Translation Equivalents Research Articles

TRADUÇÃO E ADAPTAÇÃO TRANSCULTURAL DA FERRAMENTA KNOWLEDGE TRANSLATION PLANNING TEMPLATE PARA O CONTEXTO BRASILEIRO

ABSTRACT Objective: to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the content of the Knowledge Translation Planning Template, a research dissemination planning tool, into Brazilian Portuguese. Method: this is a methodological study, sequentially divided into six stages: initial translation, translation synthesis, back-translation, judges' committee, pre-test, and approval of the adapted version by the instrument author. The judge's committee assessed content validity using the modified Kappa and Content Validity Index. The test was conducted with teachers and students from a Federal University of Santa Catarina graduate program. Results: the process of translating and back-translating the tool showed no discrepancies in terms of meaning. The committee was composed of seven judges who carried out semantic, cultural, and conceptual evaluations and made notes on the translation of the content. At this stage, the content validity showed excellent values for the Content Validity Index and modified Kappa, with 0.99 and 0.816, respectively. The tool was tested with 30 teachers and postgraduate students, where 90% of the respondents considered the tool to be sufficiently comprehensive and that all the items were relevant to the purpose of the instrument. In the last stage, the documents were analyzed together with the author of the original tool and the final version was approved. Conclusion: the Modelo de Planejamento de Tradução do Conhecimento results from a careful translation process, cross-cultural adaptation, and tool content validation. This has resulted in a tool that is applicable and understood by the target audience, which shows consistency in the equivalence of translation and cross-cultural adaptation for Brazil.

EXPLORING ADJECTIVAL FREE ADJUNCTS: A CROSS-LINGUISTIC STUDY OF ENGLISH AND SERBIAN

The paper examines adjectival free adjuncts in English and Serbian using a double and bidirec- tional corpus consisting of novels and their translations in both languages. The objectives of this study are to describe the formal and semantic characteristics of adjectival free adjuncts and to compare these constructions in the two languages based on their translational equivalents. The analysis of adjectival free adjuncts in English and Serbian demonstrates that they can be considered formally and semantically equivalent constructions, as evidenced by nearly 85% of cases showing absolute alignment in translation. In the remaining cases, adjuncts are conveyed through other phrases and clauses. In the translation from English to Serbian, translators resort to non-finite and relative clauses when the adjective is accompanied by a longer complement in English. On the other hand, when rendered into Serbian, adjuncts may change position or be translated as full adverbial clauses with an explicit conjunction to avoid ambiguity. In a number of instances, the comma is omitted in translation, indicating the close relation between adjectival free adjuncts and depictive secondary predicates.

Validation of the Turkish Revised Algase Wandering Scale – Long Term Care Version (TR-RAWS-LTC) For People With Dementia in Türkiye

The Revised Algase Wandering Scale—Long-Term Care Version (RAWS-LTC) is a tool used to measure the level of wandering in people with dementia who live in Long-Term Care (LTC) facilities. This study aims to adapt RAWS-LTC to Turkish (TR) and determine its psychometric suitability. The scale was translated from its original language, English, into Turkish and then translated back to English by bilingual translators. It was then reviewed and evaluated according to translation problems and equivalence degrees. In this study, TR-RAWS-LTC was administered to eighty-six wanderers and fifty-six non-wanderers with dementia by nurses. The triple conceptual structure of TR-RAWS-LTC, consisting of persistent walking, eloping behavior, and spatial disorientation sub-dimensions, was confirmed by factor analysis. TR-RAWS-LTC total and three sub-dimension score levels were significantly different in wanderers with dementia compared to non-wanderers. A valid and reliable wandering assessment tool that can be easily applied by caregivers of individuals with dementia in long-term care has been brought to the Turkish literature.

A Study on the Translation of Chinese-English Legal Texts Based on Legal and Cultural Differences

Translation of legal texts is a bridge between different legal systems, but there are many factors that hinder the equivalence of translation of legal texts in different languages, and the most important of which is the difference in legal culture. Therefore, in the process of translating legal texts between different languages, translators should pay more attention to cultural factors, understand the connotation and core of different legal cultures, and work hand in hand with culture and language in order to complete the translation of legal texts better. This paper takes the translation of Chinese and English legal texts as the main research object, and seeks appropriate translation principles and translation strategies by exploring the influence of the differences between Chinese and English legal cultures on the translation of legal texts, so as to provide certain guidance and reference for the translation of legal texts and related materials.

