Translation Equivalents Research Articles

Suicide Risk Assessment in a Modern Asian Adolescent Community: A Cultural-relevant Perspective

Suicide is a serious social and psychological issue that has a devastating socio-economic impact globally. However, it remains elusive as mental health professionals grapple to formulate effective assessment and intervention strategies. Particularly, there is a dearth of cultural-relevant suicide risk assessment scales as most instruments were developed in Western culture. Even with translation and linguistic equivalence, present suicide risk assessment scales do not encompass culturally salient and relevant psychological constructs. This study adopted a socio-cultural approach to develop a suicide risk assessment with sound psychometric properties and also to capture the cultural-specific symptomatology of suicide as well as depressive Asians.

Особенности адаптивного перевода текстов авиакосмической тематики с английского языка на русский

The issues of adaptive translation of a special text covering aerospace subjects, including translation and adaptation of English terms of the aerospace sphere to Russian, are considered. The theoretical study conducted to clarify the notion of adaptive translation makes it possible to formulate the definition of adaptive translation, as well as to identify the criteria for assessing its quality based on the criteria for evaluating the quality of translation. It is shown that the preservation of the invariant of translation is the distinctive characteristic of adaptive translation, while the main difference between adaptive and equivalent translation lies in the fact that adaptive translation is the most complete translation text in terms of content and expression. The study aims to identify the features of the adaptive translation of aerospace texts and the ways of adapting terms from English to Russian based on the material of aerospace texts. The paper is novel in that it is the first to consider the notion of translation adaptation in the context of improving the quality of translation and to determine the criteria for the adaptability of translation and the ways of adapting the terms of actively developing promising areas of the aerospace sphere. As a result of the study, it has been found that adaptive translation reveals the full meaning of the source text and is a full-fledged representative text of the original in the target language, unlike other types of inequivalent translation, such as author’s adaptations, sense-for-sense translation, retelling, abstract translation, summary translation, etc.

Types, Forms, and Functions of Code Mixing in the Goyang Jember Program

Background: The broadcasters and callers in the Goyang Jember program on Prosalina FM radio are a reflection of the Pandalungan community, so the language used is unique and interesting to study.
 Purpose: This research aims to describe the types, forms, and functions of code mixing in the conversations between broadcasters and callers in the Goyang Jember program on Prosalina FM radio.
 Design and methods: This research is a qualitative descriptive study. Data collection was carried out using the observation method with tapping, free observation, and note-taking techniques. The data analysis stage used the translational and referential equivalence method with descriptive, identification, and classification techniques.
 Results: The results of this study found two types of code mixing, namely internal code mixing from Javanese, Madurese, and Osing languages, and external code mixing from Arabic and English languages. The forms of code mixing found were insertion of words (152 data), phrases (42 data), repetition of words (1 data), clauses (24 data), and blasters (5 data). The functions of code mixing found were to build a relaxed and friendly atmosphere, show the ethnic identity of the speaker, show respect to the interlocutor, create humor, and show prestige. The result of this research is expected to provide awareness that code mixing in bilingual or multilingual communities serves to eliminate differences between societal groups and build interpersonal relationships among them.

GRAMMATICAL EQUIVALENCE IN THE INDONESIAN TRANSLATION OF GALBRAITH’S THE CUCKOO’S CALLING

The aim of this paper is to analyze the grammatical equivalence in the Indonesian translation of Robert Galbraith’s novel, The Cuckoo’s Calling. The translated version is titled Dekut Burung Kukuk, translated by Siska Yuanita. The theory used in this research is the translation theory by Baker (2018) where five grammatical categories were analyzed, namely, number, gender, person, tense and aspect, and voice. This is a qualitative study as it was conducted by analyzing the text of the books and comparing the source and target language. The results show that the Indonesian translation of ‘The Cuckoo’s Calling’ was mostly grammatically equivalent, meaning that all five grammatical categories appeared in the Indonesian version and were well adjusted. Some necessary changes were made due to the different natures of both languages and to improve the translation quality and clarity.

