Translation Products Research Articles

An Error Analysis of 4th Semester College Students’ Translation By Using ATA Standardize Error Making Theory

This research aims to find out the errors occur in students’ translation product, this is a qualitative research and the object of the research is 4th- semester college students. The data was analyzed by using an error category by ATA’s standardized error making. The analysis reveals that the most errors occured on students’ translation are literalness: 258 occurrences (30,71%), misunderstanding: 221 occurrences (26,31%), terminology: 111 occurrences (13,21%), the last omission: 88 occurrences (10,48%), faithfulness: 73 occurrences (8,69%), then the next is grammar: 40 occurrences (4,76%), cohesion: 38 occurrences (4,52%) and the last is syntax: 11 occurrences (1,31%). Based on the research result it can be concluded that students’ knowledge of translation techniques is very limited, that caused errors in translating the text. In translating process, they must master translation techniques to translate certain text. This research will probably give some literature about the errors made by students, so it can be used by the teacher of translation material to give more lesson of translation techniques and give them more exercise in translating certain text. Then for the students, this research can be used as guidance to be more aware of errors that occur in translation process, for another researcher should conduct other research with another point of view.

Scrutinizing the most prominent competencies for a well-rounded translator from Iranian publishers’ perspective

The present study aims to examine the competencies that Iranian managers of publishing companies consider when hiring translators. To achieve this, a Likert scale questionnaire with 16 items was designed to gather opinions from managers in publishing companies in Iran about the competencies necessary for a well-rounded translator A chi-square test was conducted to determine if there is a significant relationship between each competency and the publishers. As the results showed, there is a significant relationship between the publishers and translation service provision and language competencies. However, there is no significant relationship between the publishers and intercultural, information mining, thematic, and technological competencies. The results indicated that the most important competencies for enhancing a translator's productivity are technological, language, and translation service provision competencies. Additionally, the present study provides some pedagogical implications that can be beneficial to translation students and those involved in the translation sector, such as translation offices. Keywords: Competence; translator; publishing company; well-rounded translator

Measuring Lessons Learned from Durham Community Hub Model during COVID-19: A Support Solution for the Homeless and other Vulnerable Populations

Introduction/background: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the availability of community support and resources to vulnerable populations, including persons experiencing homeless within the Regional Municipality of Durham, Ontario, Canada. In response, the Region developed pilot community hubs to address escalating unmet housing, healthcare and support needs.
 Why did you do it? The community hub evaluation project is a community-based research co-created by a research team from Ontario Tech University and community stakeholders to measure the community hubs' effectiveness in addressing service users' unmet needs during the COVID-19 pandemic.
 Who is it for? The project is relevant to healthcare and social service policymakers and service providers, service users, researchers, and community organizers involved in researching, funding, designing and delivering healthcare and social services for vulnerable populations.
 Who did you involve and engage with? The project collaborators comprised a research team from Ontario Tech University and an advisory committee of community hub staff members and service users convened by the research team. All aspects of the project’s design and implementation, including creating the data collection tools, participant recruitment, data collection, data analysis and developing the knowledge translation products, were completed in collaboration with the research advisory committee that met monthly. Service users on the advisory committee were compensated for their time and contribution.
 What did you do? A mixed-methods research design was used to explore the experiences of the community hub service users, staff members and subject matter experts. Service users were recruited from the community hubs. Staff members were recruited through virtual staff meetings. Face-to-face surveys were administered to 75 service users at the community hubs. Staff online surveys were self-administered by 15 direct service staff. Virtual interviews were conducted with five community hub managerial staff and two subject matter experts. Quantitative data were calculated using the SPSS statistical software. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis.
 
 What results did you get? What impact did you have? The integrated service model was described as saving service users’ lives. Adequate, core funding is required for the sustainability of the community hubs. Results from the evaluation provided the regional government with data to help inform its strategic priorities for vulnerable populations.
 What is the learning for the international audience? The needs of vulnerable populations including persons experiencing homelessness are deep and entrenched. Community hubs integrate a range of healthcare and social support services, including the social determinants of health that respond to service users’ immediate and emerging needs.
 What are the next steps? Knowledge translation through conferences, symposiums, presentations at regional sector tables and peer-reviewed publications. Collaborating with the community hubs to utilize the research findings to support improvement in future service design and delivery.

