Translation Transformations Research Articles

PECULIARITIES OF THE KEY IMAGES CONVEYING OF А.S. PUSHKIN’S POEM “TO THE SLANDERERS OF RUSSIA” IN ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS

The article deals with the peculiarities of rendering the key images of A.S. Pushkin’s poem “To the Slanderers of Russia” in the English translations. The research aims at comparative analysis of the key images rendering and stylistic features of the poem. The research material comprises three English translations. The article analyses the transformation of the text and its key images. In particular, the article compares the semantic fields of the original lexemes with their English equivalents. It is defined how the translator’s selection of a particular translation unit affects the tonality of the work. Moreover, the impact of the historical context and the translators’ personal perception on the translated text is analysed. The article deals with the problem of transferring realities when translating a poetic text. The study applies elements of etymological, comparative-historical and comparative analyses. The images conveyed are actively undergone various translational transformations. The transferred images are actively subjected to various translation transformations.

THE ELEGY “DON’T ASK ME WHY, ALONE IN DISMAL THOUGHT” BY АLEXANDER РUSHKIN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TWO ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS

The article focuses on the problem of translating Pushkin’s lyrics into English in the 20th-21st centuries. The object of study is the content and form of A.S. Pushkin’s elegy “To *** (Don’t ask me why, alone in dismal thought)” in English translations. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of conveying the form and the contents of Pushkin’s poem, with two translations of the elegy, made by Vyacheslav Chistyakov and Andrey Kneller, as a case study. The analysis of two previously unexplored translations of Pushkin’s text constitutes the novelty of the study. The tasks of the study were as follows: to describe the peculiarities of the given translations, to outline the group of the key words of the poem, describe discrepancies in their translation. The study showed that numerous translation transformations were used by the translators. Kneller’s translation is more adequate because of avoiding emotionally charged language.

ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSLATION OF COLORS FOUND IN W. SHAKESPEARE’S SONNETS 1-126

This article presents the analysis on the colors used by W. Shakespeare in Sonnets 1-126 dedicated to a young man, and their translation in Samuil Marshak’s and Khamit Yergaliev’s variants. The most frequently used colors in the Sonnets 1-126 of the English writer are revealed in this work. Excerpts from the Sonnets with colors using are given and compared with their Russian and Kazakh translations. The purpose of this study is a detailed analysis in three variants of the colors appeared in W. Shakespeare’s sonnets 1-126. In the process of scientific work, the differences and similarities of the translated variants, as well as the features of each writer, are determined. The idea of the article is to compare the translation of colors in these Sonnets, to identify the colors most frequently used by the author and by the translators, to allocate the colors into thematic groups of sonnets proposed by A. Anikst. The scientific significance of this work lies in the insufficiency of research on the interpretation of colors in translated variants of W. Shakespeare’s sonnets. The practical significance of the study is determined by the usefulness of the presented data and results in the classes on the theory and practice of translation, comparative lexicology and grammar. In the article, the methods of analysis and synthesis, the sorting method, the comparative method were widely used and led to corresponding results. This research work will be able to give direction for further research on the analysis of the translated variants of the Sonnets, the translation of English colors into Russian and Kazakh languages. Keywords: translation of the Sonnets, indirect translation, colors translation, complex colors interpretation, the thematic groups of the Sonnets, Shakespeare’s color palette, translation transformations, comparative analysis.

An Artificial Intelligence-Based Tool for Enhancing Pectoral Muscle Segmentation in Mammograms: Addressing Class Imbalance and Validation Challenges in Automated Breast Cancer Diagnosis.

