Transit-oriented Development Planning Research Articles

What the newcomers to transit-oriented development are confronted with? Evidence from Iranian policy and planning

Today, the American model of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) has gained widespread adoption around the world. Together with pioneer cities in the U.S., Japan, Singapore, and other European countries, there are newcomers to TOD, mainly from the cities located in the developing countries with rapid urbanization and motorization trends, with the purpose of benefiting from TOD advantages in response to the apparently unsustainable traffic-caused challenges. Opportunities, challenges and prerequisites needed for TOD planning seem to have been unclear so far for such nations. Hence, the present study, aims to fill this gap through examining an analytical framework for TOD planning in the case of Iran. The recent policies on TOD also have been initiated at both national and local levels in this country. Directed content analysis of 11 call interviews with Iranian urban professionals and government officials demonstrated that, as with global experiences, adversary physical characteristics and policy background of Iranian cities tremendously preclude joint transport land-use initiatives so that the nature of urban (transport) policies and planning as well as the resulting urban form are both car-oriented. As such, there is a great deal of fundamental works that should be accomplished by the newcomers. The results showed the extent to which the conditions for TOD newcomers are similar which could provide a common framework to the future customized analysis of the individual challenges and planning prerequisites.

Evaluating the Impact of Addis Ababa Light Rail Transit on Public Transit System, Its Efficiency and Eligibility for Transit Oriented Development (TOD)

Following rapid growth Addis Ababa is experiencing traffic congesting, urban sprawl, farmland conversion and environmental degradation. Addis Ababa LRT (AA- RT) has been envisioned to mitigate these problems by connecting four corners of the city to the Central Business District (CBD) however faced with enormous challenges mainly related to lack of finance to sustain operation. As a remedial measure the city Administration is considering Transit Oriented Development (TOD) as an alternative to overcome the challenges as well as fight the negative effect of the problems by reshaping transport and land use pattern in a sustainable manner. Even though TOD concept has helped many cities around the world detail investigation is should be performed and stockholders should be equipped with adequate knowledge in advance TOD planning and implementation. Since TOD concept is entwined with effective, efficient, fast and frequent transit, evaluating the performance of AA-LRT effectiveness is crucial. The objective of this research is to assess the significance of AA-LRT in improving the public transport system by analyzing the modal share among other public transport; analyzing stations efficiency, and analyze operational efficiency that would eventually give understanding about current situation of AA-LRT. The methodology involves collecting secondary data from relevant office and analyze statistically. The result revealed that modal share of AA-LRT among other public transport is 6%; all stations accommodate less number of passengers than designing and operational efficiency decreasing year after year.

A TOD Planning Model Integrating Transport and Land Use in Urban Rail Transit Station Areas

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), which integrates the Urban Rail Transit (URT) and surrounding land-use planning, is a noteworthy way to achieve sustainable development of URT. Stations with different function orientations have different development goals. However, there are limited studies that focus on the TOD planning with distinct station types. This study aims to propose a method to fill this gap. Commercial and residential development types are two dominating Station-TOD types. In this study, a multi-objective TOD planning model which integrates urban rail transit station, commercial, residential and public land-uses is proposed. The objectives focus on land value, ridership of URT, the compactness and commercial accessibility of land cells. Meanwhile, a two-phase solution algorithm based on genetic algorithm is designed to search for a set of Pareto solutions of alternative land-use plans. Two URT stations in Beijing are taken as case studies. One is Sidaoqiao station as a commercial-dominating type case, the other one is Pingxifu station as a residential-dominating type case. The results show that the optimized plan is more reasonable than the current plan. Both of the cases demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model and algorithm.

A Comparison of Transit-Oriented Development in Sendai, Japan and Adelaide, Australia

ABSTRACT Transit-oriented development (TOD) has the aim of encouraging sustainable mobility and urban development, especially where automobile use overshadows public transport. Therefore, looking to Japan with its history of development centred around railway stations and high public transport use can be useful. This paper examines TOD planning policies and approaches in Sendai, Japan, and Adelaide, Australia to find potential experience and strategies that might be applied to Adelaide. Results indicate that Sendai’s experience with business diversification, functional activities within TOD planning, and attracting private sector and landowner’s involvement in urban renewal projects, may bring fresh insights to TOD development in Adelaide.

