Transformational Grammar Research Articles

АКТУАЛИЗАЦИЯ ТАКСИСНОЙ КАТЕГОРИАЛЬНОЙ СЕМАНТИКИ В ПОЛЬСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

Statement of the problem. Due to the lack of coverage of the issue on actualization of the categorical semantics of taxis in the Polish language, this problem remains most relevant today. The purpose of the article is to identify and describe taxis meanings in various types of statements in modern Polish. Methodology (materials and methods). The study was carried out within the framework of the functional-semantic approach to the study of semantic categories and language units. The main methods used are the following: continuous sampling, hypothetical-deductive, inductive, and descriptive methods, classification method, as well as the method of generalization and interpretation of linguistic material. Research results. The study found out that the categorical semantics of the independent taxis of simultaneity and non-simultaneity is actualized in various complex and compound sentences with taxis conjunctions of different semantics. Primary-taxis meanings of simultaneity, precedence and succession are actualized in complex sentences with temporal clauses, and secondary-taxis meanings of simultaneity - in complex sentences with adverbial clauses, as well as in compound sentences with consecutive semantics. The categorical semantics of the dependent taxis of simultaneity and heterotemporality is represented in Polish primary-type and secondary-type statements with deverbatives with taxis prepositions of temporal and adverbial semantics.

Prototype-based classifier learning for long-tailed visual recognition

In this paper, we tackle the long-tailed visual recognition problem from the categorical prototype perspective by proposing a prototype-based classifier learning (PCL) method. Specifically, thanks to the generalization ability and robustness, categorical prototypes reveal their advantages of representing the category semantics. Coupled with their class-balance characteristic, categorical prototypes also show potential for handling data imbalance. In our PCL, we propose to generate the categorical classifiers based on the prototypes by performing a learnable mapping function. To further alleviate the impact of imbalance on classifier generation, two kinds of classifier calibration approaches are designed from both prototype-level and example-level aspects. Extensive experiments on five benchmark datasets, including the large-scale iNaturalist, Places-LT, and ImageNet-LT, justify that the proposed PCL can outperform state-of-the-arts. Furthermore, validation experiments can demonstrate the effectiveness of tailored designs in PCL for long-tailed problems.

INDICATORS OF CATEGORIAL SEMANTICS OF ITERATIVE TAXIS (on the material of the German language)

This article considers the issue of describing indicators of the categorical semantics of iterative, in particular, iterative-secondary taxis of simultaneity in modern German. Under the term «iterative-secondary taxis of simultaneity» we mean the secondary taxis values of simultaneity of the iterative (actually iterative, multiplicative, distributive) nature, combined with concomitant values of adverbial modification (modal, instrumental, medial, causal, etc.). Diagnostic indicators of the categorical semantics of the iterative-secondary taxis of simultaneity in the German language include genetically-iterative and derivational-iterative deverbatives, verbs of iterative semantics (multiplicatives, actually iteratives, diminutives, intensities, distributions, etc.), as well as iterative quantifiers, which are iterative attributes and adverbials of multiplicity, frequency, interval, usuality, counting complex, etc. The above indicators of iteration determine the actualization of the categorical semantics of various versions of the iterative-secondary taxis of simultaneity (in particular, iterative-modal, iterative-instrumental, iterative-medial, iterative-causal, iterative-concessive, iterative-conditional, iterative-final) in German.

Modalities and Parametric Adjoints

Birkedal et al. recently introduced dependent right adjoints as an important class of (non-fibered) modalities in type theory. We observe that several aspects of their calculus are left underdeveloped and that it cannot serve as an internal language. We resolve these problems by assuming that the modal context operator is a parametric right adjoint. We show that this hitherto unrecognized structure is common. Based on these discoveries we present a new well-behaved Fitch-style multimodal type theory, which can be used as an internal language. Finally, we apply this syntax to guarded recursion and parametricity.

АКТУАЛИЗАЦИЯ ТАКСИСНОЙ СЕМАНТИКИ ДИСТАНТНОЙ РАЗНОВРЕМЕННОСТИ

The categorical semantics of the primary taxis of distant nonsimultaneity is actualized in statements with taxis prepositions of temporal semantics vor and nach. The term «primary taxis of distant non-simultaneity» should be understood as taxis-chronological semantics of distant precedence and following. Primary taxis semantics of distant non-simultaneity is actualized in the presence of temporal-aspectual quantifiers in statements, acting as delimitators and explicators of distant non-simultaneity.

