Translation Units Research Articles

Controlled rotation of cells using a single-beam anisotropic optical trap

Non-contact, noninvasive techniques to control the orientation of single living cells are highly valuable for biological research and clinical applications. We experimentally demonstrate a single-beam, single-fiber optical manipulation technique using an anisotropic, four-lobed light field propagated by low-order fiber mode LP21. The laser beam forms a rotationally non-axisymmetric optical multi-trap that may be directed to a spatial location on-demand, capable of cell translation, rotation, and orientation-holding with emitted power as low as 10 mW. We further developed a T-matrix based simulation method that can numerically model and optimize parameters that vary desired laser trap opto-mechanical properties, such as holding torque and capture efficiency. The demonstrated technique is easy to implement for cell micro-manipulation in complex research environments with multi-side occlusion, such as within a microfluidic channel in a lab-on-chip system, and may be used in conjunction with additional units for low-profile three-dimensional rotation and translation, or with other magnetic or electrical manipulation techniques.

Interleukin-2 drives cortisol secretion in an age-, dose-, and body composition-dependent way.

Background:Interleukin-2 (IL-2), one of the proinflammatory cytokines, is used in the treatment of certain malignancies. In some studies, transient increases in cortisol and ACTH secretion occurred. Thus, this agent may be used as an experimental probe of adrenal cortisol secretion.Objective:This study quantifies the effects of low and moderate doses of IL-2 on cortisol secretion and assesses the modulation by age, dose and body composition.Site:Mayo Clinical Translational Research Unit.Subjects:Study comprised 35 healthy men, 17 young and 18 older.Methods:Randomized prospective double-blind saline-controlled study of IL-2 administration in two doses with concurrent 10-min blood sampling for 24 h.Outcome measures:Deconvolution analysis and approximate entropy of cortisol secretion.Results:Low-dose IL-2 administration increased nocturnal pulsatile cortisol secretion from 1460 ± 160 to 2120 ± 220 nmol/L/8 h in young subjects and from 1680 ± 105 to 1960 ± 125 nmol/L/8 h (treatment P < 0.0001, but more in young than older, P = 0.02). Comparable results were obtained for total cortisol secretion (P treatment <0.0001, age effect P = 0.005). The higher IL-2 dose caused a large increase in young (P < 0.0001), but not in older (P = 0.90) subjects. This dose also increased approximate entropy from 0.877 ± 0.041 to 1.024 ± 0.049 (P = 0.008), pointing to reduced secretory orderliness. Incremental cortisol (nocturnal) secretion correlated negatively with visceral fat mass (R = −0.41, P = 0.019).Conclusion:In healthy men, IL-2 injection drives pulsatile cortisol secretion in a dose-dependent way in young, but not older, individuals and erodes cortisol secretory orderliness at a higher dose in young subjects. Cortisol responses are diminished with increasing abdominal visceral fat mass.

Improvement of the recombinant human coagulation factor IX expression by co-expression of a novel transcript of Drosophila γ carboxylase in a human cell line.

Mammalian cells as the main host for production of human proteins are incapable of complete γ-carboxylation of over-expressed Vitamin K Dependent (VKD) proteins. The Drosophila γ-glutamyl carboxylase (DγC) has been shown to be more efficient than its human counterpart in γ-carboxylation of human substrates, in vitro. Considering the Drosophila γ-carboxylase (DγC) efficiency, in comparison with its human counterpart, for recognition and γ-carboxylation of a human substrate in vitro, we were determined to study the effect of the DγC on the hFIX expression in a mammalian cell line. With this aim, we examined co-expression of the DγC with the hFIX, in a human cell line. While the co-expression of a complete DγC cDNA reduced the hFIX expression, a truncated form of DγC could improve both the expression level (up to 1211ng/106 cells/ml on the 4th day of post-transfection) and carboxylation of the expressed hFIX, significantly (p < 0.009). Our findings provided evidences for potential of a partial fragment of the DγC for improvement of the γ-carboxylation of a human substrate in a mammalian cell. Our experimental data, in accordance with in silico analysis suggested that the DγC C-terminal fragment, with the advantage of a Kozak-like element has the potential of being expressed as a separate internal translation unit, to generate a peptide with appropriate γ-carboxylase activity.

