Translation Units Research Articles

Potencjalne wykładniki napięć afektywnych w tłumaczeniach poezji dla dzieci

Those parts of text that can influence the emotions of the addressee are characterized by affective potential. Affective tensions in a text are related to a potential emotional reaction of the reader, i.e., the affective reaction. The author of the article tries to analyse S. Mikhalkov’s poems for children in order to seek those translation units that could trigger emotions of the child audience. It appears that these units comprise, among others, emotionally-loaded expressions, lexis of neutral connotations, whole scenes illustrating emotionality that is not compatible with the source text, lexemes that create ambiguity of the message or lack of agreement with the rules generally accepted in a given culture.

Tile/line access cache memory based on a multi‐level Z‐order tiling data layout

SummaryIneffective column‐directional cache memory access has become a bottleneck for efficient two‐dimensional (2‐D) data processing utilizing extended single instruction multiple data (SIMD) instructions. To solve this problem, we propose a cache memory with tile (column and row directions) and line (row direction) accessibility for efficient 2‐D data processing. 2‐D data access to the proposed cache memory is enabled via a hardware‐based multi‐mode address translation unit that eliminates the overhead of software‐based address calculation. To reduce the hardware overhead of the proposed cache, we propose a tag memory reduction method that replaces multiple tiles with an aligned tile set (RATS) in the cache. To verify the feasibility of the proposed cache, an LSI layout of a SIMD‐based general purpose‐oriented datapath embedding the proposed cache is designed in a 2.5×5 mm2 area using 0.18‐μm CMOS technology. Under a 3.9‐ns clock period (250 MHz), the read latency is limited to 3 clock cycles, which is the same as that for the conventional cache memory. Using the RATS method, the entire hardware overhead of the proposed cache is reduced to only 7% of that required for a conventional cache. In addition, simulation results for the proposed cache indicate a considerable reduction of L1 and L2 cache confliction misses compared with a conventional cache in power‐of‐two matrix size due to the column‐directional address stride being sufficiently smaller than page size. Therefore, the proposed cache provides efficient column‐directional parallel access as same as row‐directional parallel access so that it enables efficient SIMD operation requiring no transposition in matrix multiplication (MM). For LU decomposition (LUD), the proposed cache can provide almost the same performance to the column‐major–based LUD program as that to the row‐major–based LUD program. These results show that the proposed cache does not restrict our freedom in selecting either row‐ or column‐major order coding.

DIDÁCTICA DE LA TRADUCCIÓN ACCESIBLE EN EL TURISMO Y SU APLICACIÓN EN ENSEÑANZAS DE POSGRADO

La presente experiencia es el resultado de una nueva metodología aplicada en las clases de la asignatura de Traducción accesible impartida desde el 2014 en el Máster Universitario en Traducción Profesional de la Universidad de Granada. El objetivo principal fue aplicar la modalidad de traducción accesible a espacios turísticos innovando la docencia de la traducción. La metodología utilizada se basa en la aplicación de las teorías socio-constructivistas a las clases de traducción accesible; en concreto, enseñaremos la forma de elaborar la audiodescripción de dos entornos arquitectónicos de la ciudad de Granada: (a) la fachada de la catedral de Granada y (b) de la Iglesia del Sagrario. La audiodescripción de estos espacios constituía un contexto ideal (macrotexto) para que el alumnado trascendiera el aula, experimentara la epistemología del proceso traductor y fuera capaz de crear sus textos meta. Para completar este proceso, el alumnado realizó un estudio de recepción a una persona ciega que evaluó los materiales accesibles creados en clase. Para llevar a cabo esta evaluación se utilizaron una encuesta y entrevista. Ambas ayudaron a medir variables de perfil, así como los contenidos de las audiodescripciones. La utilidad de estas herramientas empleadas se puso de manifiesto en la satisfacción que expresó la persona ciega con aquella audiodescripción que cubría sus expectativas.