Interactive Model of Executive Functions to Understand Error Correction

This article reports an investigation aimed at analyzing an interactive model of executive functions, which seeks to explain the process followed by human beings to correct their mistakes. The method followed was an analysis based on structural equations, considering the maximum likelihood process around a model that considered six executive functions. We worked with a randomized sample of 771 subjects (mean age = 39.86, SD = 15.47; 50.5%, women, 50.50%). The findings suggest that error correction is a complex executive function as it is the product of the internal language capacity that regulates behavior and cognition, adequate regulation of the limbic system, adequate decision-making, and control of automatic impulses, determining how to act and verify the thoughts and behavior of the subject. The contribution of the proposed theoretical model lies in understanding the process by which human beings manage to correct errors. In addition, how this explanatory model could help neuropsychological intervention processes to work on this cognitive ability in individuals with difficulties in correcting errors. Doi: 10.28991/ESJ-2022-06-02-011 Full Text: PDF

Estimating urban functional distributions with semantics preserved POI embedding

We present a novel approach for estimating the proportional distributions of function types (i.e. functional distributions) in an urban area through learning semantics preserved embeddings of points-of-interest (POIs). Specifically, we represent POIs as low-dimensional vectors to capture (1) the spatial co-occurrence patterns of POIs and (2) the semantics conveyed by the POI hierarchical categories (i.e. categorical semantics). The proposed approach utilizes spatially explicit random walks in a POI network to learn spatial co-occurrence patterns, and a manifold learning algorithm to capture categorical semantics. The learned POI vector embeddings are then aggregated to generate regional embeddings with long short-term memory (LSTM) and attention mechanisms, to take account of the different levels of importance among the POIs in a region. Finally, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) maps regional embeddings to functional distributions. A case study in Xiamen Island, China implements and evaluates the proposed approach. The results indicate that our approach outperforms several competitive baseline models in all evaluation measures, and yields a relatively high consistency between the estimation and ground truth. In addition, a comprehensive error analysis unveils several intrinsic limitations of POI data for this task, e.g. ambiguous linkage between POIs and functions.

FROM BALAN TO CHOMSKY – THE FIRST STEPS OF YORDAN PENČEV IN THE BULGARIAN SYNTAX

The paper discusses how Yordan Penčev, the pioneer of the Bulgarian generative syntax, bridged the ideas of Alexander Teodorov-Balan’s native formal school with those of Noam Chomsky’s – the representative of the American generative-transformational grammar. Penčev established such connections in his first publications ever (1953, 1958), thus strengthening the thread of the Bulgarian syntactic formalism, despite the obstructions of the totalitarian period. The text focuses on the core of Balan’s ideas, as commented by Penčev in his first two publications, such as distinction between lexical notion and syntactic meaning, case as a semantic category, classification of pronouns based on syntactic criteria, and positing a prepositional phrase as a full-fledged member of the constituent structure. Further on, the paper compares the ideas commented by Penčev in those early publications with the corresponding ones in the early Chomsky’s works (1957), whereby strong similarity is shown. Finally, the mentioned ideas are compared with the key words in the titles of Penčev’s subsequent publications until 1972. The comparison results show that the key issues of Balan, interpreted in Chomskyan light, turn out to have been programming for the early period of Yordan Penčev in general. By way of affirming selected Balan's formal ideas in the Bulgarian linguistics, Penčev opened the way for creative borrowing and development of the then dominant American generative ideas.

Transparent players: the use of narrative voices in game theory

ABSTRACT This paper examines methods for narrating consciousness in game theory. In order to represent how players process their environment, posture towards one another, and hold themselves accountable to their own thinking, I find two distinct ways that game theorists narrate the consciousness of their players. Quoted monologue is a player’s internal language, which can be articulated to show a player’s perspective to the reader. The other narrative mode is psycho-narration, which puts the external technical skills of the game-theorist into the narrator’s hands to describe a player’s mental activity with more complexity than quoted monologue. Quoted monologue and psycho-narration communicate players’ thoughts in ways that convince the readers of the players’ positions, clarify game solution concepts, and enliven the written text.