Scissor-Hinged Deployable Structures Supported Perimetrally on Rectangular Bases

Deployable bar structures on a rectangular base present the problems of closing the ends and longitudinal stabilization. Some proposals have been made to resolve them, mainly by creating mouths, but their application to composite geometries is problematic.&lt;br/&gt; On-the-bias deployable structures adequately solve both problems as they are supported around their entire perimeter, have a strong three-dimensional operation and only use load-bearing bars. The text analyses this type of deployable structures, their requirements and possibilities.&lt;br/&gt; A study on the combination of polar and translational units in a single deployable structure is then carried out, focusing on the study of on-the-bias deployable structures with perimeter polar modules that allow the effective height of the designs to be increased. Finally, the architectural possibilities of the system are studied, which make it possible to resolve overhangs, vertical openings in the roof, and T- or L-shaped ground plans, guaranteeing the modularity of the system.

OR32-04 Dynamic Interactions Between Luteinizing Hormone and Testosterone in Healthy Community-Dwelling Men: Impact by Age and Body Composition

Context. Aging is associated with diminished testosterone (Te) secretion, which could be attributed to Leydig cell dysfunction, decreased pituitary stimulation and altered Te feedback. Objective. The goal was to quantify all three regulatory nodes of the GnRH-LH-Leydig cell- axis in the same cohort of healthy men, by measuring (1) indirectly the strength of the endogenous GnRH signal on the gonadotrope, (2) the strength of Te feedback on LH by ketoconazole (KTCZ), and (3) the effect of LH infusions on Te secretion, in relation to age and body composition. Design. This was a placebo-controlled, blinded, prospectively randomized cross-over study in 40 men, age 19–73 yr, BMI 20–34.3 kg/m2. A submaximal dose of ganirelix (GnRH antagonist) was used to assess outflow of GnRH, by calculating the difference between LH output during the control and ganirelix arm. Ketoconazole (steroidogenic inhibitor) was used to estimate feedback, by the difference in LH output during ketoconazole and control arm. High-dose ganirelix and repeated 6-min LH (18.75 IU) infusions were used to measure testicular responsivity. Blood sampling was at 10-min intervals. The 4 sessions were concluded with, a single submaximally GnRH stimulus to assess the responsiveness of the gonadotrope during ganirelix inhibition. Setting. The study was performed in a Clinical Translational Research Unit. Interventions. In 3 of the 4 experiments subjects underwent 5 h of blood sampling at 10-min intervals, starting at 0800 h. At 1100 h GnRH was injected and sampling was continued for another 2 h. Admission was at 1700 h the day before. At 2000 h they received KTCZ, dexamethasone or ganirelix and/or placebo. KTCZ and dexamethasone (or placebo) were administered again at 0700 when the IV catheter was placed. High-dose ganirelix was used to test the testicular responsiveness, and 7 LH pulses (90 min intervals) were given., with blood sampling from 1500 till 1300 h next day. Outcome measures. Mean concentrations of LH and (bio)Te, deconvolution analysis, endogenous dose-response LH-bioTe relation, and approximate entropy. Abdominal visceral fat (AVF) was calculated from single slice CT. Results. There were age-, but not body composition-related decreases in estimated endogenous GnRH secretion, Te’s feedback strength on LH, and Leydig cell responsivity to LH, accompanied by changes in approximate entropy. Bioavailable Te levels were negatively related to both age and AVF, without interaction between these variables. The LH response to a submaximal dose of GnRH was independent of age and AVF. Conclusion. Advancing age is associated with 1) attenuated bioavailable Te secretion caused by diminished GnRH outflow and not by decreased GnRH responsivity of the gonadotrope, 2) diminished testicular responsivity to infused LH pulses, and 3) partial compensation by diminished Te feedback on central gonadotropic regulation.