CATEGORY SHIFT ANALYSIS IN THE BILINGUAL INFORMATION BOARDS AT MUSEUM SANDI YOGYAKARTA

Bilingual information has an important role in bridging communication from one language to another, and this also happens in the tourism field. Currently, the Indonesian government is making tourism as one of the primary sectors in increasing state income. Since there is the importance of bilingual information, this research proposes to examine the quality of the translation of the bilingual information boards at Museum Sandi and describe the relationship between category shifts and the quality of the degree of equivalence meaning. The research employed a qualitative descriptive method in discussing the types of category shifts and the degree of quality equivalence meaning on the bilingual information board. This research classified types of category shift and meaning equivalence of translation found in the translated text into the columns and presented the data in the form of numbers and percentages. This research shows that the category shift occurring in bilingual information boards at Museum Sandi Yogyakarta is still relevant and understandable for foreign tourists.

SINTAGME S FUNKCIONALNIM GLAGOLIMA KAO IZAZOV U PREVOĐENJU PRAVNIH TEKSTOVA S NJEMAČKOGA NA HRVATSKI JEZIK

The subject of research in this paper are constructions with function verbs in the German language of the legal profession (Funktionsverbgefüge – FVG) as a linguistic phenomenon that is culturally conditioned. The authors strive to prove that these structures represent a chal- lenge in understanding and translating legal texts from German into Croatian. As a complex structure whose verbal part has lost its original meaning, this construction often leads to mis- understanding and wrong translation of legal texts, which can lead to unwanted legal effects. This is well illustrated by the claim of our widely known legal translator Susan Šarčević: “Legal translation (...) leads to legal effects and may induce peace or prompt war.” The goal of this research is to shed light on the problems in understanding and translating such structures, to indicate to what extent the same structures are represented as their translation equivalents in the Croatian language, and which translation versions appear in Croatian as more stylistically acceptable solutions. The research corpus consists of examples of structures with functional verbs excerpted from the German Constitution (Grundgesetz) available on the website of the German Federal Ministry of Justice and their translation equivalents in the official transla- tion of that law in the Croatian language by Nina Sokol. The results of the research will widen knowledge in the field of legal language translation, and their practical value is in elucidating the difficulties in understanding legal texts in German that Croatian scientists and students in the field of law encounter in their research and scientific work, as well as court interpreters and translators who deal with legal texts in their professional work.

New in, old out: Does learning a new language make you forget previously learned foreign languages?

Anecdotal evidence suggests that learning a new foreign language (FL) makes you forget previously learned FLs. To seek empirical evidence for this claim, we tested whether learning words in a previously unknown L3 hampers subsequent retrieval of their L2 translation equivalents. In two experiments, Dutch native speakers with knowledge of English (L2), but not Spanish (L3), first completed an English vocabulary test, based on which 46 participant-specific, known English words were chosen. Half of those were then learned in Spanish. Finally, participants' memory for all 46 English words was probed again in a picture naming task. In Experiment 1, all tests took place within one session. In Experiment 2, we separated the English pre-test from Spanish learning by a day and manipulated the timing of the English post-test (immediately after learning vs. 1 day later). By separating the post-test from Spanish learning, we asked whether consolidation of the new Spanish words would increase their interference strength. We found significant main effects of interference in naming latencies and accuracy: Participants speeded up less and were less accurate to recall words in English for which they had learned Spanish translations, compared with words for which they had not. Consolidation time did not significantly affect these interference effects. Thus, learning a new language indeed comes at the cost of subsequent retrieval ability in other FLs. Such interference effects set in immediately after learning and do not need time to emerge, even when the other FL has been known for a long time.