Динамические процессы в русском эмотивно-оценочном словаре

Modern studies of the dynamic processes of the emotive-evaluative vocabulary are determined by 1) ideas about the nature and structure of the pragmatic macro-component and its interaction with the denotative semantics of the word, 2) the emergence of new vocabulary and text sources, 3) taking into account the parameters of the communicative situation (the relationship between the subject and the object of assessment, gender, age, social position of speakers and their intentions). The use of corpus and experimental methods in the study of evaluation makes it possible to identify significant changes in the semantics of different categories of vocabulary. In this article, the evaluative semantics is considered in relation to the elements of denotative and / or pragmatic gender, social and age macrocomponents. It has been revealed that the axiological characterization of a word, changing under the influence of the gender component, becomes significantly more complicated and varies depending on WHO (a man or a woman) evaluates and WHOM (a man or a woman) the speaker characterizes. In the thematic group ‘A weak-willed, spineless and feeble person’, there are dynamic processes, which are manifested in seme and semantic variation (the “male” characteristics tryapka, kisel', etc.), demonstrate an expansion of gender semantics, correlating with persons of both sexes. Thus, in the semantic structure of evaluative metaphors, independent evaluative meanings are formed, representing male and female weaknesses in different ways.

Simulation of the structural and force parameters of a robotic platform using co-simulation

The paper presents the methodology and results of modeling the operation of the parallel mechanism - a 6-DOF robotic platform of the Stewart-Gough type. MSC Adams and Matlab software packages were used as modeling tools, as well as a general-purpose, high-level object-oriented programming language, Python. The digital layout, which has the properties of a parameterized simulation model, is built in the MSC Adams software package. The Python programming language is used as an alternative to the Adams View internal command language for creating and iteratively modifying modeling objects in Adams. Mutual integration of Matlab Simulink and Adams View provides the implementation of joint simulation and allows to perform kinematic, dynamic and force analysis of the mechanism, taking into account its design features through the use of a virtual prototype. Simulink provides the ability to import of physical and mechanical parameters of a solid model from Adams. The proposed implementation of the Python-Adams interface in the form of special procedures and functions automates the execution of a computational experiment and allows solving the problem of optimizing structural elements and finding the optimal geometric design of the platform in accordance with the selected optimality criteria. This is implemented through conducting a series of experiments consisting in sequential multiple changes in geometric parameters, followed by simulation model and analysis of the results in order to find design options that meet the specified criteria. The technique was tested on the example of one of the design versions of the platform when moving along several characteristic types of a given trajectory. The results of a computational experiment are presented and an analysis of the force characteristics during movement along a given trajectory is carried out.

Testament Leonarda Bernsteina – The Unanswered Question w świetle zagadnień dyrygenckich

Leonard Bernstein’s Testament — The Unanswered Question in the Light of Conducting Issues In 1973, Leonard Bernstein gave a series of six lectures at Harvard University, entitled The Unanswered Question: Six talks at Harvard. This interdisciplinary course, drawing on Noam Chomsky's theory of transformational-generative grammar, presented an original conception of music as a universal language based on tonality and outlined the history of its development, concluding with Bernstein’s personal credo regarding its future. The argumentation used, although encompassing fields as diverse as linguistics, literary studies, philosophy and art history, was based primarily on musical analyses presented at the piano, supplemented by recordings of the symphonic works being discussed, performed under the baton of Bernstein himself. The Harvard lectures thus represent the summa of his aesthetic reflections and performance experiences, providing a unique insight into his views on music and its interpretation. This paper focuses on synthesising these views, subjecting them to factual verification, and then showing their influence on Bernstein's art of conducting through the example of the recordings used in The Unanswered Question series, focusing in particular on the issue of expression.