SUN-309 Interleukin-2 Administration in Healthy Men Activates Cortisol Secretion in an Age-, Dose-, and Body Composition-Dependent Way

Context. Interleukin-2 (IL2), a proinflammatory cytokine, is used for treatment of malignancies. Increased cortisol and ACTH were noted, but not investigated in detail. This is the first study in healthy men which uses moderate high IL2 doses as used in cancer treatment. Objective. The goal of this study was to quantify cortisol secretion after a single sc injection of IL2 at 1900 h in young and older healthy men in relation to dose, age and body composition. Design. This was a placebo-controlled, blinded, prospectively randomized cross-over study in 17 young subjects (mean age 24.1 yr, range 19–30 yr) and 18 older subjects (mean age 63.9 yr, range 60–75 yr). The subjects underwent 24 h of blood sampling at 10-min intervals, starting at 1800 h. At 2000 h IL2 (3 or 6 million units per m2 body surface) or saline was injected sc. Lights were off between 2300 and 0700 h. Setting. The study was performed in a Clinical Translational Research Unit. Outcome measures. Mean concentrations of cortisol, deconvolution analysis, and approximate entropy. Abdominal visceral fat (AVF) and total abdominal fat (TAF) were calculated from single slice CT. Results. Cortisol concentrations started to rise at 2300 h. The AUC’s during the lights-on periods were unchanged by IL2. Therefore, most analyses were restricted to the 8 h lights-off period. In young volunteers pulsatile cortisol secretion increased from 52.9±5.8 to 77.0±8.0 µg/L/8h and in older subjects from 60.6±3.8 to 70.6±4.6 µg/L/8h (GLM: treatment P <0.0001, treatment x age: P=0.02, mean ± SEM). Thus, the effect was smaller in older subjects. Increasing the IL2 dose increased cortisol secretion in young subjects (P= 0.001), but not in older subjects (P=0.90). In addition, the slopes (mean ± SE) of the linear part of the concentration curves after IL-2 were steeper than after placebo, pointing to accelerated release (young 1.40±0.13 to 3.76±0.11, P<0.0001, in older 1.27±0.04 to 3.28±0.15, P<0.0001).The incremental nocturnal pulsatile cortisol secretion after IL2 was negatively related to body composition (AVF: R= – 0.41, P=0.019; TAF R= – 0.41, P=0.043). Nocturnal ApEn-cortisol did not increase after low dose IL2 (0.981± 0.099 to 0.991±0.046, P=0.92). After high-dose, ApEn increased from 0.877±0.041 to 1.024±0.049, P=0.008, not correlated with body composition, nor with age. The ApEn increase points to decreased secretory regularity imposed by enhanced CRF signaling, rather than diminished cortisol feedback, which leads to greater secretory regularity. Conclusion. Il2, a paradigm for inflammation, increased pulsatile cortisol secretion, more in young than in older subjects. Higher IL2 doses in young subjects amplified cortisol secretion, but not in older subjects. Cortisol secretion exhibited an advance (earlier) time shift, accompanied by accelerated secretion. Incremental nocturnal cortisol secretion was negatively related to fat mass.