Exploring the Lived Experience of Aging among Chronically Homeless Older Adults

Introduction/background summary: Twenty-four percent of Canada’s homeless shelter users are over the age of 50 years, a number that is predicted to rise [1]. Homeless older adults experience chronic health issues. They encounter barriers to accessing and utilizing healthcare and social services, such as stigma and misalignment between their needs and available services.
 Why did you do it? Designing healthcare and social services to address the needs of older adults aging with homelessness first requires evidence of their experiences. This study explores the conceptualization of older chronically homeless adults’ lived experiences related to aging.
 Who is it for? The research is for healthcare and social service providers and policymakers, populations that are homeless, researchers, and advocates interested in issues of homelessness.
 Who did you involve and engage with?Collaboration will occur with staff members and research participants in the study setting. Staff offer insights into participants’ recruitment, engagement and retention. Participants provide feedback on the interview questions, their transcribed interview notes, and written descriptions of their stories. Knowledge translation products and actionable items to improve service delivery will be co-created with the study settings.
 What did you do? The phenomenological research explores the aging experiences of older adults living with chronic homelessness. Participants will be recruited from four social service organizations and screened using the eligibility screening survey. Twenty eligible participants will be selected from the screening for data collection. The interview questions will be piloted with participants. Qualitative data collection occurs through face-to-face interviews and unstructured observations of participants in the study settings. Quantitative descriptive data will be gathered using the demographic survey and the SF-12 Short Form Health Assessment Survey. The NVivo software will be utilized to analyze the qualitative data. Quantitative data analysis will be completed with the SPSS statistical software.
 What results did you get? What impact did you have? Expected results include evidence of participants’ early physiological and psychosocial changes related to aging, healthcare and social service unmet needs and service utilization, and strategies utilized to manage developmental tasks related to aging. This study contributes new knowledge on the aging experiences of older adults living with chronic homelessness. It helps to inform healthcare and social service policy and emerging practices, including person-centred care and integrated healthcare.
 What is the learning for the international audience?The results will be transferable or interesting to international audiences that are involved in areas of research, policy, practice and advocacy related to homelessness.
 What are the next steps? The next steps involve knowledge translation at conferences, symposiums, presentations and publications. Researchers will collaborate with the study settings to translate the research findings into actionable policy, service design, and delivery mechanisms.
 References
 1.Gaetz S., Dej E., Richter T., & Redman M. (2016). The State of Homelessness in Canada 2016. Toronto: Canadian Observatory on Homelessness Press.
 

Multiphase and Multistakeholder English Translation Processes Behind Subtitling Chinese Auteur Films

The professional translation processes involved in subtitling Chinese auteur films are under-reported in audiovisual translation literature. The present study investigates the translation processes employed for Chinese films destined for an international audience with a focus on fifth- and sixth-generation directors’ films. These film auteurs depict China’s diverse cultural elements and contemporary social reality, for which English subtitles provide an essential bridge to connect to an international audience. Interview data collected from ten established Chinese-to-English translators/subtitlers, whose names are credited in the selected films, identify two remarkable features of subtitling these contemporary Chinese auteur films: Multiple phases of the translation processes employed across the filmmaking lifespan and multiple stakeholders involved in the wider translation processes beyond translators/subtitlers. Actor-Network Theory is used to elicit interwoven relationships among the various human and non-human actors connected to translating/subtitling activities across different stages of filmmaking. These findings confirm that translating/subtitling is not an isolated post-production task but rather permeates all filmmaking phases. This can be a key factor in contributing to overall quality, which is critical in disseminating subtitled films by some of China’s most celebrated auteurs. Lay summary The international film market has increasingly featured Chinese films, especially the works by established Chinese directors, such as Zhang Yimou, Chen Kaige, Jia Zhangke and Jia Zhangke. Their films reflect China’s cultural conventions and contemporary social reality. English subtitling is the most popular mode of translation to distribute Chinese films among the English-speaking audience. However, little is known about the agents involved in translating the Chinese high-profile films and the translation processes. To fill this knowledge gap, we interviewed ten translators or subtitlers contributing to the translation of the four aforementioned directors. The collected interview data inform us that many other stakeholders (e.g. directors, producers, screenwriters, distributors and subtitle editors) play a role in the shaping of the final English subtitles shown on the screen, and translation of Chinese films takes place throughout the whole filmmaking process (i.e. film development, pre-production, post-production, distribution and exhibition). A sociological framework is adopted to demonstrate the interwoven relationships among the various human (i.e. translators/subtitlers and other stakeholders) and non-human actors (i.e. accompanying materials and translation products) connected to translating/subtitling activities across different stages of filmmaking. It is argued that such a multiphase and multistakeholder process helps to improve the overall quality of Chinese film subtitling.

A Comparative Analysis of Cultural Terms in Arabic-Javanese Religious Texts Through the Lens of al-Hikam Aphorisms Translation

Local wisdom stood as a cornerstone of Indonesia's cultural richness. Regrettably, this invaluable asset, particularly in the form of "translation products," was overlooked and underappreciated. Despite Indonesia boasting a substantial collection of Arabic religious texts translated into Javanese, utilizing the pegon script, these Arabic-Javanese texts demanded preservation, scholarly exploration, and development grounded in specific theoretical frameworks. This research undertook a comparative analysis of "cultural terms" within religious texts, focusing on al-Hikam aphorisms translated from Arabic (L1) into both Indonesian and Javanese (L2). The primary objective was to dissect and analyze the local wisdom and Islamic Sufism moral values embedded in al-Hikam aphorisms through translation. The study drew on translations of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences from carefully selected sources related to cultural terms, including books and various Arabic-Javanese translation dictionaries. Employing a purposive sampling method, data collection followed a meticulous process. Qualitative data analysis unfolded through four pivotal stages: (1) domain analysis, (2) taxonomy analysis, (3) componential analysis, and (4) cultural theme analysis. The findings, gleaned from lexicography study and semantic analysis of translation, revealed the existence of two translation ideologies shaping cultural terms in Arabic-Javanese religious texts: domestication ideology and foreignization ideology. This research underscored that translation products were inseparable from the ideological dimensions of foreignization and domestication. Foreignization endeavored to assimilate source language elements into the target language, while domestication integrated original components with local elements. This research contributed to a deeper understanding of how foreignization and domestication shaped the depiction of local wisdom in Arabic-Javanese religious texts.

Quality assessment of machine-translated post-edited subtitles: an analysis of Brazilian translators’ perceptions

This study focuses on the translation product in the form of subtitles and, in particular, investigates the perceived quality of machine-translated post-edited interlingual subtitles. Basing this study on data collected from Brazilian professional translators, we analyse whether the use of machine translation has an impact on the perceived quality and acceptability of interlingual subtitles. We also examine those technical parameters and linguistic aspects that the study participants considered troublesome and whether translators would report any evidence that the subtitles were machine-translated. Sixty-eight Brazilian translators volunteered to participate in this study. They completed a questionnaire, watched a movie trailer with post-edited subtitles, and then assessed the quality of the subtitles by rating them using a Likert-type scale. Finally, the participants responded to a written verbal protocol. Our analysis relies on the qualitative and quantitative data provided by the participants. The qualitative and quantitative data from the protocol answers were triangulated with the quantitative results from the Likert-type scale. IBM SPSS Statistics was used for statistical analysis. Our findings show that 28.1% of the translators assessed the post-edited subtitles as very satisfactory whereas 48.4% judged them as satisfactory. These results seem to be an indication of the acceptability of post-editing machine-translated subtitles as they find support in the written verbal protocol answers. Regarding the technical parameters, 43% of the participants reported no issues whereas 22.8% commented on the font colour and the font size. When asked about any linguistic aspects that could have disturbed the viewing experience, 64.1% of them reported that no linguistic issues were evident in the subtitles. A small percentage of the participants reported some linguistic problems, such as a lack of accuracy, the use of literal translation, and unnatural subtitles. Despite this apparent linguistic evidence of machine translation, no participant explicitly affirmed that the subtitles were machine-translated and post-edited.