ВІДТВОРЕННЯ ЗАЙМЕННИКІВ ЯК МАРКЕРІВ НЕОЗНАЧЕНОСТІ В ДВОМОВНОМУ ПАРАЛЕЛЬНОМУ КОРПУСІ: ЗІСТАВНИЙ АСПЕКТ

The article continues a series of publications devoted to the application of a corpus method to the study of translation transformations from the contrastive perspective. The author analyzes indefinite pronouns in the parallel corpus of texts (English-Ukrainian language pair), and finds out the specifics of strategies for their reproduction in Ukrainian. The parallel corpora contain a palette of strategies used by translators, as well as repertoires of translation equivalents with examples of their contextual use, thus providing a valuable resource for contrastive cross-linguistic studies. Pronouns are classified according to a systemic structural grammatical features, corresponding morphological and functional, specified person, object, feature, or their absence. The study proved that the variability of translation of the linguistic units under analysis is usually determined by the taxonomy of indefinite pronouns (semantic and structural aspects), as well as their functionality traits within a particular text fragment and context in general. Among a scope of interlingual transformations in the parallel corpus, the study revealed that two translation transformations prevailed: logical/semantic development and differentiation of meaning. Interstingly, the compensation of losses method was not used at all, which can be explained by indefinite pronouns’ isomorphic features – presence of similar equivalents in the Ukrainian language to express the category of uncertainty. Motivated exclusively by linguistic factors, indefinite pronouns demonstrate a high level of intertranslatability, do not require additional contextual clarification and can be compensated by other translation transformations.

Translation norms and bilingual dictionaries

Abstract This article applies translational norm theory to bilingual lexicography, arguing that the bilingual lexicographer serves as a “norm authority,” and the bilingual dictionary functions as a “norm statement” that prescribes the scope of what is considered legitimate interlingual equivalence within a given society. To demonstrate how the content of a bilingual dictionary can be used to promote specific translation norms, the headwords, equivalents, directives, and examples found in the North Korean bilingual dictionary, Jo-Yeong Sajeon (JYS) [Korean–English Dictionary] (1987/1991), were analyzed as a case study. The Korean–English lexical pairings presented in the JYS are matched with exemplary Korean–English translations listed in two North Korean translation textbooks, Jo-Yeong Beonyeokbeop [Korean–English Translation Method] (Min 2012) and Yeong-Jo Beonyeokbeop [English–Korean Translation Method] (Min 2014), affirming that the translation norms featured in the JYS hold normative force over the decisions made by professional translators.

Общерезультативный способ действия в современном осетинском языке (в сопоставлении с русским)

In the functional-semantic field of aspectuality in the modern Ossetian language, one of its most actionally expressive components is effective Aktionsarten: general effective and special effective. This paper studied verbs with the fæ- prefix, which marks, along with special effective Aktionsarten, verbs of general effective Aktionsarten. The most productive in the formation of the latter in the Ossetian language, just like in Russian, are telic verbs of certain lexico-semantic groups that form variants of the general effective Aktionsart. Verbs with the fæ- prefix have a richer palette of actional shades than verbs with other prefixes, deriving effective Aktionsarten from both telic and atelic verbs. In addition, prefixed forms with fæ- act as functional translation equivalents of Russian verbs containing the idea of effectiveness in certain aspectual and aspectual-temporal forms, namely: in the perfective subtype of the generalized-actual type of use of the imperfective aspect; in the total subtype of the concrete-actual type of use of the perfective aspect; in the present tense in the meaning of irrelevant abstract tense, in the descriptive and commenting subtypes, as well as in the meaning of habituality/usuality. A comparison of all types of use of Ossetian verbs with the fæ- prefix with their Russian translations and functional translation equivalents reveals a similar perception of the same facts of objective reality by speakers of the two languages. In addition, it allows us to establish differences in describing the progression and distribution of an effective action in time and, thereby, fill in some gaps in the comparative Ossetian-Russian aspectology.

