Translational Perspective Research Articles

Semantic features in English print advertisements: a Xitsonga translation perspective

Authors’ writing styles and diction applied in advertisements give the language a specialised aspect in translation. The translation of advertisements from English into Xitsonga is still undervalued, based on the observation that Xitsonga newspapers prefer to advertise in English. This article explores a corpus of two print advertisements and employs a descriptive qualitative design by document analysis to provide an in-depth analysis of the translation of both metaphoric statements and subtle words from English into Xitsonga. The study is underpinned by the functionalist approach of translation theory to illustrate the dynamic nature of the selected advertisements. The article exposes the confusion, threats, prejudice and linguistic motives of domination by and hegemony of English as the often-hidden attempts to discredit Xitsonga. The question is: How can Xitsonga advertisements be appropriately couched in English semantic features and still make sense to the target reader? The article observes that the translation of advertisements from English into Xitsonga is at the cusp of being declared ‘adaptation’ or ‘transcreation’. However, it posits that since advertising is characterised by persuasive meaning, it requires the translator’s skilful manipulation of the functionalist approach in translation.

The Communication of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the United States during the Mid-19th Century to the Early 20th Century from Perspectives of Translation

The Communication of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the United States during the Mid-19th Century to the Early 20th Century from Perspectives of Translation

First in vivo fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging of the multiple sclerosis drug siponimod.

Theranostic imaging methods could greatly enhance our understanding of the distribution of CNS-acting drugs in individual patients. Fluorine-19 magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) offers the opportunity to localize and quantify fluorinated drugs non-invasively, without modifications and without the application of ionizing or other harmful radiation. Here we investigated siponimod, a sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor antagonist indicated for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), to determine the feasibility of in vivo 19F MR imaging of a disease modifying drug. Methods: The 19F MR properties of siponimod were characterized using spectroscopic techniques. Four MRI methods were investigated to determine which was the most sensitive for 19F MR imaging of siponimod under biological conditions. We subsequently administered siponimod orally to 6 mice and acquired 19F MR spectra and images in vivo directly after administration, and in ex vivo tissues. Results: The 19F transverse relaxation time of siponimod was 381 ms when dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, and substantially reduced to 5 ms when combined with serum, and to 20 ms in ex vivo liver tissue. Ultrashort echo time (UTE) imaging was determined to be the most sensitive MRI technique for imaging siponimod in a biological context and was used to map the drug in vivo in the stomach and liver. Ex vivo images in the liver and brain showed an inhomogeneous distribution of siponimod in both organs. In the brain, siponimod accumulated predominantly in the cerebrum but not the cerebellum. No secondary 19F signals were detected from metabolites. From a translational perspective, we found that acquisitions done on a 3.0 T clinical MR scanner were 2.75 times more sensitive than acquisitions performed on a preclinical 9.4 T MR setup when taking changes in brain size across species into consideration and using equivalent relative spatial resolution. Conclusion: Siponimod can be imaged non-invasively using 19F UTE MRI in the form administered to MS patients, without modification. This study lays the groundwork for more extensive preclinical and clinical investigations. With the necessary technical development, 19F MRI has the potential to become a powerful theranostic tool for studying the time-course and distribution of CNS-acting drugs within the brain, especially during pathology.

The Role of Circadian Rhythm in Neurological Diseases: A Translational Perspective.

Intrinsic biological clocks drive the circadian rhythm, which coordinates the physiological and pathophysiological processes in the body. Recently, a bidirectional relationship between circadian rhythms and several neurological diseases has been reported. Neurological diseases can lead to the disruption of circadian homeostasis, thereby increasing disease severity. Therefore, optimizing the current treatments through circadian-based approaches, including adjusted dosing, changing lifestyle, and targeted interventions, offer a promising opportunity for better clinical outcomes and precision medicine. In this review, we provide detailed implications of the circadian rhythm in neurological diseases through bench-to-bedside approaches. Furthermore, based on the unsatisfactory clinical outcomes, we critically discuss the potential of circadian-based interventions, which may encourage more studies in this discipline, with the hope of improving treatment efficacy in neurological diseases.