Genome-resolved metatranscriptomics reveals conserved root colonization determinants in a synthetic microbiota

The identification of processes activated by specific microbes during microbiota colonization of plant roots has been hampered by technical constraints in metatranscriptomics. These include lack of reference genomes, high representation of host or microbial rRNA sequences in datasets, or difficulty to experimentally validate gene functions. Here, we recolonized germ-free Arabidopsis thaliana with a synthetic, yet representative root microbiota comprising 106 genome-sequenced bacterial and fungal isolates. We used multi-kingdom rRNA depletion, deep RNA-sequencing and read mapping against reference microbial genomes to analyse the in planta metatranscriptome of abundant colonizers. We identified over 3,000 microbial genes that were differentially regulated at the soil-root interface. Translation and energy production processes were consistently activated in planta, and their induction correlated with bacterial strains’ abundance in roots. Finally, we used targeted mutagenesis to show that several genes consistently induced by multiple bacteria are required for root colonization in one of the abundant bacterial strains (a genetically tractable Rhodanobacter). Our results indicate that microbiota members activate strain-specific processes but also common gene sets to colonize plant roots.

Translation Studies in the Era of AI: Characteristics, Fields and Significance

With the development of artificial intelligence in translation research, it is possible to form a new perspective on translation studies, which is translation studies from the perspective of artificial intelligence. Translation studies from the perspective of artificial intelligence are fundamentally based on artificial intelligence and are characterized by intelligence, situationality, and integration. The research fields of translation studies from the perspective of artificial intelligence mainly include the study of translation product quality and effectiveness, the study of translation processes, and the study of translation teaching. The emergence of translation studies from the perspective of artificial intelligence not only promotes a rethinking of theoretical models in translation research but also advances the transformation of research methods, expanding and deepening the contents of translation teaching. The emergence of translation studies from the perspective of artificial intelligence not only promotes a rethinking of theoretical models in translation research but also advances the transformation of research methods, expanding and deepening the contents of translation research.

The Adoption of AI in Mental Health Care-Perspectives From Mental Health Professionals: Qualitative Descriptive Study.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming the mental health care environment. AI tools are increasingly accessed by clients and service users. Mental health professionals must be prepared not only to use AI but also to have conversations about it when delivering care. Despite the potential for AI to enable more efficient and reliable and higher-quality care delivery, there is a persistent gap among mental health professionals in the adoption of AI. A needs assessment was conducted among mental health professionals to (1) understand the learning needs of the workforce and their attitudes toward AI and (2) inform the development of AI education curricula and knowledge translation products. A qualitative descriptive approach was taken to explore the needs of mental health professionals regarding their adoption of AI through semistructured interviews. To reach maximum variation sampling, mental health professionals (eg, psychiatrists, mental health nurses, educators, scientists, and social workers) in various settings across Ontario (eg, urban and rural, public and private sector, and clinical and research) were recruited. A total of 20 individuals were recruited. Participants included practitioners (9/20, 45% social workers and 1/20, 5% mental health nurses), educator scientists (5/20, 25% with dual roles as professors/lecturers and researchers), and practitioner scientists (3/20, 15% with dual roles as researchers and psychiatrists and 2/20, 10% with dual roles as researchers and mental health nurses). Four major themes emerged: (1) fostering practice change and building self-efficacy to integrate AI into patient care; (2) promoting system-level change to accelerate the adoption of AI in mental health; (3) addressing the importance of organizational readiness as a catalyst for AI adoption; and (4) ensuring that mental health professionals have the education, knowledge, and skills to harness AI in optimizing patient care. AI technologies are starting to emerge in mental health care. Although many digital tools, web-based services, and mobile apps are designed using AI algorithms, mental health professionals have generally been slower in the adoption of AI. As indicated by this study's findings, the implications are 3-fold. At the individual level, digital professionals must see the value in digitally compassionate tools that retain a humanistic approach to care. For mental health professionals, resistance toward AI adoption must be acknowledged through educational initiatives to raise awareness about the relevance, practicality, and benefits of AI. At the organizational level, digital professionals and leaders must collaborate on governance and funding structures to promote employee buy-in. At the societal level, digital and mental health professionals should collaborate in the creation of formal AI training programs specific to mental health to address knowledge gaps. This study promotes the design of relevant and sustainable education programs to support the adoption of AI within the mental health care sphere.

Biological factors and statistical limitations prevent detection of most noncanonical proteins by mass spectrometry.