On the Linguistic Representational Power of Neural Machine Translation Models

Despite the recent success of deep neural networks in natural language processing and other spheres of artificial intelligence, their interpretability remains a challenge. We analyze the representations learned by neural machine translation (NMT) models at various levels of granularity and evaluate their quality through relevant extrinsic properties. In particular, we seek answers to the following questions: (i) How accurately is word structure captured within the learned representations, which is an important aspect in translating morphologically rich languages? (ii) Do the representations capture long-range dependencies, and effectively handle syntactically divergent languages? (iii) Do the representations capture lexical semantics? We conduct a thorough investigation along several parameters: (i) Which layers in the architecture capture each of these linguistic phenomena; (ii) How does the choice of translation unit (word, character, or subword unit) impact the linguistic properties captured by the underlying representations? (iii) Do the encoder and decoder learn differently and independently? (iv) Do the representations learned by multilingual NMT models capture the same amount of linguistic information as their bilingual counterparts? Our data-driven, quantitative evaluation illuminates important aspects in NMT models and their ability to capture various linguistic phenomena. We show that deep NMT models trained in an end-to-end fashion, without being provided any direct supervision during the training process, learn a non-trivial amount of linguistic information. Notable findings include the following observations: (i) Word morphology and part-of-speech information are captured at the lower layers of the model; (ii) In contrast, lexical semantics or non-local syntactic and semantic dependencies are better represented at the higher layers of the model; (iii) Representations learned using characters are more informed about word-morphology compared to those learned using subword units; and (iv) Representations learned by multilingual models are richer compared to bilingual models.

Use of modern information technologies for training philologists

The article analyzes the situation of the modern translation services market in Ukraine and identifies its main trends. In accordance with the conditions of the development of the translation services market defined in the article, an important vector of professional development of the future translation specialist is highlighted, which is necessarily connected with the use of modern information technologies for training philologists, namely machine translation and automated translation systems. The article clearly differentiates the concept of machine translation and translation based on the CAT-programs, which are radically different from each other and require different involvement of the human translator in the translation process. In the case of machine translation, the translator performs the function of post-editor at different levels (from full to light), while with automated translation systems, the translator is an active subject of the translation process, where the CAT systems only assist, assist in the translation and significantly save time. The article focuses on the translation with the help of CAT-programs, because such translation is currently a priority for customers in the translation services market. On this basis, the student must possess the necessary theoretical knowledge and be able to use such technologies to be competitive in today’s labor market. The CAT program operates on the basis of translation memory, which is formed from whole sentences and their translation as a pair of segments, according to which the translation unit consists of the original and the sentence in the language of translation. Among the many modern automated translation systems, Trados is the market leader, whose components have been analyzed in this article from the standpoint of a positive influence on the translation process, in particular translation memory, termbase, and the autosuggest dictionary. The article also analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of using modern information technologies, namely automated translation systems in translation practice.

The Use of the Earliest Greek Scripture Fragments in Text Editions

Abstract This article deals with the relation between the early papyri of the LXX and the presumed original text of the translation units. The assumed dates of these units can be compared with the assigned dates of the earliest preserved fragments. Do the oldest known fragments reflect the purest form of the Old Greek or had they been revised to MT? Some modern editions of the LXX tend to disregard the possible guidance of some early fragments, recording them almost always in the apparatus rather than in the reconstructed eclectic text. Due to the recognition of revisional traits in several early fragments, a prejudice developed against them, except for P.967 covering Ezekiel and Daniel. Because of their early date these papyri should have a central place in reconstructing the original text of the LXX in text edition, certainly in the Torah.

Abstract OT3-18-02: A comparative study of two detection platforms of circulating tumour cells in patients with metastatic breast cancer