Acylations in cardiovascular biology and diseases, what's beyond acetylation.

Metabolism regulates cardiovascular biology through multiple mechanisms, including epigenetic modifications. Over the past two decades, experimental and preclinical studies have highlighted the critical roles of histone modifications in cardiovascular development, homeostasis, and diseases. The widely studied histone acetylation is critical in cardiovascular biology and diseases, and inhibitors of histone deacetylases show therapeutic values. In addition to lysine acetylation, a series of novel non-acetyl lysine acylations have recently been recognized. These non-acetyl lysine acylations have been demonstrated to have physiological and pathological functions, and recent studies have analyzed the roles of these non-acetyl lysine acylations in cardiovascular biology. Herein, we review the current advances in the understanding of non-acetyl lysine acylations in cardiovascular biology and discuss open questions and translational perspectives. These new pieces of evidence provide a more extensive insight into the epigenetic mechanisms underlying cardiovascular biology and help assess the feasibility of targeting acylations to treat cardiovascular diseases.

Animal Inflammation-Based Models of Neuropsychiatric Disorders.

Mounting evidence links psychiatric disorders to central and systemic inflammation. Experimental (animal) models of psychiatric disorders are important tools for translational biopsychiatry research and CNS drug discovery. Current experimental models, most typically involving rodents, continue to reveal shared fundamental pathological pathways and biomarkers underlying the pathogenetic link between brain illnesses and neuroinflammation. Recent data also show that various proinflammatory factors canalter brain neurochemistry, modulating the levels of neurohormones and neurotrophins in neurons and microglia. The role of "active" glia in releasing a wide range of proinflammatory cytokines also implicates glial cells in various psychiatric disorders. Here, we discuss recent animal inflammation-related models of psychiatric disorders, focusing on their translational perspectives and the use of some novelpromising model organisms (zebrafish), to better understand the evolutionally conservative role of inflammation in neuropsychiatric conditions.

Advancements and Perspectives in Machine Translation: A Comprehensive Review

Advancements and Perspectives in Machine Translation: A Comprehensive Review

ОБРАЗНЫЕ ФРАЗЕОЛОГИЗМЫ КАК КОМПОНЕНТЫ КИНОТЕКСТА: ВЗГЛЯД СКВОЗЬ ПРИЗМУ ПЕРЕВОДА

The article deals with the translation of phraseological units in film from the perspective of audiovisual translation (AVT) and cultural differences between the recipients of the film in the source and target languages. The comparative analysis of Russian cinematic material and English subtitles demonstrates that the predominant strategies in translation are phraseological translation and “neutralization” of the culture-specific component in idioms.

《同年不童年》多模态互动关系研究

《同年不童年》多模态互动关系研究

Research Agenda on Complex Neural Networks Approach to Psychopathology

Interest in underlying neural structures of psychopathology has gained interest in several research fields. Fostered by new methods and research technics new evidence showed that different neural pathways tend to be associated with different psychopathological syndromes. However, a more systematic data gathering regarding neural networks and psychopathology is required to clarify and differentiate neural networks and specific symptomatology. Moreover, a theoretically congruent assessment instrument focused on symptoms based, specifically on brain systems is lacking. This brief report highlights a research agenda on the exploration of this topic. Built on the previous models, this research agenda highlights: (1) the need to systematize information, (2) provide clear links between neural networks and specific syndromes, and (3) support and solidify previous theoretical models. The present work is aligned with a metatheoretical, transtheoretical, and/or translational perspective on psychology and neuroscience. Keywords: Neural Networks, DMN, FPEN, ASN, AMHN.

