Translational Research Articles

Gender Representation in the English Translation of the Urdu Short Story ‘Parbati’ by Farkhanda Lodhi

Aim of the Study: Gender representation is a key area of study within sociolinguistics, focusing on the analysis of gender identity and how it is conveyed across languages. This article examines gender representation in the English translation of the Urdu short story Parbati by Farkhanda Lodhi, translated by Samina Rahman and included in an anthology compiled by Amir Hussein in 2005. The study explores how gender is portrayed in the translation and how the translator's linguistic choices, influenced by the process of translation, affect the representation of gender ideology. While both the author and the translator are women, the male editor's role in compiling the anthology is considered in the analysis of potential shifts in gender representation. Methodology: Using Sherry Simon’s framework from Gender in Translation, this research applies discourse analysis to identify translation challenges, particularly those related to faithfully conveying the source text's meaning and preserving gender dynamics. Comparative analysis of extracts from both the original Urdu and its English translation is employed to assess these issues. Findings: The study finds that translation is a complex task requiring careful lexical and grammatical choices to maintain meaning. However, certain points in both the source and translated texts reflect the portrayal of women as weak and powerless, a tendency that can be exacerbated in patriarchal contexts, contributing to gender bias. Conclusion: Ultimately, the research concludes that a translator's lexical decisions play a significant role in shaping gender identities and in negotiating the representation of gender ideologies in translated works.

Analisis Penjabaran Transaksi Valuta Asing Pada PT Bank Central Asia Tbk Tahun 2022 Dan 2023

In practice, foreign currency transactions have the potential to generate foreign exchange differences (foreign exchange gain or loss) which can affect the company in terms of financial statements. Fluctuations This study aims to analyze the translation of foreign exchange transactions that occurred at PT BCA in 2022 and 2023. This research uses descriptive research methods using a quantitative approach, which is carried out by analyzing the financial statements of PT Bank Central Asia Tbk. in the period 2022 and 2023. The data in this study comes from secondary data obtained from the financial statements of PT Bank Central Asia. The results of this study are the determination of the functional currency and the translation process that occurs in the PT BCA company causing exchange rate differences presented in the equity group in the consolidated financial position in accordance with PSAK 221 regulations.

Advances of New Extracellular Vesicle Isolation and Detection Technologies in Cancer Diagnosis.

Cancer is a global health issue threatening people's lives. Currently, cancer detection methods still have a lot of room for improvement in both efficiency and accuracy. The development and application of new technologies are urgently required for early cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a type of phospholipid bilayer vesicle secreted by cells and play an important role in cancer development and metastasis. These small vesicles participate in cancer information transmission, antigen presentation, angiogenesis, immune response, tumor invasion, and mediate signaling pathways in the tumor microenvironment. Liquid biopsy of EV cargo contents is a fast-developing research area, holding promise for early cancer diagnosis and monitoring cancer progression in real-time. However, current EV detection technologies for clinical translation are still facing many challenges. Recent advancements in developing techniques for EV isolation and detection have made significant progress and are paving the way toward clinical application. Here, the advantages and limitations of traditional EV detection and isolation technologies in cancer diagnosis and prognosis are reviewed. The review also focuses on emerging EV detection and isolation technologies in cancer, discusses the challenges faced by current methods, and explores the perspective of new EV detection techniques for future cancer diagnosis.

Assessing the Quality of Life of the Ilocano Older Adults During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study on the Association Between Health-Promoting Behaviors and Quality of Life, and the Moderating Effect of Socio-Demographic Profile.