Terminology in poetic text

Terminology of many fields of knowledge has become a component of modern language. It is the basis of professional communication, often breaks stylistic boundaries and under the influence of external and internal language factors expands the scope of its operation. Penetrating into the poetic context, the terms denote both the realities of modern everyday life and become a source of artistic imagery. A. Moisienko's poetry has not been considered from this point of view yet, so the article intends to consider the idiosyncrasy of the writer in such a perspective. Anatolii Moisienko is a well-known Ukrainian poet, author of poetry collections: "I Accept" (1986), "Sonnets and Verlibry" (1996, 1998), "Chess Poetry" (1997), "Seven strings" (2003), "Favorites" (2005), "From the Chernihiv Gardens: New Sonnets and Verlibrs" (2008), "About Veronica Borachok" (2020), etc. He is also known as a translator from German and Slavic languages. Despite his high scientific degree and a worthy position at the prestigious Kyiv University, his soul has always longed for the poetic word, the music of sounds in poetic images. . Moisienko as a scientist constantly operates with te. Moisienko as a scientist constantly operates with terms in his professional activity. This is mainly a philological terminology. However, in his poetic texts we come across the terminology of various spheres of life: flight, airfield, airplane, liner (aviation vocabulary), hard labor, prison (penitentiary), music, melody, sonata, allegro, flute, overture, orchestral, symphony, clarinet, drum, horn (musical), poetry, grotesque, rhyme, epilogue (literary studies), harvest, scythe, mowers, field, stubble, grass, farmer, harvest, rye (agriculture), icon, pray, fasting (sacred), trolleybus, tram, bus, stop, route (transport), cannon, shot, battle, enemy , protection, rifle (military), lightning, storm, rain, wind, snow, sun, clouds, huga, frost (meteorological), convulsions, body, pain, X-ray, plague (medical), etc. In the literary text there is a rethinking of the term in the figurative plane, where semantic innovations are born, due primarily to the context of use. The author's linguistic thinking is purely individual. The subject of poetry is extremely broad. Terminology, which covers not only terms but also professionalisms, professional jargons, nomenclature names, in the poetic text rarely performs its main function - the designation of scientific concepts. For the most part, it becomes an integral part of the figurative outline of the work. The poetic word is the bearer of intellectual and emotional memory, which is actualized in certain images, able to express in a condensed form the emotional attitude to the signified, and therefore has its own internal epistemological, socio-psychological potential.

Complexity in Syntax with the Use of an Adverbial Clause of Concession

The present study explores the use of adverbial clause of concession as a syntactic complexity measure among the National University of Lesotho (NUL) students. The research subjects were NUL fourth year students across the seven faculties namely, the Faculty of Agriculture (FOA), the Faulty of Education (FOE), the Faculty of Health Sciences (FOHS), the Faculty of Humanities (FOH), the Faculty of Law (FOL), the Faculty of Social Sciences (FOSS) and the Faculty of Science and Technology (FOST). Data was collected from their past examination papers (2016/2017). This paper employed the interpretivist paradigm and has analysed the data qualitatively. The study has also employed the descriptive and case study designs. The students’ continuous writing was the focus of this study since Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG) and Cognitive Grammar (CG) are the theoretical frameworks which the present paper was based on and therefore require continuous writing. The findings of the present paper reveal that NUL students have a relatively low level of syntactic complexity in their writing as shown by how they used adverbial clauses of concession. The study therefore concludes that NUL students have a moderately low level of syntactic complexity demonstrated by how they used this feature.

FUNCTIONAL-SEMANTIC FIELD OF GRADUATION CATEGORY IN THE ENGLISH AND UZBEK LANGUAGES

There are a lot of scientific researches on semantic relations in world languages, in particular, the study of the status of graduality as a general linguistic phenomenon. Since gradation plays a special role in human cognitive activity, in determining the pragmatic aspect of speech acts, it is important to conduct a scientific research on the description of gradation, classification, peculiarities of expressions in non-relative languages. Particular attention is paid to the research aimed at revealing the similarities and differences of cognitive, semantic and pragmatic features of languages of different typological nature. The status of gradation is defined differently by linguists, which can be explained by the complexity, versatility, and prevalence of this phenomenon in a language.Gradual relations are marked in the categories of semantics, parts of speech, functional-semantic categories, complex syntactic structures, grammatical meaning, categorical signs, speech lexicon, in the system of connotational meanings of words and phrases, internal text gradation in complex sentences, and so on.This, in turn, indicates how broad the scope of the research on linguistic gradation is. Defining the essence of the category of gradation implies the study of it together with the relevant logical-philosophical concepts. In philosophy, gradation is not distinguished as an important concept. While it is related to concepts such as quality, quantity, and measurement on the one hand, we can observe that it is inextricably linked with the concept of action on the other. Accordingly, in this article, qualitative and quantitative signs serve as a criterion for the formation of systematically related dialectical integrity. Based on the theory of measurement, the grading process can be expressed in the form of a scale that records each phase of change using special signs.In this way, the ontological nature of gradation is defined by some linguists, that is, gradation is classified as a scale represented in steps as a variable object. The phenomenon of gradation exists in the language system, as noted above, and requires in-depth study in semantic and functional terms. Gradual sign, as a sign of change, is a phenomenon that is manifested, to a certain extent, or another, which is characterized by size, relativity, and variability.The functional-semantic features of gradation require a cognitive approach. This approach implies that a language is studied not only as a unique object but also as a means of relating to all the textual processes that take place in the human mind.