Ribosome profiling experiments indicate pervasive translation of short open reading frames (ORFs) outside of annotated protein-coding genes. However, shotgun mass spectrometry (MS) experiments typically detect only a small fraction of the predicted protein products of this noncanonical translation. The rarity of detection could indicate that most predicted noncanonical proteins are rapidly degraded and not present in the cell; alternatively, it could reflect technical limitations. Here, we leveraged recent advances in ribosome profiling and MS to investigate the factors limiting detection of noncanonical proteins in yeast. We show that the low detection rate of noncanonical ORF products can largely be explained by small size and low translation levels and does not indicate that they are unstable or biologically insignificant. In particular, proteins encoded by evolutionarily young genes, including those with well-characterized biological roles, are too short and too lowly expressed to be detected by shotgun MS at current detection sensitivities. Additionally, we find that decoy biases can give misleading estimates of noncanonical protein false discovery rates, potentially leading to false detections. After accounting for these issues, we found strong evidence for 4 noncanonical proteins in MS data, which were also supported by evolution and translation data. These results illustrate the power of MS to validate unannotated genes predicted by ribosome profiling, but also its substantial limitations in finding many biologically relevant lowly expressed proteins.

Saʿadia Gaon’s Tafsīr of the Hebrew Bible in an Arab-Muslim Context: A Paradigm Shift?

There is a widely held assumption that translating sacred texts in line with the sociocultural and linguistic contexts of specific audiences is a recent trend that came out of nowhere, one that is motivated by the eccentric interests of an isolated group of translators whose translation strategies and products are deemed non-conformist at best or heretical at worst. This article calls this assumption into question using a case study of the work of Saʿadia Gaon (882–942), one of the pioneer translators of the Hebrew Bible into Judaeo-Arabic. The key hypothesis on which this paper is premised is that Saʿadia’s tafsīr strategies effected a paradigmatic shift in the Arabic translation of the biblical text. Through studying specific examples from Saʿadia’s translation of the Torah and the book of Psalms, this article seeks to identify his translation strategies, locating them in the sociocultural context in which he produced the translations. Specific focus is laid on issues around anthropomorphism and the use of idiomatic Islamic expressions. The article also reflects on the reception of Saʿadia’s work and the impact it had on later generations of translators and readers.

Applying Systemic Functional Linguistics in Translation Studies: Instantiation, Individuation, and a Three-Dimensional Model

This study aims to provide a detailed investigation of applying Systemic Functional Linguistics (hereafter SFL) in translation studies from the perspective of instantiation and individuation. Revisiting instantiation and individuation along their history in SFL and introducing the recently developed concepts, the studies on the application of instantiation, individuation and a three-dimensional model are examined respectively. It is noted that instantiation and individuation complement the translation studies by treating the translation process as a linguistic process and interpreting many translation issues in terms of individuality and trajectories of allocation and affiliation, such as the differentiation of equivalence, translation strategies, and translator's choices. As a result, it enables the study of translation products, translation process, and people involved (i.e., the translator, writer, and reader) within a single architecture.

Rapid Degradation of mDia2 Protein during Terminal Erythropoiesis Via an In Vivo Aid System: An Alternative Approach for Loss-of-Function Studies