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the lives of people across ages, with older adults identified as a vulnerable group. This vulnerability has been magnified by circumstantial indications of ageism emerging at different levels. Crucial at this point is the practice of healthy lifestyle behaviors to maintain functional independence and to improve the quality of life of these susceptible individuals. This study generally aims to comprehensively evaluate the quality of life among Ilocano older adults amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, exploring the relationship between their health-promoting behaviors and quality of life, while considering the moderating influence of socio-demographic factors. A total of 383 community-dwelling older adults from Ilocos Norte aged 60-93 y/o (M 69.68, SD = 7.13) without cognitive impairment, and who can verbally communicate were recruited through stratified random sampling from February to March 2022. Data measures used were the Ilocano translated socio-demographic questionnaire, the Health-Promoting Lifestyle II(HPLP) for HPB, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life -BREF for QOL. The translation process followed the WHO protocol. Reliability and validity testing were done and established. A Mini-Cog test was administered to validate subject inclusion. Data were obtained face-to-face with full observance of health and safety protocol. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) v.28.0 was used for the descriptive and inferential analysis of study data. Diagnostic testing like outlier screening and distribution checking were conducted prior to data analysis. Tests of normality were conducted prior to the regression analysis. Ilocano older adults (IOA) generally have a high level of HPBs (M = 2.91, SD 0.49) and average perception of QOL (M = 3.37, SD = 0.46) regardless of their demographic profile. However, the physical activity subscale was reported to be low. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Scheffe post hoc test revealed statistically significant differences in the HPB scores of the IOA according to age, civil status, and educational attainment and a significant difference in the perceived QOL of the IOA when classified according to their health status. The Pearson R correlation test revealed a positive (r = .467, p < .01 level of significance) and a moderate magnitude of correlation (.4 < between HPBs and QOL. Multiple linear regression tests with a stepwise method revealed physical activity ( = .205, p = .001), nutrition ( = -.242, p = .001), and spiritual growth ( = .205, p = .008) influence the quality of life of Ilocano older adults. They explained 25% of the variance of QOL while other subscales of HPB explained 26% of it (adjusted R2=.251, R2 change = .263), significant at p < 0.05. Moderation analysis showed age and health status to have an effect on the relationship between HPB and QOL with a p-value of .000 and .001 respectively. This study showed that HPBs are positively associated with the QOL of IOA. Physical activity, nutrition, and spiritual growth affect the QOL perception while age and health status were found to influence the association. The practice of HPB must be encouraged with a focus on increased physical activity engagement, proper nutrition, and religious practices that foster spiritual growth for this identified vulnerable group. The findings of this study have offered a lucid description of the current HPB practice and QOL perceptions of the IOA and have posed the fundamental basis for possibly proposing health policy reforms and implementing health-promoting interventions that will lead to the lifelong well-being of the IOA during the pandemic and are sustained after the health crisis.

Addressing barriers to global multidisciplinary stakeholder inclusivity: Lessons from global orofacial cleft research priority setting.

Inclusivity in research priority setting is fundamental to capturing the opinion of all stakeholders in a research area. Globally, experienced healthcare workers often have deep insights that could impactfully shape future research, and a lack of their involvement in formal research and publications could mean that their voices are insufficiently represented. We aimed to modify the well-established Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative (CHNRI) methodology to address barriers to inclusivity, which are particularly relevant in healthcare that requires highly multidisciplinary care. This global research priority-setting exercise for orofacial clefts adapted the CHNRI methodology to include research experts, clinicians from multiple disciplines, and non-technical stakeholders (i.e. patients and parents and non-governmental organisations (NGOs)) on a global basis. A multidisciplinary international steering group proposed and discussed methodological changes to improve inclusivity, including survey edits, subgroups for research questions, a demographics section, translation in French and Spanish, phrasing adaptation, and alternative dissemination techniques. We received 412 responses and 1420 questions, spanning 78 different countries and 18 different specialties/groups. Challenges remain to improve representation of all groups, with the vast majority of answers (30%) being from surgeons and a comparatively small proportion from patient/parent groups (9%). This also includes managing responses in three languages, effective dissemination, and responses that were not worded as research questions. This is one of the first CHNRI exercises to involve patients and parents, clinicians, and researchers in its first question submission stage, and the first ever to do so on a global scale. We describe our approach to addressing inclusivity challenges and report related demographic data to serve as a benchmark upon which we hope future CHNRI exercises will improve.

The costs of shifting from dual-task to single-task processing: Applying the fade-out paradigm to dual tasking.