Future Planning Practitioners and the “Waipahu Talk Story”: Learning from and Reflecting on Participation

Fifty years ago, Sherry Arnstein presented “a ladder of citizen participation,” highlighting the relevance of citizen participation for the social imperatives of her time. Today, there is widespread emphasis on public participation in planning practice. Planning education stresses its importance in addressing the principles of social justice. This prompted us to explore how graduate students on the threshold of becoming planning practitioners designed public engagement tools, and facilitated participation to examine proposed transit-oriented development plans. Our paper analyzes the nature of their engagement and reflection, spotlighting the potential and pitfalls of doing public participation. We find that enabling critical pedagogical approaches to engender collaborative and reflective practice benefits students, educators, and the profession in distinct ways.

Critical Review of Advanced Material for Transit-Oriented Development in a Hot-Humid Climate

Building material applied in a Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) area should meet high requirements such as having heavy-duty capacity, high durability, low maintenance, cost-effectiveness, and environmental-friendliness. In a tropical-rainforest or hot-humid climate, some of those requirements are intensified, especially those which are related to solar radiation and rainwater. Most existing urban development in a hot-humid climate must endure problems caused by uncontrolled stormwater and urban heat island (UHI). The idea of adopting a transit-oriented paradigm into the existing cities, convey a question whether the shift will be determining the liveability of the area; whether it could solve the existing problem or, on the contrary, generate additional problems. To overcome problems of an existing urban area and anticipate the requirements of a TOD area, the researcher progressively develops numerous materials under the term such as ‘advanced material’, ‘green material’, and ‘smart material’. This review covers current trends in material research which is relevant for TOD in a hot-humid climate. The identified trends are analyzed to generate discussion in which the TOD planning in hot-humid climate should consider and anticipate the prospect of advanced material.

Affordable Residential in TOD Area

Transit Oriented Development (TOD) areas in Jakarta are formed with the operation of the first MRT line, followed by the LRT network. However, with the development of mass rapid transit arise the problem of providing affordable housing units within the TOD area. This problem is particularly noticeable in central city TOD areas. This paper describes the process of inquiry in the effort of providing affordable housing in central city TOD areas. The study begins with literature research and case study to find the percentage of affordable housing that should be provided within the TOD area. Discussion with stakeholders and expert of TOD planning will reveal what problems are faced by the provision of housing within TOD area in Jakarta, as well as some possible solution to these problems. The most difficult problem is the land price that prohibits the provision of affordable flats or apartment units there. Changes in regulation regarding the central city mixed use development as well as building codes might be necessary in order to build affordable apartment units in central TOD areas.

Inclusion and Exclusion in Establishing the Delmar Loop Transit-Oriented Development Site

This research uses St. Louis, Missouri’s proposed Delmar Loop Transit-oriented development (TOD) site as a case study to identify how private interests overshadow overall inclusivity within a TOD space. Through content analysis and interviews, I reveal how establishing the TOD site aims to expand the existing entertainment district, but excludes the site’s predominately black and more transit-dependent West End neighborhood in TOD planning activities. Recognizing how different spaces and residents are excluded in ongoing TOD planning processes aims to highlight the spaces and residents most at risk for future displacement—pointing planners to areas of needed interventions.

An Assessment of Economic and Financial Impacts of Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway Project