Optimising resourcing skills to develop phraseological competence in legal translation: tasks and approaches

Abstract Based on a previous case study on common translation errors made by trainee translators when dealing with phraseological units in legal translation (Huertas Barros and Buendía Castro 2018, Analysing phraseological units in legal translation: Evaluation of translation errors for the English-Spanish language pair. In S. Gozdz Roszkowski & G. Pontrandolfo (eds.), Phraseology in legal and institutional settings: A corpus-based interdisciplinary perspective (Law, Language and Communication). London & New York: Routledge), this paper proposes some activities and approaches to minimise these errors and hence enhance students’ phraseological competence in this field. To this end, the authors first provide a description of the most representative legal resources available for translators, particularly for the English-Spanish language pair. This is followed by a review of approaches that could develop students’ legal translation competence, particularly phraseological competence. For each type of error identified in the previous case study, the authors propose a set of research-based activities which could prevent such errors by maximising the use of legal resources. The emphasis is put on preliminary documentary research and effective use of corpora prior to the translation task. The authors propose an integrated approach combining task-based approaches with approaches based on critical discourse analysis, problem-solving and decision-making. While these tasks have been designed for a semi-specialised legal text pertaining to a subdomain of family law (i.e. adoption), they can be easily applied to any other subdomains of legal translation.

The concept of ‘translation unit’ revisited

In translation studies, the theoretical concept of ‘translation unit’ has traditionally been a subject of debate. This paper will discuss different views of the concept, relating it to the dichotomy between product and process-oriented translation studies. It will be argued that ‘translation unit’ has two readings: ‘unit of analysis’ in product-based studies, and ‘unit of processing’ in cognitive translation studies. With the exception of literary translation, translation services may now be said to fall within the domain of the language industry, which calls for considering the relevance of ‘translation unit’ to machine translation (MT). From a historical perspective, the concept will be related to the main issues of system design and translation quality.

Development of a framework to improve the utilisation of malaria research for policy development in Malawi

BackgroundThe existing gap between research evidence and public health practice has attributed to the unmet Millennium Development Goals in Africa and consequently, has stimulated the development of frameworks to enhance knowledge translation. These efforts aim at maximising health research utilisation in policy and practice to address the world’s disease burdens, including malaria. This study aimed at developing a contextual framework to improve the utilisation of malaria research for policy development in Malawi.MethodsThe study used two approaches including: two case studies of policy analysis exploring the policy-making process in Malawi, utilisation of local malaria research, and the role of key stakeholders in policy formulation process; and the assessment of facilitating factors and barriers to malaria research utilisation for policy-making in Malawi.ResultsFrom the case studies’ lessons and elements identified during the assessment of facilitating factors and barriers, a framework is developed to promote an integrated approach to knowledge translation. In this framework the Ministry of Health is considered as the main user of knowledge from research through the demand created by the research directorate and the National Malaria Control Programme. Key documents identified as being particularly relevant to the Ministry of Health for purposes of knowledge translation include the National Health Research Agenda, Guidelines for Policy Development and Analysis, and Guidelines for Evidence Use in Policy-making. Institutions conducting academic and policy-relevant malaria research in Malawi are identified and a consolidation of their linkages with the users of research is established through the Knowledge Translation Unit, the Evidence Informed decision-making Centre, and the African Institute for Development Policy. Equally, key players in this framework are the funding partners for both research and programmes that need to see accountability and impact of their support. Independent advisors, partners, and consultants also have their vital role in the process.ConclusionThe framework offers a practical basis for the factors identified and their linkages to promote a co-ordinated approach to malaria research utilisation in policy-making. Its applicability and success hinges on its wider dissemination and ownership by the government through the National Malaria Control Programme.