Cognitive control processes mirror fast and dynamic adaptation toward a change in the environment. When performing dual tasks, mental representations of dual-task-specific control requirements and the task-pair set are established that help to manage dual-task processing (Hirsch et al., 2017, 2018; Hommel, 2004, 2020). In the present study, we investigated to which extent such higher order representations of dual-task processing persist even if major characteristics of the task context change, for example, if one of the tasks of a dual task becomes irrelevant. For this, we adapted the fade-out paradigm (Mayr & Liebscher, 2001) to a dual-task setting and tested whether fade-out costs appear. Performance of pure Task 1 single tasking was compared to the performance of Task 1 processing right after dual-task trials (fade-out phase). Results showed that performance in this fade-out block did not immediately drop to single-task performance (fade-out costs), indicating the persistence of task-pair set representations (Experiments 1 and 3, N = 40 each). In addition, automatic stimulus-response translation processes continued within the fade-out phase, resulting in ongoing between-task interference. Furthermore, the frequency of between-task interference in dual-task blocks was manipulated (75% vs. 25% incongruence) between participants to establish conflict-biased control states of increased versus relaxed task shielding. These different control states, however, did not modulate fade-out costs (Experiment 2, N = 80). Nevertheless, the persistence of these control adaptations was reflected in manipulation-dependent between-task interference during fade-out trials. Implications of this new evidence are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Methodology Matters: How Translation Theories and Technologies Have Shaped Journey to the West

Methodology Matters: How Translation Theories and Technologies Have Shaped Journey to the West

Analysis of Plant Physiological Parameters and Gene Transcriptional Changes Under the Influence of Humic Acid and Humic Acid-Amino Acid Combinations in Maize

The study investigated the application of humic acids (HAs) and a combination of humic acids and amino acids (HA+AA) in maize under field conditions. Based on preliminary data in the literature, the aim was to investigate the effects of the two plant conditioning compounds on plant physiological parameters. In addition to measuring plant physiological parameters in the field, a complete transcriptome analysis was performed to determine exactly which genes were expressed after the treatments and in which physiological processes they play a role. Maize plants showed significant positive yield changes after two priming treatments. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis revealed the activation of photosynthetic and cellular respiration processes, as well as protein synthesis pathways, which explains the increased yield even under extreme precipitation conditions. The results show that the HA treatment helped in water management and increased the chlorophyll content, while the HA+AA treatment led to higher protein and dry matter contents. The post-harvest tests also show that the HA+AA treatment resulted in the highest yield parameters. Functional annotation of the maize super transcriptome revealed genes related to translation processes, photosynthesis, and cellular respiration. The combined pathway analysis showed that the HA and combined treatments activated genes related to photosynthesis, carbon fixation, and cellular respiration, providing valuable in-depth insight into the usefulness of the HA and HA+AA treatments in priming. Based on the studies, we believe that the use of natural-based humic acid plant conditioners may provide a beneficial opportunity to promote renewable, regenerative agriculture.

POST-EDITING MACHINE TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH-INDONESIAN BY EFL STUDENTS: A STUDY ON GRAMMATICAL COHESION IN ABSTRACT TRANSLATION

Machine translations offer several features that simplify the translation process. These include the ability to automatically adjust grammar and vocabulary from the source language to the target language, store word banks, and tailor the target language to specific fields. However, machine translation outputs still contain errors. Therefore, it is essential to perform post-editing to ensure grammatical and lexical cohesion and alignment between the source and target languages. This research aims to observe the quality of Google Translate and the result of Post-editing machine translation by EFL learners in terms of grammatical cohesion. This study used a descriptive qualitative. This study applied purposive sampling to choose the data. Three abstracts from three different Translation and Interpreting classes were chosen for the data. Then, the data were analysed by using the theory of grammatical cohesion and translation quality assessment. The result of the study shows that the grammatical cohesions found are mostly reference and conjunction. This study also finds that the quality of post-editing is better than the result of Google Translation as machine translation. The samples of data provides that mostly the score of post-editing is better observed from translation acceptability and readability. This study is restricted to the translation result of three abstracts only and the students’ post-editing effort which means that the findings may not fully represent the overall quality of translations from a grammatical cohesion. Future research could delve deeper into this topic by expanding the data sources and incorporating machine translation tools other than Google Translate.

Visualizing the modification landscape of the human 60S ribosomal subunit at close to atomic resolution.

Chemical modifications of ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and proteins expand their topological repertoire, and together with the plethora of bound ligands, fine-tune ribosomal function. Detailed knowledge of this natural composition provides important insights into ribosome genesis and function and clarifies some aspects of ribosomopathies. The discovery of new structural properties and functional aspects of ribosomes has gone hand in hand with cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and its technological development. In line with the ability to visualize atomic details - a prerequisite for identifying chemical modifications and ligands in cryo-EM maps - in this work we present the structure of the 60S ribosomal subunit from HeLa cells at the very high global resolution of 1.78 Å. We identified 113 rRNA modifications and four protein modifications including uL2-Hisβ-ox216, which stabilizes the local structure near the peptidyl transferase centre via an extended hydrogen-bonding network. We can differentiate metal ions Mg2+ and K+, polyamines spermine, spermidine and putrescine and identify thousands of water molecules binding to the 60S subunit. Approaching atomic resolution cryo-EM has become a powerful tool to examine fine details of macromolecular structures that will expand our knowledge about translation and other biological processes in the future and assess the variability of the chemical space due to differences between species/tissues or varying physicochemical environment.