The visualization of a graph semantics of imperative languages

This work aims to present the software support for teaching in the field of formal semantics of imperative programming languages. The main part focuses on a software tool that provides a visual representation of the individual steps of the calculation in categorical semantics, which can also be referred to as graph semantics. The use of software tools in teaching to visually represent computational steps considerably facilitates understanding by students and can also serve as a good basis for supporting distance learning. Our program works in the standard form: after reading the correct user input, a visual representation of the meaning of the program is generated in the form of a category of states, which is displayed as an oriented graph. For better extensibility, the program is implemented as a web application.

THE LANGUAGE OF MODERN PERIODICALS: SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS AND FEATURES OF SPEECH USE

Mass communication media (mass media), performing a communicative and informational function and the function of influence, are to some extent a set of speech situations. According to the language and style of the media, especially under the influence of external factors, one can observe the dynamics of internal language resources: new phrases, lexical innovations, Kazakhized terms, calcified combinations requiring codification, actualization of theological vocabulary, the use of dialectisms and professional and colloquial vocabulary, the active use of expressive-figurative phrases, etc., which characterize the current state of speech use, interstitial diffusion in media texts. There is a need to study lexico-functional phenomena that create the linguistic side of modern Kazakh media, contributing to the development of Kazakh media linguistics - an independent direction in linguistics, as well as to analyze empirical media materials in the aspect of the theory of speech culture. Based on the review analysis of the language of the Kazakh mass media of recent decades, the article examines the most specific and characteristic features of the Kazakh newspaper vocabulary (based on its functional aspect).

Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics

Natural Language Processing and Computational Linguistics

Working Memory for Spatial Sequences: Developmental and Evolutionary Factors in Encoding Ordinal and Relational Structures.

Sequence learning is a ubiquitous facet of human and animal cognition. Here, using a common sequence reproduction task, we investigated whether and how the ordinal and relational structures linking consecutive elements are acquired by human adults, children, and macaque monkeys. While children and monkeys exhibited significantly lower precision than adults for spatial location and temporal order information, only monkeys appeared to exceedingly focus on the first item. Most importantly, only humans, regardless of age, spontaneously extracted the spatial relations between consecutive items and used a chunking strategy to compress sequences in working memory. Monkeys did not detect such relational structures, even after extensive training. Monkey behavior was captured by a conjunctive coding model, whereas a chunk-based conjunctive model explained more variance in humans. These age- and species-related differences are indicative of developmental and evolutionary mechanisms of sequence encoding and may provide novel insights into the uniquely human cognitive capacities.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sequence learning, the ability to encode the order of discrete elements and their relationships presented within a sequence, is a ubiquitous facet of cognition among humans and animals. By exploring sequence-processing abilities at different human developmental stages and in nonhuman primates, we found that only humans, regardless of age, spontaneously extracted the spatial relations between consecutive items and used an internal language to compress sequences in working memory. The findings provided insights into understanding the origins of sequence capabilities in humans and how they evolve through development to identify the unique aspects of human cognitive capacity, which includes the comprehension, learning, and production of sequences, and perhaps, above all, language processing.

Learning Text-image Joint Embedding for Efficient Cross-modal Retrieval with Deep Feature Engineering

This article introduces a two-phase deep feature engineering framework for efficient learning of semantics enhanced joint embedding, which clearly separates the deep feature engineering in data preprocessing from training the text-image joint embedding model. We use the Recipe1M dataset for the technical description and empirical validation. In preprocessing, we perform deep feature engineering by combining deep feature engineering with semantic context features derived from raw text-image input data. We leverage LSTM to identify key terms, deep NLP models from the BERT family, TextRank, or TF-IDF to produce ranking scores for key terms before generating the vector representation for each key term by using Word2vec. We leverage Wide ResNet50 and Word2vec to extract and encode the image category semantics of food images to help semantic alignment of the learned recipe and image embeddings in the joint latent space. In joint embedding learning, we perform deep feature engineering by optimizing the batch-hard triplet loss function with soft-margin and double negative sampling, taking into account also the category-based alignment loss and discriminator-based alignment loss. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our SEJE approach with deep feature engineering significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches.