Transit-oriented Development Implementation Research Articles

Dynamics of Transit Oriented Development, Role of Greenhouse Gases and Urban Environment: A Study for Management and Policy

The emission and mitigation of greenhouse gases transforms the status of urban environments. However, a policy accounting for all the aspects associated with transport is lacking. Problems related to transport include a greater reliance on cars, increased congestion, and environmental impacts. The absence of an efficient public transport system is a notable cause of the prompt escalation of diverse problems, for example, increases in the number of personal automobiles causes congestion on the road, resulting in air pollution, ubiquitous greenhouse effects and noise pollution, which ultimately affect human health. Transit oriented development (TOD) has been suggested as a solution to these problems. This paper reviews the impacts of transit development on urban development, greenhouse impact, the environment, economy, property value, travel behavior, and health etc., highlighting the policy issues which hinder TOD. Implementation of TOD has a strong impact on shaping the urban form, redevelopment, and the upgradation of old areas. Controlling transit phenomena will also help to control the emission and mitigation of greenhouse gases. This study will help in improving the urban environment and climatic condition of regions.

Quantitative analysis of spatial vitality and spatial characteristics of urban underground space (UUS) in metro area

The implementation of transit-oriented development (TOD) policies and the vigorous development of urban rail transit construction have promoted the rapid development of the urban underground spaces (UUSs) in metro construction areas. Spatial vitality, as one of the important evaluation indicators for the layout of the UUS, is closely related to spatial efficiency. Taking the UUS of the Shanghai People’s Square (SPSUUS) as a case study, the distribution regularities of the spatial vitality in the UUS were investigated by analyzing its spatial characteristics and vitality distribution quantitatively. Space syntax, point of interest (POI) data, traditional field investigations, and pedestrian counting were adopted to measure the spatial features and population density of the SPSUUS, and then comparisons were made. The correlations between each spatial characteristic variable and the spatial vitality were further explored using the SPSS software. The results showed that the spatial vitality of the SPSUUS was comprehensively affected by related variables, including the visibility and accessibility of the spatial structures, the degree of the functional mixture, the layout of the station hall and entrances, and the organization of business forms. Depending on the feedback results, corresponding improvement suggestions and discussions are proposed from the aspects of entrance layout, spatial organization, and functional distribution to provide a reference for future planning, design, and optimization of UUSs with effective vitality.

The Social Justice Impact of the Transit-Oriented Development

Transit-oriented development (TOD) is often considered a solution for automobile dependency in the pursuit of sustainability. Although TOD has shown various benefits as sustainable development and smart growth, there are potential downsides, such as transit-induced gentrification (TIG). Even if there were no displacement issues with TIG, existing residents could be disadvantaged by a TOD due to affordability problems. This study focuses on these potential affordability issues and aims to evaluate the effects of TOD using residents’ discretionary income (DI) as an indicator of affordability. The light rail transit-oriented development (LRTOD) in Phoenix, AZ, is selected because of the timing of the introduction of development and the simplicity of the light rail transit line. In order to counteract problems induced by a non-random location of TODS, propensity score matching is used. The results indicate that LRTOD can give benefit to all TOD residents. Moreover, the effects of LRTOD on discretionary income of various types of households are not statistically significantly different. We have identified the different magnitudes of the effects of TOD between propensity score matching (PSM)-controlled and uncontrolled models. These indicate the existence of the selection bias of TOD implementation, justifying the adoption of the PSM method.

Combining Transit-Oriented Development and Urban Agriculture Strategy on Constructing Urban Environment Sustainability, the Case of Taiyuan railway station, Taichung, Taiwan

Continuously increase urban population and urban spatial sprawl, under limited land development and urbanization, implementing Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) to improve urban spatial environment has become crucial on Taiwan’s urban sustainability and development plan. According to literature research, introducing urban spatial planning into urban agricultural approach, can increase urban green coverage ratio and reinforce green network. This study will depict urban agricultural development approach with the implementation of TOD planning method on Taiwan Taichung Taiyuan train station as planning site, using Taichung urban planning and development plan guidelines, in accordance to TOD core development merging urban agriculture development approach to reinforce TOD planning detail in order to achieve the urban environmental sustainability.

The formation of network governance in accelerating the implementation of TOD: The case of Jakarta MRT Phase 1, Indonesia

Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is a complex concept, involving multi-interests and multi-sectors, to integrate the transit and land use system. Issues of governance may emerge due to unclear regulatory frameworks to manage those interests and sectors. In Indonesia, TOD concept has just recently been adopted and the legal basis for planning and implementation is incomplete. In such a situation, hypothetically, interactions among stakeholders may occur regarding matters that have not yet been regulated. An informal network may result from this interaction, called network governance. This study analyzes network governance formation among stakeholders, adopting the four strategic planning tools of TOD. The case study utilized is the development of TOD along the MRT Jakarta Phase 1 corridor. Methodologically, the study uses a qualitative approach based on in-depth interviews with 22 interviewees representing 13 relevant institutions. The study finds that, although a regulatory framework existed, at least in part, there were gaps in the operational guidelines, which caused a divergence of perceptions. Consequently, network governance arose, although concerted and collaborative action had not yet occurred. The stakeholders pointed out the need for a lead organization to oversee their interactions. This study also mapped out the network and identified potential lead organizations at subnational and system level. However, the potential organizations do not have sufficient authority to deal with both the spatial and the transit issues of TOD.

Analyzing expectation of landowners from Brownfield TOD project: A case study from MP Nagar, Bhopal

Population growth in urban areas induced the demand for housing, job opportunity, and education, thereby stretching the urban boundaries and thus resulting in urban sprawl. Affordable car prices, unsafe pedestrian pathways, and lack of accessibility, people prefer to travel in private vehicles than walking. Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is an urban development concept which holds key to sustainable and smart city planning but a major challenge for TOD implementation has been the availability of land. The purpose of this study is to analyze the expectations of landowners of prospective TOD site and establish that the stakeholder and landowner consultation before preparing the plan for TOD areas, is the key to success. The study area is Maharana Pratap (M.P). Nagar, a commercial hub in the city of Bhopal, India. The mixed research methodology approach is adopted to extract the opinion of shop / land owners and people visiting the area, through survey questionnaires. The methods used in the analysis are the Chi-square test of association and regression analysis. Chi-square result outcome was not significant as there is no association between ownership and moe choice opted by them. Regression model includes Landscaped and Safe Street Network (LSSN), Quality of Living (QoL), Pedestrian and Cycling Pathway (PCP), and Trip Time for the workplace (TT_WP) best predictors for opting TOD by participants. Research result indicates that people are motivated to walk if provided with safe pedestrian movement along with landscaping and effective urban design of the area, and are willing to opt for TOD based development if these conditions are met. The research will help policymakers and researchers to build a land development model integrating transit and land parcels, based upon stakeholders expectations.

Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Policies and Station Area Development in Asian Cities

Many metropolitan cities of Asia are planning and implementing extensive investment in mass transit network and thus, are now at the threshold of whether they become transit cities or car traffic saturation cities. Promotion of Transit Oriented development (TOD) policies will be a key to move forward to transit cities. TOD should consider: transit oriented regional growth management plan, station area zoning regulations (mixed-use, minimum density, maximum parking, etc.), joint development among local governments, transit agencies, private developers, institutional mechanism for the public and private cooperation in station area development. In this paper, the cases from the cities in Japan, United States and the Southeast Asia are examined including Toyama in Japan, Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia and Jakarta in Indonesia. In conclusion, the following are discussed as the factors for successful Implementation of TOD in Asian Cities. Shift from highway-based zoning to transit oriented zoning: Creation of institutional mechanism for the public and private cooperation in the station area development, balance between public benefit and private benefit, connection of transit service and affordable housing, and, multi-modal connection planning including walking.