Translation, Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Spanish Version of the Person-Centred Practice Inventory-Staff (PCPI-S).

Background: Person-centredness, a global movement in healthcare, is consistent with international developments in healthcare policy. It is important to have instruments to measure person-centred care. The Person-Centred Practice Inventory-Staff (PCPI-S) is an internationally recognized instrument that aims to measure how healthcare staff experience person-centred practice. Aim: To perform the cultural adaptation and psychometric testing of a Spanish version of the PCPI-S (PCPI-S (Sp)). Method: A two-stage research design was implemented as follows: (1) the translation and cultural adaptation of the PCPI-S from English to Spanish using the "Translation and Cultural Adaptation of Patient Reported Outcomes Measures-Principles of Good Practice"; (2) a quantitative cross-sectional survey for the psychometric evaluation of the PCPI-S. Test-retest reliability was evaluated using the Kendall tau concordance coefficient, internal reliability was assessed through the ordinal theta (OT) coefficient, and confirmatory factor analysis was performed to examine the theoretical measurement model. Results: A Spanish version of the PCPI-S was obtained. There were no significant difficulties in the translation process or the consulting sessions. A sample of 287 healthcare professionals participated in the study at least once. All the items showed at least a fair level of test-retest reliability. The OT scores were adequate (>0.69). The model showed good to adequate levels of fit: CFI = 0.89, SRMR = 0.068; RMSEA = 0.060 with CI90% (0.056-0.063). Conclusions: The Spanish translation of the PCPI-S was psychometrically valid when tested with Spanish healthcare professionals. This instrument will help identify professionals' perceptions of person-centred practice, track the evolution of this practice over time, and assess interventions aimed at improving person-centred practice.

The Incivility in Nursing Education Revised (INE-R) Instrument: Translation and Validation in Indonesian

Background: Professionalism is one important thing in the educational process as in the learning objectives of nursing. Nurses are required to form a professional behavior and achieve it starting from the educational stage. Thus, the process in nursing education needs to be able to identify patterns of students and teacher’s behavior that are not professional or against the norms of decency. The Incivility in Nursing Education – Revised (INE-R) instrument, was first developed by Clark et al. in 2015. It is designed to assess incivility within nursing education, and there has been no Indonesian translated version recently. Inadequate translation quality can hinder researchers’ capacity to gather and interpret data accurately, resulting in errorneous measurement. The broader impact can also result in failing to recognize or identify disrespectful behavior that may potentially lead to incivility behavior in nursing education. The purpose of this study is to produce an accurate research instrument of Incivility in Nursing Education Revised (INE-R) which is translated from English into Indonesian considering the cultural background and relevant issues in Indonesian context. Method: The method used in the translation process refers to the World Health Organization (WHO) instrument protocol, consist of forward translation, expert panel discussion, back translation, pre-testing, and cognitive interviewing until the final version. Result: This study found that the Incivility in Nursing Education Revised (INE-R) instrument is valid and reliable with Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.745 and S-CVI 0.993. The result of the I-CVI score for each part of the questionnaire of student and teacher behavior assessment mostly have a score of 1 (one). Conclusion: This study translated the INE-R instrument formulated and developed by Clark. From the result of the I-CVI categorized, the translated instrument indicates a high content of validity.

Teaching Legal Translation from Intercultural Communication Perspectives: Challenges and Proposed Recommendations

In the international integration era, intercultural communication has become an integral part fostering the globalization process. As a means of communication intermediary within different parts of the world, translation should not only communicate the original message but also support the understanding among partners. Teaching translation from intercultural communication perspectives, therefore, has attracted the attention of educators. This current study endeavors to ascertain the challenges of teaching translation in a context of a Vietnamese law school from the perspective of intercultural communication. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven lecturers of translation to clarify their views on teaching translation during the second semester of the academic year 2023-2024. Interestingly, the result acknowledges the obstacles concerning learners’ insufficient knowledge, their neglect of culture and interculture importance, teaching materials and teaching methods. Based on such findings, several recommendations in terms of raising learners’ awareness, improving teaching content and materials as well as teaching methods were made with the hope of enhancing the teaching and learning translation process in the context of global intercultural communication.