Multilingual BERT-based Word Alignment By Incorporating Common Chinese Characters

Word alignment is an important task of detecting translation equivalents between a sentence pair. Although word alignment is no longer necessarily needed for neural machine translation, it’s still useful in a wealth of applications, e.g., bilingual lexicon induction, constraint decoding, and so on. However, the most well-known word aligners are still Giza++ and fastAlign, both of which are implementations of traditional IBM models. To keep pace with the advance in NMT, there has been a surge of interest in replacing the IBM models with neural models. We follow this trend but aim to boost performance of word alignment between Japanese and Chinese, which share a large portion of Chinese characters. Our key idea is to leverage these common Chinese characters in both languages as an indicator for inferring alignment; i.e., the source and target words with the common Chinese characters should be most likely aligned. Following this idea, we propose three methods that leverage common Chinese characters to boost the mBERT-based word alignment, including reward factor, representation alignment, and contrastive training. Furthermore, we annotate and release a golden dataset for Japanese-Chinese word alignment. Experiments on the dataset show that our methods outperform several strong baselines in terms of AER score and verify the effectiveness of exploiting common Chinese characters.

Issues in the translation equivalence of basic emotion terms

Translation equivalence of emotion terms has increasingly become a key issue of study design in emotion psychology. Here, the translation equivalence of basic emotion terms (anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, surprise) in English and Polish was quantified. Two databases of the lexicalizations of these basic emotions were used (1759 English; 577 Polish terms). Both collections were subjected to a translation-backtranslation procedure with four professional translators. Rates of agreement on translation, backtranslation, and backtranslation accuracy were used to calculate the translation equivalence. 5.12% of English and 4.68% of the Polish emotion terms were found to have full translation equivalents. Over 80% of terms in both languages had only partial translation equivalents. The results indicate that the fundamental differences in emotion term granularity and the morpho-semantic makeup of the languages impacts their degree of translation equivalence. The implications for the research on emotions and language in cross-cultural contexts are discussed.

Chomsky's generative theory and its use in legal translation (Models between Arabic and Persian)

The research deals with the scientific and academic necessity in the field of contemporary linguistic research and translation studies called for new and advanced scientific theories in line with technological developments and modern information in the world, using different letters between the fields of science and knowledge, and thus resulted in new research methods with the linguistic phenomenon to vary its communicative functions. the overview, theories, the appearance of the formula in its wide form and the legal translation in a narrower form. Research aims: discuss the most important content of legal language and its translation methods, equivalence and translation equivalence, translation transformations such as rearranging, addition, deletion and replacement, legal linguistic levels, including the level of legal discourse, and its relationship to other legal linguistic levels. The research adopts the qualitative field-experimental approach by benefiting from the researcher’s experiences in addition to studying a number of official translations of documents, documents, legal texts and contracts between the Arabic and Persian languages. The course of the study should be from the general to the specific, i.e. a review of the general translation, then the sworn translation, down to the problems associated with it

EQUIVALENCE IN THE TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS AND IDIOMS IN KING ABDULLAH II'S POLITICAL SPEECHES

Translation is a process of converting the meaning of a certain message from one language to another language.one of the major problems encountered by translators of political speeches is translating figures of speech like metaphors and idioms and finding equivalent meaning for them. This research aims at finding the equivalent translation provided by the Royal Court translators when translating metaphors and idioms from English into Arabic in the political speeches of king Abdullah II of Jordan. In the current study, Nida (1969) theory of equivalence in translation is adapted in order to achieve the objectives of the study. Nida (1969) proposes two types of equivalence in translation, namely formal and functional/dynamic translation. This study deploys descriptive and comparative methods in dealing with the selected examples of the political speeches and discussions papers of king Abdullah II of Jordan which are published in his official website: (http://www.kingabdullah.jo) . The findings of the study revealed that translators of the royal court apply Nida (1969) theory of equivalence in translating both metaphors and idioms in the political speeches of king Abdullah II. namely, Formal and functional equivalence.