Kulture u prevodu - ka očuvanju autentičnog izraza u procesu književnog prevođenja

Translation has a significant role in intercultural communication and the exact rendering of complex culturally determined meanings of lexical items poses a big challenge for a translator. Since literary works often teem with historical and cultural characteristics of a nation, it is of utter importance to encourage the study of the interrelation between language and culture on the one hand and the nature of translation on the other. This paper reports on the analysis of translation equivalents of lexical items found in translations of excerpts taken from Ivo Andric's novel The Woman from Sarajevo. This paper aims to draw attention to the complex nature of the process of translation, focusing on those lexical items that are culturally specific and demand more attention. It also shows how the authentic expression changes as regards semantics and syntactic properties of a sentence. The analysis of translation equivalents shows that, if we aim at preserving cultural identity, it is necessary to know numerous complex socio-historical and cultural aspects because not only the content is transmitted but the culture of the original language as well.

Macedonian translation equivalents of the english get-passive

Macedonian translation equivalents of the english get-passive

Translation features of BBC media article headlines (evidence from English and Russian equivalents)

The aim of this paper is the analysis of the translation features, typical of BBC article headlines. The material included 107 news headlines selected randomly, which had their Russian equivalents. A semantic and comparative analysis served as the research method. The close attention to media texts in the era of digital technology proliferation explains the relevance of the study. The findings show that translation equivalents convey both the communicative and pragmatic potential of the original headlines. For this purpose, a complex of semantic transformations is used for maintaining the adequate meaning of original news in the target language, considering background knowledge of the target audience. The theoretical value lies in the fact that media headlines constitute an individual sub-genre which requires special research. The results can be used in the practice of teaching translation techniques to students specializing in linguistics and translation studies.

The structure of basic life orientations: Ethno-cultural aspect (using the example of the Chinese version of the Subject-Object Orientations Questionnaire)

Basic life orientations characterize the general objective of personality and depend on culture, traditions and mentality. Adequate psychological techniques are essential for cross-cultural studies. The aim of this study was to adapt the Russian-language Questionnaire of Subject- Object Orientations in Chinese. The following tasks were solved: equivalent translation of the questionnaire into Chinese; analysis of the discriminativity of items and the questionnaire as a whole; identification of the Chinese version factor structure; determination of its validity and reliability. The questionnaire was adapted among 1,471 Chinese students of the University of Guizhou Province (China). The survey of respondents was carried out according to six Chi- nese versions, in different samples. The adapted Chinese version of the questionnaire consists of 11 items included in three factors: 1) the courage to challenge difficulties; 2) the desire for inner harmony; 3) clarity of purpose in life. This structure of basic life orientations differs significantly from the four-factor structure inherent in Russians (three factors characterizing different aspects of the creative personal orientation in life situations, and the transsituational locus of control). According to the results of psychometric analysis, the Chinese version of the questionnaire provides assessments of statements on a 5-point Likert scale, unlike the Rus- sian version with an alternative choice of answers. The Chinese version of the questionnaire has high reliability and validity and can be used to study the life orientations of the Chinese. The use of this version will contribute to the development of scientific and cultural exchange between Russia and China.

Formal Verification Platform as a Service: WebAssembly Vulnerability Detection Application

In order to realize a general-purpose automatic formal verification platform based on WebAssembly technology as a web service (FVPS), which aims to provide an automated report of vulnerability detections, this work builds a Hyperledger Fabric blockchain runtime model. It proposes an optimized methodology of the functional equivalent translation from source program languages to formal languages. This methodology utilizes an external application programming interface (API) table to replace the source codes in compilation, thereby pruning the part of housekeeping codes to ease code inflation. Code inflation is a significant metric in formal language translation. Namely, minor code inflation enhances verification scale and performance efficiency. It determines the efficiency of formal verification, involving launching, running, and memory usage. For instance, path explosion increases exponentially, resulting in out-of-memory. The experimental results conclude that program languages like golang severely impact code inflation. FVPS reduces the wasm code size by over 90%, achieving two orders of optimization magnitude, from 2000 kilobyte (KB) to 90 KB. That means we can cope with golang applications up to 20 times larger than the original in scale. This work eliminates the gap between Hyperledger Fabric smart contracts and WebAssembly. Our approach is pragmatic, adaptable, extendable, and flexible. Nowadays, FVPS is successfully applied in a Railway-Port-Aviation blockchain transportation system.