Breast cancer remains a major health concern worldwide, requiring the advancement of early detection methods to improve prognosis and treatment outcomes. In this sense, mammography is regarded as the gold standard in breast cancer screening and early detection. However, in a scenario where extensive analysis is required, a large set of mammograms conducted by radiologists may carry out false negative or false positive diagnoses. Therefore, artificial intelligence has emerged in recent years as a method for enhancing timing in breast cancer diagnosis. Nonetheless, preprocessing stages are required to prepare the mammography dataset to enhance learning models to correctly identify breast anomalies. In this paper, we introduce a novel method employing convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to segment the pectoral muscle in 1288 mediolateral oblique mammograms (MLOs), thereby addressing class imbalance and overfitting between classes, and dataset augmentation based on translation, rotation, and scale transformation. The effectiveness of the model was assessed through a confusion matrix and performance metrics, highlighting an average Dice coefficient of 0.98 and a Jaccard index of 0.96. The outcomes demonstrate the model capability to accurately identify three classes: pectoral muscle, breast, and background. This study emphasizes the importance of tackling class imbalance problems and augmenting data for the training of models for reliable early breast cancer detection.

Compliant curved beam support with flexible stiffness modulation for near-zero frequency vibration isolation

Passive isolation of low-frequency vibrations poses a significant challenge due to the requirement of possessing a low stiffness. Herein, a compliant curved beam support (CCBS) for near-zero frequency vibration isolation is proposed and systematically investigated. The CCBS exploits nonlinear negative stiffness provided by an arc-shaped beam support to modulate nonlinear positive stiffness of a spiral-shaped beam support. This nonlinear configuration gives rise to an interesting phenomenon, that is, the stiffness modulation of the CCBS for quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) can be flexibly fulfilled by performing a translation transformation on negative stiffness instead of reshaping it. A thorough static analysis is implemented to reveal this stiffness modulation mechanism. The dynamic governing equation is derived and solved analytically and numerically to calculate the displacement transmissibility, and the effects of excitation amplitude, damping, and applied load are dissected. Finally, various excitation tests are conducted to experimentally evaluate vibration isolation performance. The results demonstrate that the CCBS exhibits a remarkably low resonance frequency of 0.5 Hz and achieves near-zero isolation starting at 0.8 Hz, showcasing excellent performance in isolating low-frequency vibrations. The proposed CCBS provides a novel paradigm for achieving flexible low stiffness modulation in compact QZS isolators, making it highly deserving of promotion.

Specificity of Translating Icononyms into Diverse Structural Languages (English, French, and Tatar)

This study examines proper names functioning as titles of iconographic works (such as ‘Pokrov Bogomateri’ (the Protection of the Mother of God), ‘Voskreseniye Khristovo’ (the Resurrection of Christ), ‘Soshestviye vo ad’ (the Descent into Hell) etc.) in the context of exploring their translation into English, French, and Tatar. A comparative analysis of artionyms (icononyms) is conducted. The sources for this research include catalogs of ancient Russian painting, particularly those from the collection of the State Museum of Fine Arts of the Republic of Tatarstan (Kazan). The paper discusses the challenges involved in translating terms such as ‘umileniye’ (compassion), ‘pokrov’ (protection), and ‘успение’ (dormition) etc. On one hand, doctrinal discrepancies are noted in the target languages, which are attributed to extralinguistic factors (differences in approaches to key Christian doctrines among Orthodoxy, Protestantism, and Catholicism, as well as the absence of cultural elements from the source language in the target language). On the other hand, semantic inconsistencies are identified, which can be explained by attempts at generalization or, conversely, specification of the content of terms aimed at facilitating recipient comprehension. One of the most frequent translational transformations observed is calquing, with identified differences in word formation patterns explained by the distinct typological models of the languages being compared (synthetic, analytic, agglutinative).