Spanish Synonyms as Part of a Multilingual Event-Type Ontology

Abstract This paper presents an ongoing work on the multilingual event-type ontology SynSemClass, where multilingual verbal synonymy is formalized in terms of syntactic and semantic properties. In the ontology, verbs are grouped into synonym classes, both monolingually and cross-lingually. Specifically, verbs are considered to belong to the same class if they both express the same meaning in a specific context, and their valency frame can be mapped to the set of roles defined for a particular class. SynSemClass is built following a bottom-up approach where translational equivalents are automatically extracted from parallel corpora and annotated by human annotators. The task of the annotators consists in mapping the valency frame of a particular verb with the set of roles defined for the class where the verb is included as a potential class member, establishing links to external resources, and selecting relevant examples. The Spanish part of the ontology currently contains 257 classes enriched with Spanish synonyms. The resulting resource provides finegrained syntactic and semantic information on multilingual verbal synonyms and links to other existing monolingual and multilingual resources.

The Epistemic Marker Určit Ě in the Light of Corpus Data

Abstract The paper presents a pilot study for a research project on epistemic modality and/or evidentiality markers in Czech. The study focuses on the expression určitě. Although, this marker is typically considered to signal high certainty, the dictionary of standard Czech (Slovník spisovné češtiny, SSČ) also offers an alternative meaning of probability, indicating a lower degree of certainty. We use parallel data from the InterCorp v15 corpus to determine whether the probability meaning can be identified unequivocally in real language data and whether it correlates with specific translation equivalents, linguistic features, or lexical context. Based on our findings, we propose an alternative method for distinguishing between different shades of meaning based on the communicative functions of the utterances, and we draw conclusions regarding the relevance of individual grammatical and lexical clues in context for future annotations.

Archipelagic Translation: Mobility amid Every Language in the World

This article proposes a three-way reinflection among the categories of mobility, archipelagic thought, and translation. It draws on the work of several island-oriented thinkers, including Alice Te Punga Somerville, Édouard Glissant, and Craig Santos Perez. Via Te Punga Somerville, I develop a conceptualization of archipelagic translation that is decolonizing, decontinentalizing, and reliant on interisland waters as places of being and meaning. Subsequently, via Glissant’s emphasis on translation as a crucial form of archipelagic thinking, I emphasize a translation less of betweenness (from one language to another) and more of amidness (a translation in the presence of every language of the world). Finally, and by recourse to Perez’s from unincorporated territory poetry series, I elaborate on a view of archipelagic translation as a renaming of the world in which translational equivalents break down and translation happens amid the push and pull of materiality and metaphoricity. Thus, Perez’s work offers both a conceptual template for and an example of archipelagic translation. As I navigate through the work of these three thinkers, the article’s three major preoccupations—mobility, archipelagic thinking, and translation—exist in a constant, reinflecting, and reconstituting dynamic in relation to one another. In the conclusion, I turn toward the potential for the mobilities of archipelagic translation to reroute recent work in Transnational American Studies that takes up questions of language, multilingualism, and translation. Further, the conclusion looks toward the archipelagic’s sense of amidness as key to a planetary restructuring of scholarly approaches to mobility, archipelagic spaces, and translation.

СТРАТЕГИИ ДОМЕСТИЗАЦИИ В ТРАНСЛИНГВАЛЬНОМ ПОДРОСТКОВОМ РОМАНЕ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЯ «ДЕРЕВНЯ У МОРЯ» (1982) А. ДЕСАИ)

Translingual literature is heterogenic; its classification based on structure, form and genre implies distinguishing novels, novelettes, short stories, plays, poems, etc. As well as differentiating among the following genres and subgenres: young adult/youth literature, fantasy novels and stories, science fiction, criminal literature, etc. Foreign linguistic and cultural substrate is verbalized in translingual young adult novels: culture-loaded loanwords, proper names (including precedent names derived from the non-native languages of target readers). Frequently used domestication strategies aimed at decoding foreign linguistic and cultural substrate rank as follows (in descending order): explanatory context, the author’s detailed commentary, one-word translation equivalent, extratextual glossary.