Loss-of-function manipulations are crucial methods for studying gene functions. Despite the availability of many chemical-induced genetic manipulation techniques, there are limitations associated with these technologies. Tamoxifen-induced conditional gene expression, gene knockdown, or cell tracking represent some of the most common genetic manipulations employed in mice. However, tamoxifen-induced gene or Cre expression in bone marrow cell populations is relatively weak, affecting only a low proportion of cells. Similar observations have been made with the in vivo doxycycline-inducible system. Given that inflammation could affect the dispersion of bone marrow hematopoietic cells, an inducible system based on the MX1 promoter and interferon-alpha is not suitable for long-term protein knockdown. In addition, the above-mentioned methods are not able to achieve rapid loss-of-function because it is largely determined by the half-life of the transcriptional and translational products of the targeted gene. Furthermore, none of these technologies could achieve reversible depletion of the protein of interest. Therefore, there is a need for enhanced techniques for inducible and reversible loss-of-function gene manipulations in the field of hematopoiesis. The capacity for quick, targeted protein elimination is particularly necessary when researching the functions of proteins that play roles in swift biological processes. The Auxin-inducible degron (AID) system is a chemically inducible tool, widely employed for targeted protein degradation to study protein functions in cultured mammalian cells. It holds significant potential as a powerful tool for studying protein functions in vivo within the bone marrow. The AID system comprises three components: the auxin signal, AID tag, and auxin receptor F-box proteins (AFBs). When an AID tag is fused to a protein of interest, the AFB proteins recognize the tag and, in the presence of the auxin signal, induce the protein's degradation via the proteasome. Additionally, due to its small molecular weight, auxin can potentially penetrate the bone marrow barrier and achieve the working concentration in the bone marrow, facilitating protein degradation. In this study, we aim to investigate the role of mDia2 in terminal erythropoiesis using AID system. The mDia family proteins are formin proteins that catalyze the assembly of F-actin. The loss of function of mDia2 achieved by Cre-flox system leads to deficiency in enucleation and anemia. We hypothesize that the mDia2 loss of function could be compensated by upregulated mDia1 in the Cre-flox mediated knockout system, and a rapid loss of mDia2 protein could lead to more severe phenotypes in vivo and ex-vivo. We knocked in minilAA7-eGFP to the end of the last exon of mDia2 gene to create an endogenous tagged mDia2 protein in C57/B6 mice. We also created an AFB protein transgenic mouse by knocking in the atAFB2 protein coding gene at the ROSA26 locus driven by the Vav1 promoter. After crossing the mDia2-minilAA7-eGFP transgenic mice with Vav1-atAFB2 mice, we obtained mDia2-minilAA7-eGFP and Vav1-atAFB2 double homozygous mice. We administered auxin via intraperitoneal (IP) injection at a concentration of 300 mg/kg and collected total bone marrow cells four hours post-injection. Quantification of the GFP signal through flow cytometry revealed a significant reduction following auxin administration compared to the control group. This protein degradation was further confirmed with Western blotting assays. To understand how an immediate loss of mDia2 influences terminal erythropoiesis, we isolated lineage-negative cells from auxin-administered mice and cultured them in an EPO-containing medium with 10 µM auxin for 48 hours. Compared to lineage-negative cells from VavCre-mDia2f/f mice, auxin-induced mDia2 degradation resulted in a significantly lower enucleation rate. Notably, auxin administration had no observable effects on either WT mice or atAFB2 homozygous mice. This suggests that rapid mDia2 loss, induced by the AID system, permits a better understanding of the targeted protein's function by avoiding potential compensatory effects from mDia1 during terminal enucleation. In conclusion, our established in vivo AID system enables rapid targeted protein degradation and serves as a powerful tool for studying protein functions potentially obscured by compensatory effects during erythropoiesis.

An Empirical Study on the Improvement of Students’ Strategic Competence Through Translation Project Teaching

Strategic competence, as a meta-cognitive ability, determines the other translation sub-competences. To tease out how students’ strategic competence is developed in translation project is significant in enlightening the translation teaching practice. This study explores how five Chinese college students’ translation competence, particularly their strategic competence, develop within a translation project introduced into the translation teaching of the authors’ institute. Strategic competence includes four parts: problem identification, solution proposal, action taking, and decision making. By examining both the translation process and the translation product, including translation tasks, translation logs, group discussions, and interviews from five student translators, we found that the overall translation competence of the student translators has significantly improved. The development of various elements of strategic ability is uneven, with the abilities to identify problems, evaluate issues, and take measures showing the most significant improvement. However, there is a lag in decision-making capabilities in translation output. Based on these findings, the study provides concrete suggestions for improving the teaching of translation.

Elevating plant immunity by translational regulation of a rice WRKY transcription factor.

Plants have intricate mechanisms that tailor their defence responses to pathogens. WRKY transcription factors play a pivotal role in plant immunity by regulating various defence signalling pathways. Many WRKY genes are transcriptionally activated upon pathogen attack, but how their functions are regulated after transcription remains elusive. Here, we show that OsWRKY7 functions as a crucial positive regulator of rice basal immunity against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). The activity of OsWRKY7 was regulated at both translational and post-translational levels. Two translational products of OsWRKY7 were generated by alternative initiation. The full-length OsWRKY7 protein is normally degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome system but was accumulated following elicitor or pathogen treatment, whereas the alternate product initiated from the downstream in-frame start codon was stable. Both the full and alternate OsWRKY7 proteins have transcriptional activities in yeast and rice cells, and overexpression of each form enhanced resistance to Xoo infection. Furthermore, disruption of the main AUG inrice increased the endogenous translation of the alternate stabilized form of OsWRKY7 and enhanced bacterial blight resistance. This study provides insights into the coordination of alternative translation and protein stability in the regulation of plant growth and basal defence mediated by the OsWRKY7 transcription factor, and also suggests a promising strategy to breed disease-resistant rice by translation initiation control.