English-Indonesian Translation Methods in the Story of “Malin Kundang”

Abstract This research contains an analysis of the methods in translation used in the short story "Malin Kundang” by Dian K. the writers of the book and the writers derived the method theory from Newmark's view, she listed 8 methods in translation that can be used by all translators how to translate from English (SL) to Indonesian (TL) well and take into consideration to Malin Kundang story. In addition, the writers analyzed the reading text as data in this research by using the Qualitative descriptive Method. The writers make a comparison between the source language text ( SL) and the target language text ( TL) based on the theory of translation method by Peter Newmark and Baker's approach as well from the analysis the writers can explain the translation methods and the equivalent meanings of the translation. In the conclusion, the researcher finds 7 methods used in Malin Kundang's short story by the author. Besides, the researcher finds the equivalent meaning of translation in Malin Kundang's story as well since he also analyzed the equivalent, Which is textual equivalence. It is essential in replacing the message from one language ( SL) with another language (TL) to make the reader understand the reading text well. Keywords: Translation, Translation Method, Translation Equivalence, Short Story

VERBS OF DRINKING IN ENGLISH AND IN SERBIAN AS SOURCES OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS AND METONYMIES

The aim of this paper is to analyse verbs of drinking in English and in Serbian that are used to express various drinking processes, but that can also be used to express various other processes not related to drinking. In other words, the paper analyses the transferred meaning(s) that the analysed verbs express in both languages in order to identify the other processes expressed by the verbs of drinking. The corpus for the analysis was excerpted from the relevant monolingual dictionaries of English and Serbian and consists of ten verbs of drinking: five English verbs, to drink, to guzzle, to imbibe, to quench, to suck and five Serbian verbs, piti, ispiti, lokati, napiti se, opiti se. The dictionary definitions of the ten verbs were analysed in order to identify the transferred meanings of the verbs. The definitions were then subjected to conceptual analysis with the goal of identifying the conceptual mechanisms (conceptual metaphor or conceptual metonymy) that underly the transferred meanings. The identified meanings were also subjected to contrastive analysis that aimed at identifying the similarities and differences in transferred meanings among the analysed verbs and at identifying their formal correspondents or translation equivalents. The analysis shows that in both languages drinking verbs develop their transferred meanings primarily regarding the concepts of accepting or absorbing an entity and that in most cases such meanings and conceptual mechanisms underlying them show a high degree of equivalence, as the most frequent conceptual mechanism in both languages is conceptual metaphor. However, the differences are mostly observed at the semantic level.

INTERLINGUAL TRANSLATION: AN ATTEMPT AT UNDERSTANDING SOME BASIC CONCEPTS

This paper attempts to look at some small fragments of interlingual translation studies. The article begins by exploring Roman Jakobson’s tripartite division of translation of which interlingual translation is a component part. Then it presents in some detail the interlingual translation process. This is followed by two main sections where the core concept in interlingual translation theory and practice – “translation equivalence” (TE), some other concepts related to it, and three main approaches to TE are examined. It is clear from the paper that interlingual translation is a very complex social semiotic process, and that the concept of TE is employed in so many different senses that recently it has been denied by some scholars any value, or even any legitimate status in translation theory and translation practice. However, based on what is going on in the field of interlingual translation studies, it is suggested that the complexity of the interlingual translation process and the diversity of opinions on the concept of TE do not mean that scholars have complicated the problems. Rather, they have really contributed to the advancement of knowledge in the field, not with the intention of a final verdict, but as food for thought and invaluable reference materials for further research, making interlingual translation theory and practice an ever-moving academic discipline.

Methods and techniques of interpretation of mythical and magic characters’ names in Russian folk tales in Persian

The rapidly developing cultural relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and Russia predetermine the importance of studying the realities of Russian culture in teaching Russian as a foreign language. Despite the constantly growing interest of the Iranian reader in Russian fiction, we have not found translations of Russian folk tales. A distinctive feature of fairy tales is the presence of specific monsters and mythical creatures in them. The relevance of this study is emphasized by the fact that the opinions of researchers on the issue of translating these realities are divided: some researchers note that realities are untranslatable, others argue that there are no words that would be impossible to convey in another language. This research work presents methods and techniques for an adequate and equivalent translation of the proper names of mythical creatures that are the heroes of Russian folk tales of a magical nature. The translation experiment was conducted in student classes of the RFL departments of higher educational institutions of Iran. The main methods on which the study is based are the comparative method, the method of linguistic description, and the method of experiment. The students were asked to translate typical sentences, selected by continuous sampling, in which there was a mention of the magical characters of Russian folk tales. The purpose of the experiment is to identify what methods and techniques of translation strategies were used in the process of translating realities that do not have equivalents in the Persian language. Thus, the empirical basis of this study is the interpretation of fragments of Russian folk tales of a magical nature in Persian by students learning Russian as a foreign language. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that it is the first attempt to analyze the method of equivalent or adequate conveyance of national and cultural color of the Russian fairy tales characters into Persian. Based on the experiment, we can conclude that when translating the names of mythical heroes and monsters of Russian folk tales, students resorted to two main translation strategies − foreignization and domestication. Russian students chose the method of phonetic transliteration and transcription as the main method of foreignization, as well as calques that contribute to the preservation of Russian cultural and ethnic specificity and overcoming the difficulties of conveying semantic content and the national color of the mythical heroes of Russian folk tales. The main technique of the domestication strategy used by students is the borrowing of the designation of a fairy-tale character from the culture of other peoples with whom they were previously familiar. The results of our research can find practical application in literary translation in Iran. Theoretically, the material can contribute to the development of the theory of translation of literary texts of the folklore genre, as well as arouse interest in further research among undergraduates and graduate students studying in higher educational institutions of Iran.

A névtudomány, a nevezéktan és a terminológia viszonya, érintkezési pontjai

Onomastics, Nomenclature and Terminology. Relations and Differences Onomastics, nomenclature and terminology are partially interrelated disciplines as they explore similar, sometimes the same linguistic items, while adopting different perspectives and methodologies. Their differing purposes separate these three fields of science. Proper names, scientific names and terms display several common and unique characteristics. Shared features include the relevance of identification; the primacy of denotation, motivation and information at the expense of etymological sense, connotation and affective shade in their semantics; and the importance of finding their target-language equivalents in translation. Scientific names and terms classify, systematize, store and transfer knowledge elements. They have a fixed relationship to conceptual categories and explicitly defined meanings. Designed for international professional use, professionals aim to minimise their discrepancies across languages in harmonization processes. Scientific names identify entities of the tangible world. They are formed consciously with the help of predetermined linguistic elements and rules. Terms usually identify abstract concepts, and they are mostly formed spontaneously based on general elements and rules. Proper names identify psychosocially salient real or fictive entities; they are formed spontaneously or consciously from restricted sets of elements of natural languages, and are partly based on genre-specific rules. They are strongly culture-dependent linguistic units, but as universals, they are present in all natural languages. Scientific names are nouns; proper names are nominal expressions (words, phrases, clauses, sentences); terms (if linguistic units) can be nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, or nominal, verbal, adjectival and adverbial expressions as well.

TO THE QUESTION OF ANALYSIS OF MACHINE TRANSLATION TECHNOLOGIES

The article deals with the issue of the efficiency of translation by means of machine translation systems. The relevance of the work is related to the importance of a comprehensive analysis of machine translation systems and a detailed description of popular and well-known online translators. Scientific work in the field of machine translation is an important and urgent task, aimed at achieving equivalent translations and contributing to the solution of many applied problems associated with the development and formation of a new communication environment. In this paper, we will consider such concepts as “machine translation”, “translation equivalence”, and study machine translation systems. This article presents translation services such as the domestic service PROMT.One, the American Google Translate, as well as the German service DeepL. These services are considered leading translators with extensive features and options, and they are indispensable tools for language learning and working with foreign languages today. Thanks to machine translation systems, translations become more affordable and easier, since machine translation performs word-for-word translations that require only post-editing. However, incorrectly translated word-for-word translations can be misleading for specialists, especially inexperienced ones. It should be noted that the machine translation systems available perform translations of different quality, as a consequence, evaluation of the quality of the text translation of any orientation allows to identify the most appropriate servicefor use in any field of application.

Jews and Other Nations in Selected Translated Versions of the Bible

The English noun ‘Jew’ is the lexical equivalent of the Hebrew word yehudi (in plural yehudim), which is used in opposition to goyim as members of all other nations. These two nouns are rendered in various languages in a considerable number of different ways. The article focuses on their translational equivalents in Greek, Latin and in numerous selected Polish and English versions of the Bible. The confrontation of these equivalents yields what I elsewhere call “the Bible translation imbroglio”. Yet, this chaos has no adverse impact on faithful Jews and Christians for whom the Bible is a sacred text. This is so because for every faithful reader, every contact with the Bible in whatever version, at least in principle, constitutes a fresh unique religious experience, and the number of such unique experiences certainly exceeds the number of all existing versions of the Bible. Every individual experience of this kind is tantamount to creating a new target version of the Bible, even if the particular source text remains unaltered. Pious readers believe that the Bible is the way by means of which God sends His Word carrying His Message to people, and that this Word remains unchanged, even if words in different languages carrying this message may be different, unstable and inaccurate.