Реконтекстуалізація в перекладі студентського сленгу

Student slang as a secondary communication system is used by students exclusively in the context of informal conversation, since slang units cannot be used appropriately without knowing specific university terminology. The difficulty of translating such profanity is caused by the need for recontextualization – the translator's reconstruction of the source and target text contexts. The study of student slang words, in particular the techniques of translating them from English into Ukrainian, is relevant due to the dynamic nature of student slang, as well as the expansion of the boundaries of contemporary academic mobility of students. The purpose of the article is to determine the peculiarities of using the recontextualization strategy in the main techniques of translating student slang from English into Ukrainian. The integrated study of recontextualization in student slang translation involved the application of the following methods: the method of continuous sampling (for assembling slang units from student web-blogs), the method of descriptive observation (for defining possible techniques of translating student slang), methods of analysis and synthesis (for singling out lexical and stylistic peculiarities of student slang translation and formulation of conclusions). Results. Within the framework of sociocognitive approach, context is considered to be a special mental construct generated by participants in their episodic memory in the course of communicative interaction. The relevant constituents of the unique, subjective and dynamic context model include the sender and receiver of the message, their relationship, personal (situational) and sociocultural knowledge, evaluations and emotions, place and time of communication. A translator as a mediator of communicative interaction between the sender and the receiver of the message, also constructs a context model. Effective translation activity is possible only if the peculiarities of the context models of both the sender and the receiver of the message are taken into account. That is why the translator's context model is formed by incorporating the context models of both communicative partners into an integrated context model. Recontextualization as a linguistic and cognitive operation is aimed at reconstructing a communicative situation in the conceptual coordinates of communicative partners. Recontextualization in translation is a comprehensive translation strategy that affects all structural and communicative levels of the text and is used to adapt the translated text to the conditions acceptable in the target environment and the pragmatics of bilingual interaction. The strategy of recontextualization in student slang translation includes several stages: reconstructing the integrated context model that will resonate with the usual, everyday conditions of student life; domesticating the source text through analogy and specification; using appropriate translation techniques and transformations to reproduce the meaning of student slang in the target language. A comprehensive analysis of the illustrative material proved that the strategy of recontextualization involves such most frequent techniques of translating student slang as the search for appropriate equivalents in the target language, descriptive translation, explication and calquing. The highlighting stylistic features of translating student slang include metaphor, metonymy and antonomasia. The stylistic load of student slang often causes translation difficulties, since the strategy of recontextualization requires the involvement of a wide range of not only situational background, but also encyclopaedic knowledge. Originality. The article presents the attempt of making a deep insight into the application of the recontextualization strategy in translating student slang from English into Ukrainian. Conclusion. The results of the study prove that student slang is a multifaceted and emotionally coloured linguistic phenomenon that serves not only as a means of communication but also as a kind of sypher encoded in a mosaic of words and phrases. The strategy of recontextualization as a multi-stage linguistic and cognitive operation is focused on the reconstruction of the communicative situation by the translator in order to adapt the target text and adequately translate slang units. It is proved that the main techniques of translating student slang from English into Ukrainian are the search for appropriate equivalents in the target language, descriptive translation, explication and calquing. Metaphor, metonymy and antonomasia are the most effective and frequent stylistic means aimed at fulfilling the pragmatic function of slang units. We consider the study of possible ways of translating student abbreviations and phraseological units from English into Ukrainian to be much promising.

3D point cloud reconstruction for array GM-APD lidar based on echo waveform decomposition

Array GM-APD lidar only reconstructs one response distance per pixel, resulting in 3D point clouds sparse. This paper proposes a 3D point cloud reconstruction algorithm using echo waveforms directly. First, combining empirical mode decomposition and the array GM-APD lidar echo waveform characteristics to extract multiple target response distances per pixel. Then, assuming per-pixel target surface rotation to resolve the shared azimuth and polar angles of multiple response distances. Calculate the rotation angles using the decomposed distance difference and by minimizing the plane fitting error. Finally, reconstruct the 3D point cloud by rotation translation transformation. Simulations and experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm reduces the Chamfer Distance of the reconstructed 3D point cloud by over 10 % compared to the original. The reconstructed 3D point cloud of buildings and vehicles shows lower sparsity and stepwise, and the reconstructed 3D point cloud for each target in the multiple-target scene is unaffected by others.