In this paper, we assess the economic and financial impacts of the proposed Jakarta-Bandung high-speed railway project. Our assessment following Zou et. al. (2018) suggests that, over the long run, the project may increase the combined income of Jakarta, the neighbouring province Karawang and the country’s major industrial centre Bandung, by an estimated 12-18%, by increasing ‘market access’, by the firms in the region, under several assumptions. We estimated that the project will increase Indonesian real GDP by almost 0.4%, mostly during its construction phase, with certain assumptions on the returns to capital. On the other hand, although the project is expected to generate over 40,000 jobs in Indonesia, according to several sources, the project may entail an immediate loss of over 2,000 traditional jobs around the track. In addition, Transit Oriented Development plans, such as tourist spot in Walini, residential complex around the project site etc. are likely to affect community farming and water supply in the region. Therefore, we assessed that the success of the project is subjected to several legal and institutional barriers including ongoing issues related to the land acquisition. The sluggish progress of the project exerts financial risk to the stakeholders, especially since the project has no ‘guarantee’ from the Indonesian government. We estimated that the China Development Bank, as a majority fundraiser, bears a significantly large portion of the risk than the other stakeholders in the project. The financial risks faced by the Indonesian counterpart, on the other hand, is significantly lower. Keywords : High-speed rail, market access, economic growth, risks,

Using Big and Open Data to Analyze Transit-Oriented Development

Problem, research strategy, and findings: In this study, we investigate how to exploit big and open data (BOD) to quantitatively examine the relationships between transit-oriented development (TOD) attributes and TOD outcomes. Here, TOD attributes are measurable or perceivable attributes that TOD proponents cherish, and TOD outcomes are the targeted outcomes, such as increased ridership, associated at least partially with TOD attributes. Based on BOD from Shenzhen (China), we create indicators to measure both TOD attributes and outcomes. We explore the associations of TOD attributes, including centrality of a TOD site, travel time to the central business district, density, destination, diversity, and design, with TOD outcomes. We identify the TOD attribute that best predicts TOD outcomes such as metro ridership, frequent riders, people co-located in a station area, and ratios derived from these outcomes. We find that special neighborhoods, specific metro lines, and age of the district significantly influence TOD outcomes. Our study has a few limitations: a) the BOD we use do not directly measure TOD attributes, so proxies must be used; and b) the BOD we use contain little information about “why,” “who,” and “how,” such as why people rode transit, who they were, and how they perceived/appreciated various TOD attributes.Takeway for practice: BOD-derived variables allow planners to revalidate existing planning guidelines and principles concerning TOD and adapt them to local contexts. BOD can also be used to formulate new metrics to evaluate different TOD plans or projects in ways not achievable with traditional data alone. In short, BOD can and should be used to refine TOD analytics and design and to implement corresponding theories in pursuit of TOD.

Determining transit nodes for potential transit-oriented development: Along the LRT corridor in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

The aim of transit-oriented development (TOD) is to create a livable urban environment by improving the integration between land-use and transportation systems. The capital city of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, aims to promote a sustainable transportation system by launching its first light rail transit (LRT) network to control the current pattern of increased congestion and the need for mass transport. Planning for TOD around existing transit stations helps achieve improved transit choice and encourages local economic development. Therefore, this article proposes a methodology to quantitatively measure the existing TOD in terms of a TOD index within the walkable distance of transit nodes by measuring the criteria that define TOD levels. The TOD index is calculated for areas of 22 stations on the East-West LRT line of Addis Ababa. Depending on the value of the TOD index, certain stations are identified to have a potential TOD but poor transit accessibility. With these results, the recommendation to improve TOD planning can become accurate for each station, depending on its relevant factors. Such results also help identify each station's potential for TOD planning and its improvements toward future local developments.

Planning for urban life: A new approach of sustainable land use plan based on transit-oriented development

Transit-oriented development (TOD) is an integration of transportation systems with land use and has been given priority in sustainability strategies. However, most of the existing studies on TOD emphasize the economic and environmental perspectives of sustainability, paying little attention to social equity. Moreover, despite governments worldwide are gradually trying to address unsustainable issues associated with dramatic urbanization through a framework of TOD development, the improvement of land use planning necessary to achieve variegated sustainability within a safe trajectory is not being targeted or achieved. This paper aims to establish a framework of TOD planning in China's context that could be applied beyond the concept to planning experts and policymakers on how to integrate land use planning with TOD to achieve sustainability. We further applied an empirical study of Jiaomei, China to demonstrate the application of the designed framework. The study provided a new framework for understanding sustainable transportation development with land use management as applied to the urban planning process and for exploring new paths in practice toward sustainability.