Ecological Translatology in the Translation of Ancient Chinese Poetry: A Case Study of The Departure from Baidicheng in the Morning

The paper explores the translation of Li Bai’s poem The Departure from Baidicheng in the Morning. Applying the Eco-translatology theory, it aims to analyze how different English translations—by Xu Yuanchong, Yang Xianyi and Dai Naidie, and Weng Xianliang—reflect the adaptation of language, culture, and communication in the translation process. Given “Adaptation and Selection” Idea as well as “Three-D” Theory, the paper compares the linguistic, cultural, and communicative strategies employed by these translators. The findings suggest that each translation demonstrates varying degrees of adaptation, with Xu Yuanchong’s version achieving the most balanced ecological transformation. It is also found that Eco-translatology provides valuable insights into enhancing the accuracy and cultural transmission of Chinese poetry in translation.

Regulation and application of m6A modification in tumor immunity.

The m6A modification is an RNA modification that impacts various processes of RNA molecules, including transcription, splicing, stability, and translation. Recently, researchers have discovered that the presence of m6A modification can influence the interaction between tumor cells and immune cells and also play a role in regulating the expression of immune response-related genes. Additionally, m6A modification is intricately involved in the regulation of tumor immune evasion and drug resistance. Specifically, certain tumor cells can manipulate the gene expression through m6A modification to evade immune system attacks. Therefore, it might be possible to enhance tumor immune surveillance and improve the effectiveness of immune-based therapies by manipulating m6A modification. This review systematically discusses the role of m6A modification in tumor immunity, specifically highlighting its regulation of immune cells and immune-related genes in tumor cells. Furthermore, we explore the potential of m6A modification inhibitors as anti-cancer therapies and the significance of m6A regulatory factors in predicting the efficacy of tumor immune therapy.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Arabic version of the Stay Independent Brochure as part of the CDC’s STEADI initiative among community-dwelling older adults

BackgroundThe Stay Independent Brochure (SIB) is part of the CDC’s STEADI initiative and is a fall risk screening self-report tool. This study aimed to translate and cross-culturally adapt the Arabic version of the SIB (AR-SIB) and evaluate its psychometric properties among community-dwelling older adults.MethodsThe translation and cross-cultural adaptation process followed standard guidelines, including forward and backward translation, expert committee review, and pretesting to ensure semantic and conceptual equivalence, clarity, and cultural relevance of the Arabic version of the SIB. Internal consistency was assessed using the Kuder-Richardson formula (KR-20), and test–retest reliability was evaluated with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1). Convergent validity of the AR-SIB was evaluated using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients (rs) with the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test and the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and point-biserial correlation coefficients (rpb) with the three key questions. Floor and ceiling effects and the operating characteristic (ROC) curve were also calculated.ResultsA total of 104 community-dwelling older adults participated in the study. The majority of participants were female (52.9%) and had a mean age of 63.77 ± 4.74 years. The AR-SIB demonstrated good internal consistency with an overall KR-20 of 0.73 and excellent test–retest reliability (ICC2,1 = 0.96). The AR-SIB showed moderate correlations with the TUG (rs = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.35 to 0.64) and the BBS (rs = -0.56, 95% CI: -0.69 to -0.41), and a high correlation with the three key questions (rpb = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.65 to 0.82). No floor or ceiling effects were observed. The cutoff point of the AR-SIB was determined to be 4.5.ConclusionsThe AR-SIB is a reliable and valid tool to discriminate falls and screen for fall risk among Arabic-speaking community-dwelling older adults. The AR-SIB can facilitate the implementation of evidence-based fall prevention initiatives tailored to Arabic-speaking older adults.