Особенности китайских экономических терминов и их перевода на русский язык

This article is devoted to the problems of Chinese terminology, which appeared relatively recently, as well as the translation of Chinese economic terms. The aim of the research is to identify the characteristics of Chinese economic terms and find the best ways to translate them into Russian. The study involved analyzing 942 economic terms from 115 Chinese media texts. These terms were then classified based on two key criteria: their form and their partial affiliation. The scientific novelty lies in difingn these criteria which are crucial for understanding the nature of Chinese economic terms and can significantly impact the choice of translation method when rendering them into Russian. This approach represents a significant advance in the field, as previous classifications of Chinese (non-economic) terms only focused on word formation and did not consider other important factors. By considering both form and partial affiliation, we can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the terms and make more accurate translations. The results showed that 98% of Chinese economic terms are word combinations that reach up to 12 components, in other words, hieroglyphs, in the composition (the most common are two-component ones), between which attributive and copulative types of relations are distinguished. When translating such multicomponent terms into Russian through various translation transformations, in most cases they formally correspond to one lexeme, which does not always reflect the completeness of the meaning (semantic, stylistic, pragmatic). Therefore, the depth of perception of Chinese economic reality would help to convey the inclusion of a linguistic and cultural commentary from the translator due to significant differences in the economy, culture and mentality of the two countries.

Local parallel free generation and dynamic affine transformation method for soil three-dimensional pore structure information model

The soil three-dimensional (3D) pore structure information model has become a new hotspot in the research of cross-scale disposal of information such as ecology, engineering, and geology. It can solve problems such as the intelligent evaluation of ecological water–soil–air–plant feedback, intelligent risk control of foundation compression deformation, and multiscale intelligent disaster prediction and prevention. However, the current soil 3D pore structure model primarily draws on the global one-time static generation in simulation software, leading to low reliability, low stability of multiple generations, poor variability, difficulty in real-time transformation, high consumption of computing resources, and long generation time, making it challenging to meet the requirements of the rapid processing of information models. Therefore, this study adopts the 3D Drawing Protocol (WebGL) technology and implements the scaling, rotation, and translation transformation of 3D pore structures based on the principle of dynamic affine transformation. The random generation and distribution of pores are realized using the improved Monte Carlo method, and the loading response efficiency of the system is optimized. The dynamic interactive operation of arbitrary increasing and decreasing of pore model is realized using the ray and plane intersection detection principle. Finally, this information system established a visual correlation between the content and reaction time of water-retaining agents and soil porosity and pore distribution through tests on the impact of water-retaining agents on soil pore changes. The information system achieved the real-time tracking of soil pore changes under the action of water-retaining agents. This research solves the problems of static and low generation efficiency of the soil mesopore structure in traditional models and realizes the real-time characterization and visualization of dynamic changes and the distribution of the soil pore structure under the influence of external conditions, which can provide an intuitive visualization platform for mesogeological structure research.

Translation transformations in Russian translation studies: A theoretical and analytical review from the middle of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century

Translation transformations in Russian translation studies: A theoretical and analytical review from the middle of the 20th century to the beginning of the 21st century

APPLICATION OF EQUIVALENT TRANSLATION AND LEXICAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN TRANSLATION OF ABSTRACT NOUNS (cased on the material of the work of S. Collins “The Hunger Games”)

The article generally analyzes the translation methods of abstract nouns in the fantastic work “The Hunger Games” by S. Collins using equivalent translation and lexical transformations. This question is relevant for modern translation studies since abstract nouns play asignificant role in the systems of modern languages of the world and are a large group among other classes of nouns. The author explores the specifics of translating abstract concepts in the context of fantasy literature and considers various strategies that can be used to preserve the meaning and emotional nuance of the original. Based on examples from The Hunger Games, the author shows which vocabulary transformations can be used to achieve the most accurate and effective translation. The results of the study indicate the importance of a careful approach to the translation of abstract nouns in the fantasy genre and the use of various translation strategies. The relevance of the research, therefore, is determined by the insufficient degree of study of the problem of translating abstract nouns in fiction from English to Ukrainian. We see the prospects of the research in the analysis of lexical transformations in the translation of textfragments with abstract nouns in the Ukrainian language.