RENDERING ENGLISH UNIVERSAL PRONOUNS INTO UKRAINIAN: A CORPUS APPROACH

The paper deals with investigation into the usage of English universal pronouns in contemporary fiction and their rendering into Ukrainian with employment of corpus approach. The universal pronouns under study were selected by the entire sampling method from the complete register compiled on the basis of the novel by J.K. Rowling “Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban” and its authorized Ukrainian version translated by V. Morozov. There were determined the lexico-semantic characteristics of four English universal pronouns (‘everybody’, ‘everyone’, ‘everything’, and ‘each’) based on monolingual dictionary entries’ analysis. Absolute and relative frequencies (per 1,000 words) of the above pronouns in the analyzed corpus fragment were calculated. The lexeme ‘each’ was found to be the most frequent, with ‘everybody’ being the least frequent. There were identified 12 semantic roles performed by the universal pronouns’ referents in the situations presented in the microcorpus, the agent and experiencer being the most frequent ones. The Ukrainian translation equivalents of the analyzed pronouns were determined based on bilingual dictionary entries’ analysis. By means of immediate constituents’ analysis and contextual analysis, there were described the peculiarities of the pronouns’ usage in the source text. The translation methods and types of translation shifts used for adequate rendering of the pronouns into Ukrainian were specified on the basis of transformational analysis. The most common methods of rendering the universal pronouns into Ukrainian were proved to be equivalent translation (65%), omission (21%) and lexical substitution (14%) (grammatical shifts and addition inclusive).

Imiesłów przysłówkowy czynny in Polish and its Croatian Translation Equivalents

Polish and Croatian inherited some of the participles from the Old Slavonic language, significantly narrowing their number and simplifying their forms. Their development was different, due to the peculiarities of each language system. One of them, participium praesentis activi (Pol. imiesłów czasu teraźniejszego czynny, Cro. glagolski prilog sadašnji aktivni / aktivni particip prezenta) developed in Polish into two separate (morphologically, syntactically and semantically different) verb forms: invariable imiesłów przysłówkowy współczesny with the suffix –ąc and the variable imiesłów przymiotnikowy czynny with the suffixes –ący for the masculine gender, –ąca for the feminine gender and –ące for the middle gender. While the first of them has its unambiguous equivalent in the Croatian language, glagolski prilog sadašnji with the suffix –ći, the second forces the translator to find some other solutions. Among them are various transformations at the formal level aimed at conveying the content of the original text. The paper examines translation equivalents on the example of contemporary Polish and Croatian prose (see Literature) in such a way that constructions in the original language are opposed their equivalent structures in another language and their formal and semantic properties are described.

Variations of Relative Clause Translation from Indonesian to English

Relative clauses are clauses that explain a noun in order to define or explain a noun further, articles, adjectives, or relative clauses are often used. In an effort to translate from the source language into the target language there is often a strategy used in translating these relative clauses. There are differences in realization in translating these relative clauses, making the researcher wanted to know on how the variations in the equivalent translation of Indonesian relative clauses into English are. There is a novel and its translation used in this research design. The novel that will be used as a source of data in this study is Bumi Manusia by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and its translation ‘The Earth of Mankind’. Data collection was carried out by listening (observing method) and noting (note-taking method) the relative clauses of data on novels in the Indonesian language as the source language and their translation into the target language. The data were then analyzed to find equivalent relative clause variants in Indonesian in English. By analysisng the data it can be found that the variations of relative clause translation from Indonesian to English are (1) relative clauses (with relative pronoun who, which, that, whose, whom), (2) adjectives, (3) present participle, (4) past participle, (5) noun phrase, (6) prepositional phrase, (7) noun class, and (8) verb.

PROPER NAMES IN THE INDONESIAN-ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF NOVEL LASKAR PELANGI: A TRANSLATION PROCEDURES ANALYSIS

Translation of literary works is not simply a rendering process from one language to another. It requires the choice of appropriate methods and procedures in order to produce a good-quality translation. The purpose of this study, is to reveal the translation procedures used by the translator in the Indonesian-English translation of the novel Laskar Pelangi, the Rainbow Troops. The procedures refer to the theory of translation suggested by Newmark. This study designed as qualitative study, namely Descriptive Translation Study (DTS). The data are collected using document procedure and then analyzed using thematic analysis. The result of this study shows that there are 327 PN found, and 223 of them have the equivalent translation in TL. There are twelve procedures used by the translator that include addition (3%), couplets (16%), cultural equivalent (2%), expansion (3%), reduction (6%), functional equivalent (4%), recognized translation (9%), through translation (11%), transference (39%), transposition (2%), and modulation (0.4%). Transference procedure dominates the procedures. This finding implies that the translation tends to be oriented to SL (emphasis on SL).