The bile acid receptor TGR5 and cholestasis

During liver injury and cholestasis, the mechanisms allowing the organ to protect itself with the aim of maintaining biliary homeostasis are not completely understood. Central to their biological roles, bile acids (BAs) and their receptors constitute a signaling network with multiple molecular and cellular impacts on both liver repair and protection from BA overload. BA signal through nuclear [mainly farnesoid X receptor (FXR)] and membrane [mainly G protein-coupled BA receptor 1 (GPBAR-1), aka Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5)] receptors, in which activation elicits a wide array of biological responses. So far, most of the studies have been focused on FXR signaling as hepato-protective, TGR5 being less explored to this regard. While the liver faces massive and potentially harmful BA overload during cholestasis, it is crucial to understand that BAs induce also protective responses contributing not only to reduce the inflammatory burden, but also to spare liver cells and their repair capacities. Based on the available literature, the TGR5 BA receptor protects the liver in the cholestatic context and counteracts BA overload with the aim of restoring biliary homeostasis mainly through the control of inflammatory processes, biliary epithelial barrier permeability, and BA pool composition. Mouse experimental models of cholestasis reveal that the lack of TGR5 was associated with exacerbated inflammation and necrosis, leaky biliary epithelium, and excessive BA pool hydrophobicity, resulting in biliary cell and parenchymal insult, and compromising optimal restoration of biliary homeostasis and liver repair. There are thus widely opened translational perspectives with the aim of targeting TGR5-related signaling or biological responses to trigger protection of the cholestatic liver.

Profanity in English-Ukrainian translation: creativity vs censorship

This article rethinks the rendering of profanity from a cultural translation perspective. Profanity is broadly recognised as one of translation problems but its study has been mostly concentrated on language issues, namely stylistic ones. When viewed in terms of linguistic analysis, profanity is described as low words including argot, slang, jargon, etc. In terms of translation studies these language units are characterized as limited in usage non-normative ones, marked both culturally and emotively and coming in three varieties: abusive, socially and territory conditioned lexis. This study concentrates on the Ukrainian translation of J. D. Salinger’s novel The Catcher in the Rye, which naturally limits profanity to the first two varieties. The methodological underpinning of the research brings into the fore the interdependence and interconnections between translator’s creativity and his ideological stance restricted by censorship. The first edition of the Ukrainian translation by O. Logvynenko was published back in 1984 and it was a fully valued one, judging from a number of republications and Ukrainian readers’ high response. The translator’s mastery however needs consideration in the social-political context of his activity. The censorship limitations in the Soviet Union of the early 1980-s, though not as strict as they used to be earlier, were still there and included among others the requirement to regard the Russian translation made several decades before as the example to follow. In his obvious willingness to render profanity as an important distinctive feature of the hero’s psychological state, O. Logvynenko had to take it into account. He rendered profanity of the source text in about a half of all the fragments of the target text employing full or partial (functional) equivalents which allowed to preserve emotive connotations. In other cases that constitute a little more than a half of all under study, he sometimes resorted to compensation which had the same effect. Still, in a number of target text fragments emotive connotations are lost as profanity is substituted with normative language units or omitted. A glance into the nature of such cases brings us to the conclusion that they were caused not by the lack of translation decisions but by ideological considerations, namely censorship constraints.

The Decline in the Religious Zionist Negation of the Diaspora: A Translation Perspective

The Decline in the Religious Zionist Negation of the Diaspora: A Translation Perspective

Osteochondral regenerative engineering: challenges, state-of-the-art and translational perspectives.

Despite quantum leaps, the biomimetic regeneration of cartilage and osteochondral regeneration remains a major challenge, owing to the complex and hierarchical nature of compositional, structural and functional properties. In this review, an account of the prevailing challenges in biomimicking the gradients in porous microstructure, cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) orientation is presented. Further, the spatial arrangement of the cues in inducing vascularization in the subchondral bone region while maintaining the avascular nature of the adjacent cartilage layer is highlighted. With rapid advancement in biomaterials science, biofabrication tools and strategies, the state-of-the-art in osteochondral regeneration since the last decade has expansively elaborated. This includes conventional and additive manufacturing of synthetic/natural/ECM-based biomaterials, tissue-specific/mesenchymal/progenitor cells, growth factors and/or signaling biomolecules. Beyond the laboratory-based research and development, the underlying challenges in translational research are also provided in a dedicated section. A new generation of biomaterial-based acellular scaffold systems with uncompromised biocompatibility and osteochondral regenerative capability is necessary to bridge the clinical demand and commercial supply. Encompassing the basic elements of osteochondral research, this review is believed to serve as a standalone guide for early career researchers, in expanding the research horizon to improve the quality of life of osteoarthritic patients affordably.

Theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling: physiological basics, analysis methods, and perspectives of translation into clinical practice

Studying rhythmic neural synchronization (cross-frequency coupling in various ranges) is an emerging topic in present-day neurophysiology. One of the best-studied cross-frequency couplings is theta-gamma phase-amplitude coupling that contributes to the cognitive function and may vary in patients with several conditions associated with cognitive impairment. Changes in theta-gamma coupling can be registered in a wide range of diseases associated with cognitive decline.
 The review covers the physiological basics of theta-gamma coupling, its registration and calculation, correlation with cognitive test results in healthy volunteers, and changes in patients. We have discussed the results of the preliminary studies of frequency-dependent non-invasive brain stimulation based on theta-gamma coupling.

Translational perspective on bone-derived cytokines in inter-organ communications

Translational perspective on bone-derived cytokines in inter-organ communications

Perspektif penterjemahan karya sastera prosa Arab ke bahasa Melayu dalam kajian-kajian lepas

Translating Arabic prose literature into Malay is not an easy task, especially when dealing with rhetoric. Translators frequently face difficulties in understanding figurative meaning when translating rhetoric in a literary text. Therefore, this research examines discourse on the translation of Arabic prose literature into Malay in past research. The research focuses on two aspects: i) Arabic-Malay translations of literature which are often used as research material to observe the tendency of aspects of research by scholars, and ii) translation method and strategy for figurative language in Arabic-Malay translations of literary works. This research is designed in a qualitative form through the method of content analysis of books, journal articles, proceedings, and theses. Data is analysed in a descriptive manner in order to observe the perspective of translation of Arabic prose literature into Malay in past researches. Kalīlah wa Dimnah, Riḥlah Ibn Baṭṭūṭah, Ḥikāyat Alf Laylah wa Laylah and Masrūr wa Maqrūr are Arabic-Malay literature translation that are often used as research material. Results of the research show that past research tend to analyse the translation of Arabic-Malay prose from the aspects of theory, method, and strategy used by translators in translation works. Choosing a theory, method, and strategy has a potential impact on producing good translations in the targeted language and even preserving literary values as intended precisely by the source text.

Translational perspectives from TSHR, MCT8 and TRα research.

Translational perspectives from TSHR, MCT8 and TRα research.

Placental extracellular vesicles in maternal-fetal communication during pregnancy.

For several years, a growing number of studies have highlighted the pivotal role of placental extracellular vesicles (EVs) throughout pregnancy. These membrane nanovesicles, heterogeneous in nature, composition and origin, are secreted by several trophoblastic cell types and are found in both the maternal and fetal compartments. They can be uptaken by recipient cells and drive a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we provide an overview of the different described roles of placental EVs in various aspects of normal pregnancy, from placenta establishment to maternal immune tolerance towards the fetus and protection against viral infections. In the second part, we present selected examples of pathological pregnancies in which placental EVs are involved, such as gestational diabetes mellitus, pre-eclampsia, and congenital infections. Since the abundance and/or composition of placental EVs is deregulated in maternal serum during pathological pregnancies, this makes them interesting candidates as non-invasive biomarkers for gestational diseases and opens a wide field of translational perspectives.

Present Situation and Countermeasures of the C-E Translation of the Intangible Cultural Heritage for Global Communication: Taking Foshan City as an Example

The Intangible cultural heritage is the witness of China’s historical development and a living culture with rich connotation and extraordinary value. To develop and spread it, the C-E translation of intangible cultural heritage is essential. This paper comprehensively analyzes the present situation and the existing problems of C-E translation of Foshan intangible cultural heritage, explores the reasons for its formation, and puts forward practical solutions from the perspective of relevant government departments and translators.