Effects of transit-oriented development (TOD) on housing prices: A case study in Wuhan, China

Rail transit is becoming significant to urban growth and sustainability in China since China is investing more than 2 trillion yuan in urban rail transit during the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016–2020). Transit-oriented development (TOD) emphasizes using built-environment factors such as mixed-use, density, and walkability, to maximize the benefits of improving transit accessibility. Although studies illustrate how transit-oriented built-environments amplify the rail transit impact on housing prices within the American context, little attention has been paid to Chinese cities. Using a case study of Wuhan City in China, this study shows that a higher transit proximity premium of housing prices is more likely to occur in the place with more mixed land uses. Policy implications on TOD planning and land value capture near transit station areas are derived.

Transit-oriented development in the southern European city of Thessaloniki introducing urban railway: typology and implementation issues

ABSTRACT Developed essentially in the context of American cities, the Transit Oriented Development (TOD) model has also occupied the literature regarding European cities, especially those with long developed urban rail systems. This paper provides a critical overview of the TOD model regarding three main topics: key features and typologies; benefits, drawbacks and implementation challenges; and readiness criteria. It then proceeds to an investigation of the potential for implementing the TOD model in the context of Southern European cities, traditionally considered to fall into typical compact forms of development, many of which also lack integrated urban and transport planning. Based on the case of Thessaloniki, Greece, which introduces urban rail by constructing a metro system, a typology is proposed, adapted to the case of a dense and mixed-use city, and two pilot TOD plans are presented. The paper highlights that an integrated urban and transport planning based on a modification of the TOD model could be implemented in Southern European cities, taking advantage of their compact and mixed-use features but also constraining the relatively recent phenomenon of suburban dispersion. Nevertheless, overcoming the multiple institutional and financing barriers is necessary to guarantee a successful transfer and adaptation of the TOD model.

A decision framework for defining Transit-Oriented Development in an indian city

Abstract Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) planning in India has become essential to address neighborhood structure and transportation issues in its urban areas. The present study employed an enhanced fuzzy-analytical hierarchical process (EFAHP) framework to a TOD-planning problem for Delhi, India. For the decision-making process, we established seven planning criteria and their corresponding indicators from extensive literature and expert consultation. Thirty-one expert decisions segmented to planners, policymakers, and researchers were involved in assessing the importance of the established criteria/indicators for TOD planning in Delhi. The global weights of criteria/indicators obtained from the EFAHP approach are free from uncertainty and imprecision involved in expert judgments. The context-sensitive TOD definition proposed from the study results will serve as a prescription to planners, policymakers, and government authorities in the TOD policy development for other Indian cities, especially for Delhi.

Developing Context Sensitive Planning Criteria for Transit Oriented Development (TOD): A Fuzzy-Group Decision Approach

Developing countries like India have started focusing on Transit Oriented Development (TOD) policies for their existing cities. In the absence of a generic definition and generalized criteria in the TOD literature, context-specific planning criteria are essentially required to assess TOD suitability in any city. Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) techniques have been widely used throughout the past studies to assist multi-stakeholders’ in establishing criteria related to TOD planning. This paper presents a Multi-Criteria Multi-Stakeholder Decision Making approach based on Fuzzy-Analytical Hierarchical Process (FAHP) to establish planning criteria which can be further useful to select suitable TOD sites in Delhi, India. A series of 9 criteria and their corresponding indicators are established based on literature review and expert consultation. Three stakeholder groups (researchers, planners, and policymakers) comprising of 31 experts from different fields related to TOD issues were solicited to provide their perspectives on TOD planning in the Delhi city. The expert judgments were converted into fuzzy numbers to capture the vagueness and uncertainty that human attitudes entail when making judgments. In this study, 13 priority indicators were identified based on a balanced consensus in stakeholder groups using the FAHP method. Given that the stakeholder groups diverge in their perspectives, their judgments convergence in believing that TOD planning in Delhi can be best assessed using ‘transit service’ criterion and least assessed using ‘Demographics’ criterion. The study has drawn global weights of criterion and indicators from multi-stakeholders’ perspectives can be effective in achieving TOD planning across existing and future cities in India.

Transit-oriented development: A review of research achievements and challenges

Abstract Among the attempts made worldwide to foster urban and transport sustainability, transit-oriented development (TOD) certainly is one of the most successful. Since the TOD concept appeared in the late 1980s, it has received increasing attention from researchers and practitioners as a way to merge together transport engineering and planning, land-use planning, and urban design for providing comprehensive solutions to contemporary urban problems. This attention has notably led to the publication of over 300 articles explicitly concerned with TOD in Web of Science journals, as well as to many implementations of the concept, some already completed and others underway (as, for example, the Grand Paris Project in France and Moscow Central Circle in Russia). Essentially, TOD can be described as land-use and transport planning that makes sustainable transport modes convenient and desirable, and that maximizes the efficiency of transport services by concentrating urban development around transit stations. However, as TOD projects started to be implemented worldwide, it became evident that their outcomes could be quite diverse, revealing that in practice the results of a project would depend on a wide variety of factors, trends and complex interrelations between them. In this article, we aim to provide a comprehensive, systematic and up-to-date review of TOD research achievements and challenges. We start by presenting the TOD concept, framing it in the theory of urban planning, and by describing the different typologies of TOD proposed in the literature. Then, we review the vast research dedicated to the study of TOD effects, distinguishing impacts on travel behavior, real-estate prices, residential location, urban form, and community life. The next subject we look at is TOD planning, focusing separately on policy issues and decision-support tools. In the final part of the article, based on the analysis of previous literature, we identify the main gaps and challenges that TOD research needs to address in the future.

Mi Casa no es Su Casa: The Fight for Equitable Transit-Oriented Development in an Inner-Ring Suburb

Transit-oriented development (TOD) often raises land values and can promote gentrification and the displacement in low-income communities. Little research, however, has shown how communities have organized to fight for more equitable TOD processes and outcomes within particular metropolitan contexts and dynamics of neighborhood change. This case study examines the role of neighborhood-based advocacy and organizing in fighting for equitable TOD and tackling key political and planning challenges in a predominantly Latinx immigrant inner-ring suburb. Their successes show the strengths of community-based, cross-sector coalitions in generating more equitable and inclusive TOD processes, plans, and policies that target conditions of place-based precarity.

The Application of Data Envelopment Analysis for Transportation Planning based on the Viewpoint of Economic Efficiency

There has been an ever increasing interest in the urban planning techniques, stimulated by the possibility that design strategies associated with the built environment be used well to control, manage, and shape individual behavior and socio-economic activity in cities. The numerous available evidence suggests that a combination of urban design strategies and Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) will help encourage our communities more livable, sustainable, and promoting the quality of our urban life. Therefore, the development of appropriate design techniques of TOD has become increasingly important as the TOD planning mode applied in the urban built environment. This study will try to integrate and classify the category of smart growth principles based on literature review. Followed by Fuzzy Delphi Technique (FDT) for obtaining expert’s opinions and screen the most important criteria of guiding principles. And then the empirical study of Taipei Metro Transit System will be demonstrated to show the application of our proposed methodology as well as framework. Finally, the adoption of Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) method and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model which combined with assurance region analysis will be applied to measure and select the most suitable MRT stations of Taipei Metro Transit System.

Spatial planning for potential green TOD using suitability analysis at the metropolitan region scale

Public life is heavily influenced by the circulation and activity movements within the city. Transportation is one of the most influential factors in urban development. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is one of the most innovative concepts in urban development related to transportation system. This paper aims to prescript potential areas for spatial planning of green TOD using a combined method of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) approaches to be implemented in Jakarta Metropolitan Region (JMR). Multi-indicator and weighting techniques were applied based on the perceived conclusions of the respective experts and professionals. Our analysis showed that the highly suitable class covered small area and TOD planning was focused in a specific area. The conclusion of this paper exhibited that there was a higher potential green TOD cluster occurred compared to its surrounding area. It meant that the ideally proportional balanced area for urban residential-commercial mixed use was in high preference of green TOD level.