The Chinese Version of the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Printable Materials: Translation, Adaptation, and Validation Study.

Providing people with understandable and actionable health information can considerably promote healthy behaviors and outcomes. To this end, some valid and reliable scales assessing the patient-friendliness of health education materials, like the PEMAT-P (Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for printable materials), have been well developed in English-speaking countries. However, the English version of the PEMAT-P has not been translated and adapted into simplified Chinese and validated in mainland China. This study sought to translate the PEMAT-P tool into a simplified Chinese (Mandarin) version (C-PEMAT-P, a Chinese version of the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for printable materials) and verify its validity and reliability for assessing the comprehensibility and actionability of health education resources written in simplified Chinese. As a result, the validated C-PEMAT-P could be used to guide health researchers and educators to design more comprehensible and actionable materials for more tailored and targeted health education and interventions. We translated the PEMAT-P into simplified Chinese in the following three steps: (1) forward-translating the PEMAT-P into simplified Chinese, (2) back-translating the simplified Chinese version into English, and (3) testing translation equivalence linguistically and culturally by examining the original English version of the PEMAT-P and the back-translated English version of the tool. Any discrepancies between the original English tool and the back-translated English tool were resolved through a panel discussion among the research team of all authors to produce a revised forward-translated Chinese version (C-PEMAT-P). We then evaluated the clarity of construction and wording as well as the content relevance of the C-PEMAT-P using a 4-point ordinal scale to determine its content validity. After that, 2 native Chinese speakers (health educators) used the C-PEMAT-P to rate 15 health education handouts concerning air pollution and health to validate their reliability. We calculated the Cohen coefficient and Cronbach α to determine the interrater agreement and internal consistency of the C-PEMAT-P, respectively. We finalized the translated Chinese tool after discussing the differences between the 2 English versions (original and back-translated) of the PEMAT-P, producing the final Chinese version of the PEMAT-P (C-PEMAT-P). The content validity index of the C-PEMAT-P version was 0.969, the Cohen coefficient for the interrater scoring agreement was 0.928, and the Cronbach α for internal consistency was .897. These values indicated the high validity and reliability of the C-PEMAT-P. The C-PEMAT-P has been proven valid and reliable. It is the first Chinese scale for assessing the comprehensibility and actionability of Chinese health education materials. It can be used as an assessment tool to evaluate health education materials currently available and a guide to help health researchers and educators design more comprehensible and actionable materials for more tailored and targeted health education and interventions.

Cross-linguistic differences in gender congruency effects: Evidence from meta-analyses

It has been proposed that the order in which words are prepared for production depends on the speaker’s language. When producing the translation equivalent of the small cat, speakers of German or Dutch select the gender-marked determiner at a relatively early stage of production. Speakers of French or Italian postpone the encoding of a determiner or adjective until the phonological form of the noun is available. Hence, even though the words are produced in the same order (e.g., die kleine Katze in German, le petit chat in French), they are not planned in the same order and might require different amounts of advanced planning prior to production onset. This distinction between early and late selection languages was proposed to account for the observation that speakers of Germanic and Slavic languages, but not of Romance languages, are slower to name pictures in the context of a distractor word of a different gender. Meta-analyses are conducted to provide the first direct test of this cross-linguistic difference and to test a prediction of the late selection hypothesis. They confirm the existence of the gender congruency effect in German/Slavic languages and its absence in Romance languages when target and distractor words are presented simultaneously. They do not allow confirming the hypothesis that in the latter languages, a similar effect emerges when the presentation of the distractor is delayed. Overall, these analyses confirm the cross-linguistic difference but show that the evidence available to date is not sufficient to confirm or reject the late selection hypothesis as an explanation of this difference. We highlight specific directions for future research.