TRANSLATION STRATEGIES RELATED TO THE OMISSION OF VERBS WHEN TRANSLATING FROM RUSSIAN INTO FRENCH

While there is a vast literature on translation transformations and techniques, little attention among Russian researchers is paid to the omission. The article attempts to contribute to the debate by analyzing the omission as a translation technique, as well as verb omission examples when translating a literary text from Russian into French. The omission means elimination of a source text (ST) element while translating into target text. The omission can occur at the semantic or structural-semantic levels. The latter implies not only semantic but also syntactic changes. The omission can be due to the redundancy of an element in the ST. Redundancy in ST can be caused by the structural features of the source language, repetition of information in the text or by the opportunity to extract information from the situational context. The analysis of examples of verb omission taken from the translations into French of the novel Oblomov written by Ivan Goncharov showed that the use of this technique in relation to Russian verbs obeys the general patterns of the use of omission listed above: a French translator can omit a verb and use a more economical construction allowed by the norms of the French language; can translate one verb from two ST verbs with the same meaning; can eliminate the original verb if it’s meaning can be derived from the situational context. However, the original verb can convey stylistic meanings that are important in the work; if this verb is omitted, stylistic meanings disappear.

PECULIARITIES OF SUBTITLED TRANSLATION OF DOCUMENTARY FILMS BASED ON THE EXAMPLE OF ANCIENT EGYPT EXPLAINED IN 12 MINUTES

High-quality translation from a foreign language plays a key role in the commercial and creative success of any film. Due to the growing need for this type of translation, highlighting the specifics of documentary film translation will be useful for novice documentary translators and professionals interested in various types of translation. Background. Documentary is a widespread and one of the most interesting genres of cinema for people of all ages. Subtitling as a type of audiovisual translation allows viewers not only to get closer to the original story of the event broadcast in another language, but also to hear authentic speech and other elements of the video. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to identify the specifics of the subtitled translation of documentaries and to identify the translation transformations used in the translation of such a film genre. To do this, it is necessary to identify the essence of subtitling; consider the requirements for the compiling subtitling, identify the difficulties that translators may face in the process of subtitled translation; analyze translation transformations in the subtitled translation of documentaries. Materials and methods. The practical material for the study was the short documentary film Ancient Egypt explained in 12 minutes, published on the YouTube video hosting channel Captivating History. To solve the tasks set, both theoretical and practical research methods were used: analysis of literature on translation theory and subtitled translation as a special aspect of audiovisual translation; analysis of translation transformations during subtitled translation of the documentary film Ancient Egypt explained in 12 minutes. Results. The results of the study showed that subtitling is a complex and creative task for a translator. Subtitles for films allow you to create an emotional contact between the reader and the author of the film, to focus his attention on important information and, most importantly, to preserve the authenticity of the documentary material. In the subtitled translation of documentary films, it was revealed that the most common transformations are transliteration, omission, generalization and functional substitution. Practical implications. The results of the research can be used by novice translators and professional translators when translating documentaries.

TURAGUL KUNANBAYEV’S STRATEGY OF LITERARY TRANSLATION

One of the figures of Alash, recognized not only as a poet, but also as an outstanding translator, is Turagul Abayevich. The article delves into the multifaceted creative legacy of Turagul Kunanbayev, with a special emphasis on his endeavors in literary translation. Kunanbayev, a prominent figure in Alash-Orda, is examined in terms of his stance within literary translation and the stylistic nuances he employed. The analysis primarily revolves around translation transformations, using specific works such as “The Story of Keesh” by Jack London, “Chelkash” by Maxim Gorky, and pieces by Alexander Neverov like “Marya the Bolshevik” and “I Want to Live”. The approach considers the time period and contemporary demands placed on translation. Various aspects of the translator’s craft— psychological, literary, linguistic, and societal—are taken into consideration. It is argued that Kunanbayev’s translations were in line with the requirements of their era. Through methods of comparison and contrast, typological patterns are identified, shedding light on the translator’s epistemological and cognitive approaches. Furthermore, Kunanbayev’s translations are scrutinized through the lens of national interests, revealing his distinctive artistic identity. The comparative analysis concludes that literary translations during the early twentieth century predominantly favored a free approach, as opposed to strict literal translation methods.