INTEGRASI HUNIAN DALAM TOD UNTUK MENGATASI PERMASALAHAN TRANSIT KAWASAN PASAR LAMA, TANGERANG


 
 
 Title: Residential Integration in TOD to Overcome the Transit Problem in Pasar Lama Area, Tangerang
 The Pasar Lama (Old Town Market) area is known as a highly developing area in the city of Tangerang. This area facilitated with a commuter train station used by people commuted from Tangerang to Jakarta in daily basis – both for transitting and shopping purposes. Tangerang Station is the main train station for commuters’ from-and-to Jakarta; therefore, urban issues arise in the main urban nodes of the area, specifically the main boulevard near the station and the market. Issues such as transportation traffic, pedestrian congestion, informal street-vendors activities, and the arrangement of residential areas are major concern that needs to be addressed in the purpose of creating a good urban public space in the region. The solution to overcome this problem is to apply a concept for a TOD (Transit Oriented Development). TOD is a sustainable transportation system approach that provides accessibility and alternative modes of transportation. With the implementation of TOD in the transit station area, it is expected that the entire Pasar Lama area will be developed and created a good urban public space. This research study aims to answer several research questions, for instance: how does the concept of the TOD is able to integrate a residential program into the development and create a successful an urban public space as a transit area in the area of Pasar Lama, Tangerang. This research begins with context analysis based on several theories about urban dimension, human scale and key factors of a TOD. Precedent studies and observations on surrounding site, serve as references in analyzing and proposing draft concepts for this particular neighborhood. This research study will have an outcome in the form of design concept proposal that allow TOD to incorporate residential, parking, commercial, and open space as one district to revitalize the congested neighborhood in the Pasar Lama area, Tangerang.
 
 

Contradictions of Transit-Oriented Development in Low-Income Neighborhoods: The Case Study of Rosengård in Malmö, Sweden

Transit-oriented development (TOD) has become a leading model of urban planning worldwide that promises to meet a broad range of local and regional objectives: improving mobility, expanding ridership, attracting investment, reducing urban poverty, improving quality of life, making affordable housing and fostering urban integration. At the same time, the implementation of TOD in many cities has raised concerns about gentrification, displacement, re-segregation, and more polarization. This article aims to shed light on these issues by bringing together previously disparate literature that mentions these contradictions and discusses policymakers’ hopes and critics’ concern for the implementation of a newly started TOD project in a universal housing system in Rosengård—a segregated, low-income neighborhood in Malmö, Sweden. Although policy advocates view the project as a significant development strategy for a more sustainable Malmö, there are also real concerns about gentrification and the potential displacement of low-income residents. Furthermore, the mixed-methods study showes how integration might be achieved, but concerns have arisen about the possible exclusion of the current low-income residents, which brings up issues of inequality, representation of poverty, and marginalization.

Paving the way to growth: transit-oriented development as a financing instrument for Shanghai’s post-suburbanization

ABSTRACT Chinese suburbs are dominated by extensive high-density projects around transit-oriented development (TOD), but the form of development and the role of rail transit have not been fully investigated. Based on a case study of the No. 9 metro line in Songjiang, Shanghai, this paper examines the logic and implementation of TOD in China. We argue that rather than an effective tool for curbing suburban sprawl, TOD is appropriate to facilitate suburban growth by linking land sales, property development, and infrastructure funding. Rail transit, therefore, functions as an instrument for financial leverage. Despite great economic success, however, the provision of public facilities and services for the large number of residents has raised new challenges for the local government.

Developing A Conceptual Design of Transit-Oriented Development To Improve Urban Land Use Planning

Transit-oriented development (TOD) is an urban development approach that integrates transit stations to establish transit-oriented behavior. It is a systematic approach to reduce automotive dependency by facilitating increased accessibility to diverse destinations within walking distance. Indonesia has recently adopted this development approach. This paper is intended to provide academic insight into the current Indonesian implementation of TOD. A comparative model is created based on benchmark studies and research on current TOD principles and theories. Based on a comparative analysis between the model and current developments, Indonesian TOD can benefit from further development area and arrangement adjustment to conform to TOD design planning principles.