Translation in the Dubbed Films in “Seventeen Years” (1949-1966) from an Occidentalism Approach: Two Case Studies of Great Expectations and Salt of the Earth

This paper focuses on dubbed films in the “Seventeen Years” (1949-1966) after the founding of the People’s Republic of China, during which period China imported and translated 18 films from the United Kingdom and the United States to construct unreal, hallucinating images of the Western world. Two case studies, namely Great Expectations and Salt of the Earth, are examined and the study finds that translation played a significant role in changing the plot, lines and narratives. Simultaneously, translation helped maintain the humanistic values and literary content in the films. Occidentalism is used as the framework to explore the role of translation and media production in molding the products of multicultural literature in different cultures. The study of the film industry in the “Seventeen Years”, especially the dubbed and subtitled films, requires a rethinking of the contents and functions. Dubbed and subtitled films from the West followed the Occidentalist discourse, like those imported from the Soviet bloc, and helped promote China’s cultural leadership and supported its social and political practices, but at the same time the translation helped retain the aesthetic and humanistic aspects of the original films and served as counter-Occidentalist discourse. The findings reveal that Occidentalist discourse in translation functions to strengthen the state ideology and translation also functions as counter-Occidentalist through retaining humanism and artistic features of the films.

Exploring homology of fields in translation

Abstract The translation and reception of contemporary Chinese literature into Portuguese have gained prominence recently but have not received much scholarly attention. This study employs Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of homology to analyze the relationship between translation and various related fields and their impact on translating Chinese contemporary literature in Brazil and Portugal from 2000 to 2022. It highlights how these fields’ interconnectedness has both facilitated and hindered translation practices. The research explores the notion of fields and homology and examines the translation production process, focusing on how the translation field interacts with its academic, educational, and political counterparts. Using the translation of contemporary Chinese literature into Portuguese as a case study, the article suggests that the structural similarity among these fields significantly affects how Chinese literature is translated and received, influencing the choice of works, translation methods, and publishing priorities. Through an extensive analysis, the study bridges Bourdieu’s homology concept with practical scenarios, enhancing the discourse in translation studies and Chinese literature, particularly in the Portuguese context.

DNA hypomethylation characterizes genes encoding tissue-dominant functional proteins in liver and skeletal muscle

Each tissue has a dominant set of functional proteins required to mediate tissue-specific functions. Epigenetic modifications, transcription, and translational efficiency control tissue-dominant protein production. However, the coordination of these regulatory mechanisms to achieve such tissue-specific protein production remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the DNA methylome, transcriptome, and proteome in mouse liver and skeletal muscle. We found that DNA hypomethylation at promoter regions is globally associated with liver-dominant or skeletal muscle-dominant functional protein production within each tissue, as well as with genes encoding proteins involved in ubiquitous functions in both tissues. Thus, genes encoding liver-dominant proteins, such as those involved in glycolysis or gluconeogenesis, the urea cycle, complement and coagulation systems, enzymes of tryptophan metabolism, and cytochrome P450-related metabolism, were hypomethylated in the liver, whereas those encoding-skeletal muscle-dominant proteins, such as those involved in sarcomere organization, were hypomethylated in the skeletal muscle. Thus, DNA hypomethylation characterizes genes encoding tissue-dominant functional proteins.

Diversifying Boundary Organizations: The Making of a Global Platform for Indigenous (and Local) Knowledge in the UNFCCC

Abstract The creation of the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) set out to incorporate Indigenous and local knowledge into the science–policy landscape of the climate field. The Platform is a crucial case of institutional change, as it signals an incipient shift from a science-centric toward a pluralistic approach to knowledge in global climate governance. This article traces this process of change in the politics and practices underlying the establishment and design of the Platform as an interface for Indigenous and local knowledge holders. The analysis shows that the sui generis design of the Platform was the product of bricolage (recombination) and translation (recontextualization) of disparate elements with the purpose of accommodating various political demands in an altogether new kind of knowledge–policy interface: a diverse boundary organization. The article makes an empirical contribution to the historical development of knowledge politics in the UNFCCC and a theoretical contribution to the study of boundary organizations by advancing a broader conceptualization that transcends science-centric approaches.