DIFFICULTIES IN TRANSLATING POPULAR SCIENCE TEXT IN THE FIELD OF ECONOMY (ON THE MATERIAL OF THE MONOGRAPH A.R. KROEBER CHINA`S ECONOMY: WHAT EVERYONE NEEDS TO KNOW)

Background. An adequate translation should fulfill the purpose of communication, which is imbedded in the original. At the same time, it is necessary to take into consideration both the content of the text and its pragmatic function. The translator`s task is using various types of translation transformations to select adequate lexical, phraseological, grammatical structures to maintain the pragmatic function of the translation at the level of the original. The authors of the article study the most interesting examples of translation difficulties based on the material of the monograph A.R. Kroeber China’s Economy: What Everyone Needs to Know and offer their own variants of their translation. Purpose. Analysis of the translation difficulties of a popular scientific text on economic topics. Materials and methods. The main research method is comparative analysis. The article is based on the text of the monograph A.R. Kroeber China’s Economy: What Everyone Needs to Know. Results. Analysis of the text of the monograph (parts 2.6-3.3 / 30,048 sign.) has revealed more than 200 translation difficulties with the help of which the pragmatic function of the text is preserved. These linguistic phenomena require detailed analysis using logical thinking, linguistic and extensive background knowledge for their adequate translation. The results of the research can be used in the preparation of lecture materials and practical tasks for the program "Translator in the field of professional communication" in disciplines focused on translation studies.

Translation of Michelangelo’s Fifth Sonnet by Vyacheslav Ivanov: Issue of Equivalency and Translation Transformations

This article focuses on the translation of Michelangelo Buonarroti’s fifth sonnet by Vyacheslav Ivanov in 1925. The sources used include the translated text and the manuscript of the original text, accompanied by the author’s drawing. Comparative analysis results of Ivanov’s translation and a literal translation by the authors are presented. It emphasizes Michelangelo’s original concept related to deforming the sonnet form (20 lines instead of 14, with two additional tercets added), resonating with the sonnet’s content, specifically describing his physical sufferings and uncomfortable poses while painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Attention is given to the author’s drawing, highlighting the division of the lyrical subject and his doubts about the effectiveness of his work. Commentary is provided on Vyacheslav Ivanov’s translation decisions for this sonnet, linked to his poetic and aesthetic principles. A symbolist interpretation of the sonnet’s key antithesis is explored: Michelangelo portrays the lyrical subject as a “Syrian bow” (a phrase denoting a bow that never misses) and a “crooked crossbow”, interpreting his doubts through images of projectile weapons overcoming him. The translator interprets this antithesis through the classical contrast of “poet and crowd”, indicating that the artist fears condemnation and requires protection.

ENGLISH ADVERBIAL MOTION VERBS IN THE ORIGINAL AND WAYS OF THEIR TRANSFER IN UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION

Paradigmatic and syntagmatic characteristics of adverbial verbs (AVs) of motion were analysed in the original, and the ways of their transfer in the Ukrainian translation were investigated. The analysis of their dictionary entries shows that most of them possess branched semantic structures and include an integral seme which can be either principal or optional. Their syntagmatic potential is quite wide, based on the variety of distributional patterns that were found. Three methods of their translation were registered: variant matches, translation transformations and zero translation (the least frequent). Translation transformations (contextual substitutions) turned out to be the dominant translation method. The following combinatorics of translation options was established: a) transmission of the seme of motion within the structure of the occasional correspondence; b) “leveling” of this seme and actualization of “other action” seme; c) actualization of motion seme in the verbs which don’t have it in their SL semantic structures. Correlation between the factors predetermining translation strategies was established. AVs’ contextual surroundings, with possible incorporation of contextual semes in the semantic structures of these verbs, turned out to be the most influential factor in the translation process. Context, in a broad sense, presupposes obligatory consideration of such parameters as differences in semantic scopes and combinability of words in the SL and TL. Besides, it is also necessary to take into account the factor of compliance of the translation equivalent with the literary norms of the TL. AVs’ right surroundings (post-positive particles) are also quite important, as they enrich their semantics and specify the way of motion. They were mainly rendered by means of prepositions, adverbs and a variety of prefixes as a substitute of SL prepositions. In order to achieve adequacy of translation, the translator resorted to different lexical and grammatical transformations, such as: specification of meaning, modulation, substitution of parts of speech, permutation, addition and antonymous translation. Individual AVs with connotative overtones presented the greatest problem for the translator. Translation is a synthesis of objective and subjective factors. Translator’s individuality and expertise predetermine the quality of the final product.

Song and poetic text Bella ciao in a mosaic of languages, cultures and arts

The development of textology and intertextuality opens up new perspectives in the interpretation of famous texts, including the song of the Italian Resistance participants Bella ciao . Its numerous polymodal representations in different languages and arts account for the need to systematize them on uniform methodological grounds. The material of the article is the song and poetic text in Italian dialects and in the common Italian neo-standard, its translations into Romance languages, interpretations in Russian, Caucasian and other languages, as well as multimedia and polychannel versions. The goal of the article is to discuss intertextual, semantic and semiotic parameters of the text; to establish the parameters of internal and external intertextuality of the versions of the original text; and to characterize the precedent phenomena serving as the basis for the development and transformation of their aesthetics. The study aims to build and interpret the precedent links and associations of the song Bella ciao in its intertextual transformations; to determine its specificity in the semiocultural conditions of reading and interpretation and at the same time to evaluate its place in the context of Italian and world culture. The methodology is based on a set of methods at the intersection of linguosemiotic, functional and semantic approaches focusing on such parameters of the text as precedence, variation, correlation of linguistic and non-linguistic codes, comparison of the original and translations, polycode, polymodal and translation transformations. The study has established that, as a result of numerous intertextual transformations, the original text expressing unique Italian cultural meanings acquires new interpretations acting as a starting point or the development of both precedent and new plots. It is used as a polycoded intersemiotic model for the creation of new interpretations and, in the long term, becomes a tool for the preservation and reproduction of cultural memory.

Translation Peculiarities of Religious Terminology in L.N.Tolstoy's Novel "Resurrection" into English

The subject of the study is L.N. Tolstoy's novel "Resurrection" and its translations into English. As part of this work, two English translations will be analized, one of them (“The Resurrection”) was made in 1899 by Louise Yakovlevna Mood and published by "Alice and Books". The second translation titled “The Awakening" was translated by William Smith and published in 1900 by "New York Street Publishing House". The subject of the study is to identify ways of interlanguage translation of religious terminology from Russian into English. The main focus of the work is on the lexical and semantic analysis of religious lexical units, as well as the analysis of types of translation transformations, of which the most frequent are the selection of equivalent correspondence, descriptive translation and transliteration. The work uses a comparative method that allows us to establish similarities and differences of lexical units in the text of the original novel "Resurrection" and its translations. By means of the contextual analysis method, the dependence of the meaning of these units on the context is analyzed. Using the continuous sampling method, religious terminology is selected and divided into thematic groups: "Names of the sacraments and lexemes associated with them", "Elements and forms of worship", "Elements of the church calendar", "Objects of worship", "Names of the Church hierarchy", "The Temple and its structure, parts", "Vestments of the clergy, their individual parts", "Prayers, texts of prayers and hymns and their components", "Names of church holidays", "Names of books of church content", "Names of ritual food" and "Names of persons of spiritual guarantors". The main difficulty in translation is the rather wide and diverse use of religious nominations, for which the translator needs to understand in detail the features and differences of religious terminology.