Transit-Oriented Development Policies and Station Area Development in Asian Cities

Many metropolitan cities in Asia are planning and implementing extensive investment in mass transit networks and thus are now on the threshold of becoming transit cities or car traffic saturation cities. The promotion of transit-oriented development (TOD) policies will be a key to the progression to transit cities. TOD should consider a transit-oriented regional growth management plan, station area zoning regulations (mixed-use, minimum density, maximum parking, etc.), joint development among local governments, transit agencies, and private developers, and an institutional mechanism for public and private cooperation in station area development. We examine cases from cities in Japan, the United States (US), and Southeast Asia, including Tokyo and Toyama in Japan, Denver in the US, and Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia. We conclude that the following are factors for the successful implementation of TOD in Asian cities: a shift from highway-based zoning to transit-oriented zoning; the creation of an institutional mechanism for public and private cooperation in station area development; a balance between public benefit and private benefit; the connection of transit services and affordable housing; and multi-modal connection planning, including walking.

Promoting TOD through regional planning. A comparative analysis of two European approaches

Transit-oriented development (TOD), first coined and mainly applied in the US, has received increasing interest in Europe over the past two decades as a sort of reinterpretation of typical intrinsic European planning principles and values. In the Old continent, it especially focuses on transport and land use integration, extending the approach from the local to the regional framework. This regional shift implies an intergovernmental cooperative approach with vertical and horizontal institutional coordination that constitutes both a strategic value and one of the main barriers to the implementation of TOD. This paper focuses on the role of regional planning for TOD by analysing its benefits, tools and barriers, both theoretically and through two European case studies. The latter, which were conducted in the Netherlands and in Italy, were selected as they belong to two different “planning families”, in order to underscore how and to what extent they apply this multi-level governance approach and overcome institutional barriers to the implementation of TOD. The analysis reveals that, albeit the two planning styles lead to different results, the main issue remains the deep coordination of land use and transport, which is hard to achieve despite dedicated efforts.

Transit-oriented development: Literature review and evaluation of TOD potential across 50 Chinese cities

Transit-oriented development (TOD) has been widely accepted in recent years as an important urban development policy. This article reviews the existing TOD literature pertinent to conditions in China, introduces TOD practices in China, and evaluates land development impacts of TOD across 50 Chinese cities that either have metro systems already or expect to have operating metro systems by 2020. The evaluation analysis contributes to the existing literature because most research on TOD in Chinese cities has focused on large, national or provincial capitals such as Beijing, Shanghai, and/or Guangzhou. Based on simulation analysis, we evaluate TOD’s land development impacts across all Chinese cities that are expected to have metro systems by 2020. Our results show that the second- as well as the third-class cities of China will have more potential for TOD implementation than the first-class cities in the next five years.

A network governance approach to transit-oriented development: Integrating urban transport and land use policies in Urumqi, China

Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) is not only an urban planning tool but also a complex policy process that involves a network of actors with diverse perceptions, goals, resources and strategies. In such a multi-actor setting, effective implementation of TOD requires governance instruments and strategies aiming for the promotion of actor mutual recognition, goal alignment, information communication and the management of actor interaction. Most of the empirical research on TOD in China has focused on economically developed cities in the prosperous East of the country. To what extent and how cities in China's far West, which feature a different developmental trajectory in their land use, housing provision and transport patterns, adopt TOD still remains unknown territory. This article makes a beginning with the exploration of this topic by studying the Urumqi city in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Based on network governance theory, this article investigates the governance strategies used in Urumqi to integrate urban transport and land use policies. It presents a network governance model consisting of three rungs and concludes that a coordinative umbrella organization plays a significant role in eradicating problems of early substantive selection and perceptional fixation; successful policy integration requires careful goal alignment strategies that force actors to shift from go-alone strategies to interaction and concerted actions; institutional design and trust-building are also imperative for joint action.

The impact of transit-oriented development (TOD) on residential property prices: the case of Box Hill, Melbourne

Transit-oriented design (TOD) – an increase in density around transit stations – has arisen in many of Australia’s capital cities as a way to encourage mass transit ridership as well as to efficiently utilize the increase in foot and vehicle traffic that transit stations create. However, the implementation of TODs in Melbourne has faced strong opposition due to residents’ perception that the disamenities of a TOD will outweigh the benefits resulting in negative impacts on property prices. This research analyzes the relationship between proximity to a TOD and residential home prices. Results indicate that proximity to a TOD is positively related to property prices, even after controlling for neighborhood factors such as street connectivity and overall land use mix. By testing a variety of transformations of distance, we find that the benefits of TOD proximity extend approximately 1250 m from the Box Hill station. From a methodological standpoint, we find that more flexible treatments of distance variables in spatial autoregressive and spline models produce better model fit and lead to results more in line with urban economic theory.

Policy transfer among planners in transit-oriented development

This article describes and assesses the process of transferring policy ideas on transit-oriented development (TOD) to Dutch land-use and transportation planners. The Netherlands illustrates a planning context typical of countries where the concept of (TOD) has been transferred, but perhaps in an incomplete form; considerable barriers remain in implementing TOD beyond disconnected projects. The policy ideas were 16 critical success factors in TOD obtained through a meta-analysis of international case studies developed in the first phase of this study (Thomas and Bertolini, 2014). Through two exercises, local planners learned about the processes and types of policy transfer, identified the strengths and weaknesses in TOD implementation in their regions and discussed ways in which to strengthen weaknesses. Pre- and post-workshop surveys of the participants indicate that the workshops were an effective way to transfer policy ideas and lessons from international cases to the local planning context and ‘recontextualise’ them to their own region

Defining critical success factors in TOD implementation using rough set analysis

This paper defines critical success conditions in transit-oriented development (TOD), evaluating the impact of practices, policies, and governance models on implementation. As part of a meta-analysis of 11 international case studies, 16 critical success factors were developed and validated using rough set analysis. The results show that political stability at the national level, relationships between actors in the region, interdisciplinary teams used to implement TOD, and public participation are the most significant success factors in TOD implementation. The set of decision rules reveals that several combinations of critical success factors have been effective in achieving implementation across city-regions in different contexts.

Beyond the Case Study Dilemma in Urban Planning: Using a Meta-matrix to Distil Critical Success Factors in Transit-Oriented Development

Case study is well established as a learning tool and as a research methodology in the field of planning. However, there are a number of barriers to the use of single-case study results in planning practice and research. Meta-analysis is one approach to this case study ‘dilemma’. This article details the use of a meta-matrix in the meta-analysis of 11 case studies of transit-oriented development (TOD) implementation. The meta-matrix has been essential in the identification of 16 critical success factors in TOD implementation. These critical success factors are useful for practising planners and provide a sound basis for further research.

KAJIAN ELEMEN-ELEMEN PENENTU KEBERHASILAN KEMUNGKINAN PENERAPAN TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT (TOD) DI KAWASAN BANYUMANIK KOTA SEMARANG

<p>Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is a concept of developing an integrated transportation system with land use. Implementation of TOD in the Banyumanik Area, aims to address the impacts of urban sprawl, namely traffic congestion, air pollution, consumption of open space, and a sense of kinship society in a modern residential neighborhood. Based on TOD best practices, elements that influential and become critical success of TOD implementation are land use, hinterland areas support, transportation systems, the role of stakeholders, and the level of understanding and public acceptance. This study aims to identify and know the priority of elements and components that influence and become a critical success for possible TOD applications in the Banyumanik Area. This study used Delphi Method with four expert informants as respondents. The results showed that TOD concept has a potential to be applied in the Banyumanik Area. In order to TOD application can be run effectively and achieve its objectives, there are six elements and eighteen components that need an attention. Eighteen components are part of the six elements. Elements and components also need to be prioritized according to level of importance. The order of priority elements, namely the role and collaboration between stakeholders, the level of understanding and public acceptance, regulatory systems, land use, transportation systems, and hinterland areas support. Elements and components that obtained has evolved from the synthesis of literature review. Recommendations can be given is development actors and citizens must begin to play an active role seriously and collaborate in formulating a regulatory system which is a guidelines of TOD implementation in the Banyumanik Area. Along with this, the level of understanding and public acceptance (especially local) of this concept should be developed because the people adaptation to something new is different, so it will takes time for the TOD concept can be embedded within them as a solution to solve the transportation problem,</p>