, optical dielectric constant, and dielectric susceptibility have shown the increasing tendency from 2.1140 to 2.2325, 12.80 to 14.53%, 5.4380 to 6.3032 cm−1, 3.4690 to 3.9840 and 0.2760 to 0.3170, respectively, whereas the transmission coefficient decreased from 0.7730 to 0.7461.