Abstract Background: The enumeration of circulating tumour cells (CTCs) using the FDA-cleared CellSearch system has repeatedly been proven to bear prognostic significance in patients with localized and metastatic breast cancer (MBC) (Bidard et al. Lancet Oncol 2014; Janni et al. CCR 2016). In addition, CTC count has been suggested to be a valuable alternative for physician-based decision making in choosing between hormone therapy and chemotherapy as frontline treatment for patients with estrogen receptor-positive, HER2-negative MBC (Bidard et al. SABCS 2018). Challenges for the implementation of CTCs as a biomarker or a source of liquid biopsy in clinical practice include that most isolation methods only detect a limited number of CTCs in a blood sample in a subset of patients, even in those with clinically proven metastatic disease, and the limited availability of comparative data on technical variability between different CTC detection assays. Methods: In this study, we compare CTC detection rates in paired 7.5 ml blood samples from patients with MBC starting a new line of treatment using two commercially available CTC detection assays. All patients are recruited at GZA Hospitals, campus Sint-Augustinus, Antwerp, Belgium. The first CTC detection system is the CellSearch system, currently the only FDA-cleared system for the enumeration of CTCs in patients with MBC. This system employs an immunomagnetic CTC enrichment based on the expression of Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule (EPCAM) followed by an immunofluorescent CTC detection based on the expression of cytokeratins (CK) in EPCAM+ enriched cells. With this system, only EPCAM/CK double positive cells can be qualified as CTCs. The second system is the Rarecytes system, an automated scanner for immunofluorescently stained cell smears of the entire buffy coat of blood samples. With this system, CTCs will be enriched and detected in a single-step measurement using a cocktail of anti-EPCAM and anti-CK fluorescently labeled antibodies, thereby allowing to detect also single-marker positive CTCs. Based on CTC detection prevalence data in patients with MBC that are available for the CellSearch system and a prespecified hypothesis that with both detection methods a discordant result (relative to a cut-off of &amp;gt;= or &amp;lt;5 CTCs/7.5 ml blood) will be measured in 25% of patients, we aim to include 100 patients with MBC in this benchmarking study in order to be able to detect at least a 15% difference in CTC detection rate in favor of one of both techniques with 80% power at a significance level of 0.05. Concordance/discordance of CTC results between both detection methods will be analyzed both as a dichotomized variable relative to different cut-off values using the McNemar test and Cohen’s kappa test and as a continuous variable using the intraclass correlation coefficient. Expected results and conclusions: Upon submission of the abstract, 30 patients with MBC have been included in this trial after an accrual period of 4 months. Full results are expected mid 2020. Detailed comparison of CTC detection rates between both techniques will not only render analytical data on the performance of the Rarecytes system compared to the CellSearch system - the current gold standard in the field - but might also shed light on the frequency of EPCAM/CK single-positive CTCs in patients with MBC. Conflicts of interest: This study is partially funded by a grant from Rarecyte, Inc. Contact details for collaboration: Dieter Peeters (HistoGeneX NV, Antwerp, Belgium): dieter.peeters@histogenex.com; Andy Buys (Translational Cancer Research Unit, Antwerp, Belgium): andy.buys@gza.be. Citation Format: Dieter Peeters, Andy Buys, Hannah Ledegen, Kathlyn Moehlig, Steffi Oeyen, Dieter Rondas, Alexia De Beukelaer, Steven Van Laere, Liesbet Vervoort, Peter Vermeulen, Christopher Ung, Mark Kockx, Luc Dirix. A comparative study of two detection platforms of circulating tumour cells in patients with metastatic breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT3-18-02.

Abilities to Express Lexical Units in Translation

Abilities to Express Lexical Units in Translation

Reflection of phraseological units in translation

Reflection of phraseological units in translation

Coherence in Machine Translation Output

Coherence is a cognitive process. It plays a key role in argumentation and thematic progression. To be characterised by appropriate coherence relations and structured in a logical manner, coherent discourse/text should have a context and a focus. However, it receives little attention in Machine translation systems that considers the sentence the largest translation unit to deal with, the fact that excludes the context that helps in interpreting the meaning (either by human or automatic translator). In addition to that, Current MT systems suffer from a lack of linguistic information at various stages (modelling, decoding, pruning) causing the lack of coherence in the output. The present research aims at, first, capturing the different aspects of coherence, and second, introducing this notion in texts generated by machine translation based on sentence-by-sentence basis, in order to see and discuss the several phenomena that can lead to incoherent document translations with different language pairs.

Cultural Ideology in Translating Salatiga Legend Stories and Their Implication in Teaching Translation

The folklore of the Salatiga legend needs to be disseminated in the archipelago so that these cultural values ??can be understood by people from various ethnic groups in Indonesia using Indonesian. In the process of translating the legend (from Javanese Krama into Indonesian) it is necessary to have an appropriate translation method so that the message to be conveyed in the source language (BS) matches the target language (BT). This research aims to investigate the translation method used in the Salatiga Legend and explore the cultural ideology that affects the translator in translating the Salatiga Legend. In this research, only the translation of the word or phrase which is related to the translation is examined. This research is a descriptive qualitative research with content analysis method. Data processing techniques using literature study, see, and note. To test the validity of the data in the study used triangulation models, namely data triangulation, theory triangulation, and expert triangulation. The results of the research are the dominant translation methods used are equality and borrowing, while the transposition method is not found. The finding, translation methods used by translators in the Salatiga Legend story, especially those relating to the translation units of words and phrases of objects, are dominated by the equality method. In this study also no transposition method was found.

N-gram based Machine Translation for English-Assamese: Two Languages with High Syntactical Dissimilarity

To bridge the language constraint of the people residing in northeastern region of India, machine translation system is a necessity. Large number of people in this region cannot access many services due to the language incomprehensibility. Among several languages spoken, Assamese is one of the major languages used in northeast India. Machine translation for Assamese language is limited compared to other languages. As a result, large number of people using Assamese language cannot avail lots of benefits associated with it. This paper has focused on the development of the English to Assamese translation system using n-gram model. The n-gram model works very well with the language pair having high dissimilarity in syntax compared to other models. The value of n has a very big role in the quality and efficiency of the system. Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) score differs significantly with the change of the n-gram. This model uses tuples to reduce the consumption of excess memory and to accelerate the translation process. Parallel corpus has been used for training the n-gram based decoder called MARIE. The number of translation units extracted using n-gram model is much less than the translation units extracted using phrase based model. This has a high impact on system efficiency.

Lexico-Semantic Transformations in Translation of Stories by V.M. Shukshin into English

This article is dedicated to the analysis of a lexico-semantic transformation in translation of fiction. The aim of the paper is to identify frequently and less frequently used translation transformations that we treat as cross-language transformations. These transformations are based on selection of the lexical units in target language closed in sematic meaning to those used in source language. V.M. Shukshin’s texts are used as the linguistic material for the conducted research. The translations are prepared by R. Daglish, L. Michael and J. Givens. The study shows that the most difficult units for translation are those having specific meaning due to cultural factors. Cultural associations in V.M. Shukshin’s texts are based on territorial and ethnographic information. Items actively participate in formation of the cultural code. They can be considered as a marker of cultural feature of a text. Translators’ functions include the pragmatic adaptation of texts and different comments. The phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the translator does not always possess enough background knowledge (as far as dialectal words are concerned) or in other words associative links between the object and the name it identifies. The results of the research explain the necessity of a new approach in professional practice.

Runtime performance evaluation and optimization of type-2 hypervisor for MIPS64 architecture

Over the last decade, virtualization technologies have seen unprecedented growth in the system-level domain and promptly have moved to the embedded system domain. While there are numerous applications of virtualization for off-the-shelf hardware such as security, sandboxing, testing tools, etc. However, there are few open-source virtualization solutions available for embedded systems. For real-time virtualization, good runtime performance is a deterministic factor for its practical use in the embedded domain. In this paper, the internal architecture of HTTM (an open-source type-2 hypervisor for MIPS64 architecture) was thoroughly analyzed. ISA virtualization unit and execution cycle control were two primary units that were profiled and explored for optimization. Dynamic Binary Translation (DBT) unit was modified to generate highly efficient code. While the reduction in switching between the translated code and management layer improved the overall execution cycle. The implementation of these strategies resulted in a 72–91% improvement in bandwidth benchmarks. Similarly, latency benchmarks show a 2–92% improvement from its vanilla version. Collectively producing an overall 1–5 times the improvement in execution time. The performance of optimized HTTM is also compared with Quick Emulator (QEMU). HTTM performs 44–80% better than QEMU in bandwidth benchmarks while QEMU performs better in latency operations.

OS3.3 Development of an EORTC questionnaire measuring instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) in patients with brain tumours: phase I-III

Abstract BACKGROUND In brain tumour patients, impairments in every day functioning can impact quality of life, and are therefore an important outcome in both clinical trials and practice. One way to measure every day functioning is with an activities of daily living (ADL) questionnaire. Instrumental ADL (IADL) are the cognitively more complex activities, that are essential to function autonomously within society. Cognitive decline may therefore negatively impact IADL, making these activities particularly relevant to brain tumour patients. The aim of this study is to develop a reliable and valid questionnaire to measure IADL in primary malignant and metastatic brain tumour patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS The questionnaire development study followed the standard European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) four phase methodology: (I) generation of activities list, (II) construction of item list, (III) pre-testing, and (IV) field testing. This report covers phases I-III. To ensure cross-cultural validity, participants were recruited from different countries (The Netherlands, United Kingdom, Italy, Austria and Japan). In phase I, potential activities were identified based on a literature review and in-depth interviews with patients, proxies and healthcare professionals. In phase II, activities were turned into items, and translated into all required languages by the EORTC Translation Unit. In phase III, the item list was pre-tested in patient-proxy dyads. In accordance with predetermined decision rules to reduce items, final items were selected, and preliminary psychometric properties (i.e. factor structure, validity, reliability) were assessed. RESULTS Phase I (N=44 dyads) resulted in 59 IADL activities which were converted into 59 items in phase II. In phase III, N=85 dyads completed and reviewed this item list. The item list was subsequently reduced to 32 items. An exploratory factor analysis indicated several items measuring similar underlying constructs (e.g. domestic life and using computer/smartphone) showing acceptable to good (α≥0.7) internal consistency (range α=0.69–0.89). Seven items were less related to these underlying constructs (e.g. work or managing your own medication), and therefore single items. Construct validity, measured with known-group comparisons analyses between cognitively impaired and unimpaired patients, showed significant differences in scores between the two groups on some scales and several single items. CONCLUSION The currently developed EORTC IADL-BN32 questionnaire can be a valuable asset in assessing IADL functioning in brain tumour patients, but further validation in phase IV is required and is planned.

Ruslan Mitkov, Johanna Monti, Gloria Corpas Pastor, and Violeta Seretan (eds): Multiword units in machine translation and translation technology

Ruslan Mitkov, Johanna Monti, Gloria Corpas Pastor, and Violeta Seretan (eds): Multiword units in machine translation and translation technology

Starzenie się przekładów: zmiany języka czy norm tłumaczeniowych?

What can Make Translations Appear Older: Changes in Language or in Translation Norms?&#x0D; The article attempts to address the phenomenon of aging translations, especially literary ones, which has not been sufficiently analysed in translation research. The description is based on the framework of double dependence of a translation: dependence on the original on the one hand, and on the communicative requirements of reception on the other. Based on the classification of texts according to the diachronic aspect (Jäger), one can attribute translation aging to two reasons: to the evolution of the target language together with the changes in the adopted way of constructing literary narration, which is influenced by changes of literary epochs, and to the change in translation norms. These two factors are illustrated with the materials drawn from early translations of Russian literary works into Polish, especially those by Anton Chekhov. As it turns out, even though translation units can be archaic on all levels of language, the process of translation aging is determined to the greatest extent by semantic factors. The analysis of changes in old translation norms shows a high degree of variability in translation techniques used in early translations. The classification of the types of translation norms by Komissarov was applied in the analysis to prove that translation aging is mainly due to changes in the target language norms of formulating translations, especially the pragmatic norm.