Pauses Reflecting the Processing of Syntactic Units in Monolingual Text Production and Translation

This study explores how the process of translating relates to other types of writing processes by comparing pause lengths preceding syntactic units (words, phrases and clauses) in two types of writing task, a monolingual text production and a translation. It also discusses the grounds for interpreting pause length as a reflection of the cognitive demands of the writing process. The data was collected from 18 professional translators using the Translog keystroke logging software (Jakobsen/Schou 1999). Each subject wrote two texts: an expository text in Finnish and a translation from English into Finnish (Immonen 2006: 316-319). Firstly, phrase boundary pauses were categorised according to type, function and length of phrase. All three features correlate with pause length. On average, predicate phrases are preceded by short pauses, adpositional phrases by long pauses, and pauses preceding noun phrases grow with the length of the phrase. These fi ndings suggest that the processing of the predicate begins before written production of the clause is started, whereas noun phrases and adpositional phrases are processed during writing. Secondly, pauses preceding clauses were categorised with respect to clause type. In monolingual text production, pauses preceding subordinate clauses are on average shorter than those leading to main clauses. In translation, pauses preceding subordinate and main clauses are almost the same length. It seems therefore that, in translation, the main clause and subordinate clause are processed separately despite the fact that the subordinate clause functions as a syntactic unit within the main clause.

Reviewing back translation reports of questionnaires: the EORTC conceptual framework and experience

ABSTRACTIntroduction: In the process of translating patient-reported outcomes measures (forward translation(s), reconciliation, back translation(s), review, pilot-testing, review, final translation), there is a general consensus amongst the key players in the field that the back translation review is an important step. Despite this, there has been little guidance published on how to perform it.Areas covered: Having assessed the most recent back translation reports reviewed by the Translation Unit at the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) in Brussels, we have identified two concepts to help guide the back translation review process: the underlying issue (the problem that the item measures) and the structure (the linguistic and formal construction of the item). This paper presents these concepts and how they are used in the review process.Expert commentary: Despite certain difficulties it might pose, back translation review remains one of the standard steps to assure concept equivalence. This paper aims at starting a much-needed exchange of experience and knowledge among people who perform reviews as part of the process of translating patient-reported outcomes measures.

Commented Translation: Nietzsche's Human, All Too Human - Excerpt from a Master's Thesis

This paper is intended to show how the skopos rule is applied in practice in a manner to ensure intra- and intertextual coherence, with focus on scholarly translation. To this end, I retranslated 25 aphorisms from Nietzsche’s Human, All Too Human, using the current standard translation as the comparison basis. In consideration of the impact and authority of Nietzsche’s thoughts and personage on his readership, the intertextual coherence (coherence between ST and TT) was given the same weight as the intratextual coherence (coherence within the TT), a deviation from the hierarchical order prescribed in skopos theory. Thus, I applied cohesion and fidelity rules interdependently as two sub-rules of the skopos rule and set up four text-level microstrategies (COSA: condensation, omission, substitution, addition) and four context-level microstrategies (PAIR: paraphrase, adaptation, interpretation, reorganisation), applying them whenever the readability of a translation unit or the clarity of its meaning is not optimally established by the mere intertextual coherence. Their applications are exemplified in the commentary section. More detailed discussions are then devoted to the shift in the translator’s role and competence areas in line with the technology-triggered paradigm shift in the translation industry and the position of skopos theory in this new landscape. The larger picture envisaged by the retranslation and reflections made within the framework of this dissertation is a global-scale project to revise or retranslate all suboptimal translations of the works of world-historical importance, which is now possible without huge investments of time and resources by leveraging the immense power of web-based crowdsourcing. In an effort to pave the way for such a project, I present a basic architecture of a crowdsourced retranslation model.

The Hermeneutical Approach in Translation Studies

Nosso objetivo é convencer o leitor da validade da abordagem hermenêutica em estudos de tradução. Na primeira parte, demonstraremos esta validade, baseados no fato de que a abordagem hermenêutica integra fatores como a subjetividade, a intuição, a corporalidade e a criatividade em sua reflexão teórica, aproximando-se, portanto, da realidade do processo tradutor. Na segunda parte, situaremos esta abordagem no contexto do desenvolvimento dos estudos modernos de tradução desde os anos 1950, e mostraremos que este desenvolvimento foi caracterizado por uma tendência dominante, que levou de uma visão atomista da unidade de tradução a uma visão mais holística, legitimando-a, o que é fundamental para a hermenêutica tradutória. A terceira parte relata a história da hermenêuticafilosófica como a fundação legítima da hermenêutica tradutória. Na quarta parte, devotada às “perspectivas futuras”, tentará reforçar a legitimidade da abordagem hermenêutica, demonstrando como é abonada por resultados de pesquisa em ciência cognitiva. Para motivar a continuidadedos trabalhos em hermenêutica filosófica, também oferecemos uma metodologia para o estudo do processo tradutório baseada nos princípioshermenêuticos. Finalmente, oferecemos um exemplo de legitimação doa solução criativa de problemas, baseado na abordagem hermenêutica deum problema de tradução, validada nos resultados da pesquisa cognitiva.

Going Localised - Getting Recognised. The Interplay of the Institutional and the Experienced Status of Translators in the European Commission

This paper explores how and whether the different institutional and organisational contexts affect translators’ professional activities and professional identities. The site researched is the European Commission, where the changing political impetus has recently instigated a new role for some of the translators. For them, the institutional framework has thus changed substantially. This presents an opportunity to research how institutionally expressed status affects the status as experienced by the translators themselves. The data consists of institutional documents as well as interview and observation data from two different settings, a traditional translation unit in Luxembourg (2004) and the local representation of the European Commission in Helsinki (2008). The results indicate that the institutional and physical space occupied by the translators can drastically change their experienced status and motivation even within a single organisational setting.

Editorial introductions

Current Opinion in Endocrinology and Diabetes was launched in 1994, with Obesity added to the title in 2007. It is one of a successful series of review journals whose unique format is designed to provide a systematic and critical assessment of the literature as presented in the many primary journals. The fields of endocrinology and diabetes are divided into 12 sections that are reviewed once a year. Each section is assigned a Section Editor, a leading authority in the area, who identifies the most important topics at that time. Here we are pleased to introduce one of the Journal's Section Editors for this issue. SECTION EDITORS Peter A. GottliebPeter A. GottliebDr Peter Gottlieb was born in Havana, Cuba, but at age 2 moved to New Jersey, USA, where he grew up. After receiving his undergraduate degree from the University of Pennsylvania, USA, he attended UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, USA from which he graduated in 1984. Dr Gottlieb completed his internship and residency in internal medicine at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, USA and then continued his fellowship training in endocrinology and metabolism there as well. In 1990, after completing his fellowship, he moved to the Weizmann Institute in Israel to do post-doctoral training in T cell immunology. After surviving Gulf War I, he returned to UMass, USA and joined the staff as Clinical Director of Diabetes. He subsequently joined the Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, Aurora, USA in 1995, where he is now a Professor of Pediatrics and Medicine and the Director of the Translational Research Unit at the Barbara Davis Center. He has authored, co-authored and collaborated on more than 140 publications, reviews and book chapters and served as section editor for several journal editions. His research areas of interest include the immunology of type 1 diabetes, intervention trials to prevent or reverse type 1 diabetes, and the genetics of autoimmune disease. He had led several multi-center trials in new onset type 1 diabetes and is an active member of the Steering Committee for Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet. Whitney WoodmanseeWhitney WoodmanseeDr Whitney Woodmansee is Director of the Clinical Neuroendocrine Program at Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Assistant Professor of Medicine at Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA, USA. Dr Woodmansee received her medical degree and completed her clinical training in internal medicine and endocrinology at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center (UCHSC) in Denver, CO, USA. After completing her training, she joined the faculty at UCHSC in 1999 where she performed basic science research in the neuroendocrine field, as well as directed the Pituitary Disorders Program. She currently manages an active clinical practice caring for patients with pituitary disorders as a member of the Brigham and Women's Hospital's multi-disciplinary Pituitary/Neuroendocrine Center. She also directs the Dynamic Endocrine Testing Unit at her hospital. Dr Woodmansee has more recently shifted her research efforts from understanding the molecular biology of the pituitary to more clinical studies, and has a particular interest in the management of hypopituitarism.

Units of translation adopted in Persian term-formation

Two trends exist for Persian term-formation. In the first method known as calquing, words are rendered morpheme by morpheme. Thus, the unit of translation (UT) is a morpheme. In the second method known as conceptual equivalent-finding, the definitions of words are considered and the UT is a word. The present study was designed to identify which of the two UTs was more favored in Persian term-formation. To this end, 40 English prefixes were studied in 2354 English words together with their Persian equivalents approved by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature (APLL) as the official term-formation agency in Iran. It was noticed that calquing was more frequent, i.e. morphemes were more frequently considered as UTs. Moreover, strategies of translating prefixes were introduced and examined in both methods. In conceptual method, prefixes were ignored and not translated morpheme by morpheme. However, in calquing, English prefixes were translated into Persian prefixes or lexemes.

Learning dependency edge transfer rule representation using encoder-decoder

In existing statistical machine translation models, especially syntax-based models, there has always been a trade-off between the amount of information a translation unit preserves and its ability to generalize when translating new sentences. Neural networks have been successfully employed in reordering and end-to-end machine translation problems. In this paper, we propose a novel syntactic translation rule encoder-decoder based on neural networks. It is a dependency edge transfer rule encoder-decoder (DETED) that leverages the source side of a transfer rule and local context as input, and outputs the target side of that in order to learn the source-to-target matching of the dependency edge transfer rules. It shares not only the benefit of dependency edge, which is the most relaxed syntactic constraint, in order to ensure its generalization ability, but also the local context as additional information in order to improve its matching ability. The structure of the encoder-decoder is quite concise. With the source side of a translation rule as the input, it decodes the corresponding target side of the translation rule, and makes it clear the positional relation of the dependency edge. The generator is used to re-score the transfer rules when decoding. Experiments on three NIST test sets are presented. The results indicate a significant performance improvement with an average BLEU score of 1.39 above the baseline value.

Providing Morphological Information for SMT Using Neural Networks

Abstract Treating morphologically complex words (MCWs) as atomic units in translation would not yield a desirable result. Such words are complicated constituents with meaningful subunits. A complex word in a morphologically rich language (MRL) could be associated with a number of words or even a full sentence in a simpler language, which means the surface form of complex words should be accompanied with auxiliary morphological information in order to provide a precise translation and a better alignment. In this paper we follow this idea and propose two different methods to convey such information for statistical machine translation (SMT) models. In the first model we enrich factored SMT engines by introducing a new morphological factor which relies on subword-aware word embeddings. In the second model we focus on the language-modeling component. We explore a subword-level neural language model (NLM) to capture sequence-, word- and subword-level dependencies. Our NLM is able to approximate better scores for conditional word probabilities, so the decoder generates more fluent translations. We studied two languages Farsi and German in our experiments and observed significant improvements for both of them.

Deployable scissor grids consisting of translational units

Deployable scissor grids can quickly transform between different configurations, making them particularly fit for mobile and temporary applications. Their ability to deploy typically comes along with a high design complexity and a limited freedom of shape. However, we’ve found that by using so-called translational scissor units it is possible to generate a myriad of curved spatial grids through a design process that can be simplified into a set of two-dimensional problems. The resulting scissor grids are mechanisms with a smooth and stress-free deployment behaviour. Due to their qualities they have formed the topic of previous research, but nevertheless we’ve noticed that a large part of their design potential has remained unexplored. By for the first time unravelling the general principles that govern the motion and shape of this scissor grid type, we’ve managed to reveal various new and interesting design possibilities. This paper presents these new proposals together with the existing ones in order to form a comprehensive overview of the geometric potential and kinematic behaviour of deployable scissor grids consisting of translational scissor units. It covers the mathematical concepts needed to analyse and generate this scissor grid type, ranging from a single scissor unit to large assemblies. In addition, the paper introduces multiple methods to include joints in the line models without modifying their deployment behaviour. This work therefore broadens the design space and compiles the main characteristics of this scissor grid type in order to improve their accessibility and applicability in design.