Construction of meaning in survivors of suicide loss: A Spanish translation and application of the Meaning in Loss Codebook

The increasing incidence of suicide loss in many nations makes an in-depth understanding of survivors’ needs and responses a compelling priority. Accordingly, we conducted semi-structured individual interviews with 10 Spanish adult suicide loss survivors exploring their attempt to reaffirm or reconstruct a world of meaning that had been challenged by their loss. A qualitative analysis of the content of the interviews was carried out from both an inductive and deductive perspective drawing on a Spanish translation of the Meaning in Loss Codebook (MLC). Results documented the negative effects associated with the trauma and stigma surrounding suicide, the difficulty survivors had in finding a place to express their emotions, thoughts, and feelings related to their loss, but also their reports of personal growth during the grieving process in the form of greater strength, maturity, change in priorities, and a sense of responsibility for their lives. Moreover, the survivors reported feeling more altruistic, sensitive, empathetic, and willing to help others because of their loss, an outcome associated with their participation in organizations for suicide survivors. Methodologically, the study demonstrates the viability of studying meaning making in bereavement in Spanish speaking populations using the MLC, permitting both cross-cultural research and more attuned clinical assessment.

Neuropedagogical Guidelines for Translation Studies: Perceiving the Linguistic-Cultural Markers of the Other (Foreign) in Translation

This article highlights the need for a neuropedagogical approach to exploring the “self-other” category in current translation theories and practices, especially concerning sensitive linguo-cultural elements (e.g., non-equivalent vocabulary, cultural gaps, linguo-cultural semes, concepts and connotations). The relevance of the article stems from the growing accessibility of neuroscientific tools that can address translation and educational challenges characterized by high interlingual entropy, ambiguity, limited intercultural and linguistic awareness, and the issues of bilingualism within the context of post-cultural consciousness. Consequently, the article aims to identify the neuropsychological phenomenon of the “other” and its relation to translation, viewed as a discourse transformation along the self-other (foreign) continuum. The primary goal is to observe future translators’ spontaneous reactions to linguistic-cultural units with pronounced “other” semantics and provide neuropedagogical recommendations to manage the educational process and foster future translators’ deontological awareness of otherness. The research combines standard methods, such as analysis, comparison and generalization, with semantic analysis, cultural reflection and the recording of facial and emotional responses, interpreted by students and experts. Educational modelling has been the final method in a quasi-experimental study with 78 future translators. The main outcome of the article is a concise summary of typical, potentially destructive neuro-reactions, their impact on the translation process and practical educational insights and advice. The theoretical contribution of the article involves integrating neuropedagogical perspectives into the philosophical and methodical aspects of translation. The article proves that translators’ neuro-reactivity is a fundamental challenge in establishing professional ethics, particularly within the cultural and identity-related dimensions that comprise individual and collective consciousness.

Psychometric Properties and Cultural Adaptation of the Persian Version of the Family Functioning Questionnaire in Rehabilitation (FFQR) in Parents of Children with Disabilities

Background: Children with special needs require extensive medical and rehabilitative interventions, which pose significant challenges for their families. The Family Functioning Questionnaire in Rehabilitation (FFQR) assesses family performance in this context. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the reliability, validity, and cultural adaptation of the Persian version of the FFQR among Iranian parents of children with special needs. Methods: This methodological study rigorously evaluated face and content validity, criterion validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and construct validity. Participants included 250 parents of children aged 3 to 18 with special needs, recruited from rehabilitation facilities in Tehran province. Results: The translation process, along with assessments of face and content validity, led to adjustments in questionnaire items. The Persian version of the FFQR demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.946) and high test-retest reliability (correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.94). However, criterion validity with the Child Adjustment and Parent Efficacy Scale-developmental disability was not established. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the original factor structure of the FFQR, affirming its cross-cultural applicability. Model fit indices indicated reasonable fit, although the chi-square test suggested an imperfect fit (χ² = 2409.03, df = 1074, P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: The Persian FFQR proved to be a reliable and culturally relevant tool for assessing family functioning in the rehabilitation of Iranian children with special needs. These findings highlight the importance of employing culturally sensitive measurement tools in research and clinical applications.

Novel and efficient process for the synthesis of 1,3,4 Oxadiazole containing MBX-4132

A novel and efficient approach to the synthesis of MBX-4132 has been reported. Having 1,3,4-oxadiazole containing compound that inhibits trans translation process by binding to the bacterial ribosome and act as an antimicrobial agent. It involved the reaction of 5-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-amine, with diphenyl carbonate to yield the corresponding carbamates, which in-situ reacted with 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline to produce MBX-4132 with a comparatively higher yield (65%). The above process involves mild reaction conditions and uses non-toxic, non-hazardous and cheaper reagents such as diphenyl carbonate as carbonyl source thereby making the process economical and environment friendly.