Amgen cuts California staff

Amgen is shedding nearly 500 employees at its Thousand Oaks, Calif., headquarters as it shifts support services to Tampa, Fla., and concentrates research in San Francisco and Cambridge, Mass. Roughly 400 Thousand Oaks staffers will be affected by the opening of a business support center in Tampa. About 50 of them are expected to relocate to the new site. The remaining 100 affected employees are in Amgen’s discovery and translational research unit. Some researchers could move to San Francisco and Cambridge, where Amgen sees more access to innovation.

Effect of a Mindful Eating Intervention on Lifestyle Factors in Overweight and Obese Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Survivors – a Pilot Study

Studies have shown that postmenopausal breast cancer survivors are more likely to be sedentary and have poorer diet quality than their non‐cancer counterparts, contributing to weight gain. In addition, they are more likely to have increased levels of psychological stress. Heightened mindfulness is associated with healthier eating behaviors, lower BMI, and reduced stress. However, little is known about the effect of mindful eating on these lifestyle factors in overweight and obese postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. The objective of the study was to examine the effect of a mindful eating intervention on lifestyle factors, including mindfulness, stress, and nutritional intake in overweight and obese postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. Participants were recruited through local physician's offices, cancer support centers, and newspaper advertisements in 2016. Participants completed 8 weekly 2‐hour Mindful Eating Workshop© group sessions, led by a certified mindfulness instructor. The workshop addressed mindless, stress‐related, or emotional related eating, and disordered eating patterns through mindfulness meditation and group discussion. Data were collected at the University of Georgia Clinical and Translational Research Unit at 2 time points: baseline and follow‐up (week 12). Nutritional intake was assessed using the 2014 Block Food Frequency Questionnaire. Mindfulness was assessed using the Mindful Attention and Awareness Scale, and stress was assessed using the Perceived Stress Scale. Paired t‐tests and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used to compare outcomes pre‐ and post‐intervention. The analytic sample included 10 postmenopausal breast cancer survivors in remission with a BMI of ≥ 25 kg/m2 who completed the intervention. Mean age was 64.4 ± 6.0 years, 90.0% were non‐Hispanic white, 50.0% were married, and 50.0% had an annual household income of more than $80,000. All participants significantly lost weight (mean weight change: −0.8 ± 0.8 kg; p= 0.015). There was a trend towards increased mindfulness (mean change= 8.4% ± 0.5; p=0.090); but perceived stress did not change over the course of the intervention. At baseline and follow‐up, participants underreported energy consumption (1,237.7 ± 304.2 and 1,094.0 ± 319.4 kcal/ day, respectively), marking no significant change in caloric intake post‐intervention. Mean fat and saturated fat intake at baseline were 40.7 ± 3.8% and 13.8 ± 1.9% of daily energy, respectively. Participants reduced overall fat intake by −10.6 + 7.1 grams/ per day (p=0.002), and saturated fat by −3.56 ± 3.0 grams/ day (p=0.008) without significantly changing protein or carbohydrate intake. In addition, participants reduced intake of sweets by 2.5 ± 1.9% of daily energy (p=0.003). Despite not meeting current dietary recommendations, intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains were not altered. Findings of this study suggest that a mindful eating intervention may lead to improvements in fat, saturated fat, and sweets intake, but not other lifestyle factors, in overweight and obese postmenopausal breast cancer survivors. Larger, more adequately powered studies are needed to confirm the findings and examine effects if the intervention is carried over long‐term.Support or Funding InformationThe study was funded through the University of Georgia Clinical and Translational Research Unit seed grant.

The Unit of Translation

This paper tackles the topic of the Unit of Translation (UT) with the aim of making a number of suggestions that might bring up new insights into this thorny issue. UT has been differently tackled by scholars and related to general text types, or functions. In this paper, UT is related to the micro text levels and a number of text-functions. It concludes that the UT issue cannot be tackled in terms of wide generalizations of macro text types and that many practical factors interfere in the choice of UT such as text length, text complexity, time pressure, translator’s experience, and degree of conformity between SL & TL languages and cultures.

The Image of Russian Language and Literature in M. Shishkin’s Story “Calligraphy Lesson”: Object and Unit of Translation

The Image of Russian Language and Literature in M. Shishkin’s Story “Calligraphy Lesson”: Object and Unit of Translation