Competence For Transformation Research Articles

The Influence of Transformasional Leadership Style, Work Ethic, and Employee Competence on Employee Performance at the Population and Civil Registration Office of Rejang Lebong Regency

Employee performance shows how much employees contribute to the organization, but improving employee performance in an agency is not an easy thing. Many factors that affect employee performance include organizational internal factors such as transformational leadership styles and employee internal factors such as work ethic and employee competence. This study aims to determine and analyze: 1) the effect of transformational leadership style on employee performance; 2) the effect of work ethic on employee performance; 3) the influence of employee competence on employee performance; and 4) the influence of transformational leadership style, work ethic, and competence on employee performance in Disdukcapil of Rejang Lebong Regency. This research is a correlational quantitative research with data collection techniques through questionnaires, interviews, observations, and documentation. The primary data came from questionnaires filled out by 52 of the 60 employees at the Disdukcapil. Respondents were determined through a simple random sampling technique. The survey method uses a closed questionnaire instrument on a Likert scale of 1-5. Secondary data comes from the official website of the Disdukcapil of Rejang Lebong Regency. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16 program with the tested hypothesis using multiple linear regression analysis. The results of the study found: 1) the influence of transformational leadership style on employee performance; 2) there is no influence of work ethic on employee performance; 3) the influence of employee competence on employee performance; and 4) the influence of transformational leadership style, work ethic, and employee competence on employee performance at the Disdukcapil of Rejang Lebong Regency.
 Keywords: employee competence employee performance transformational leadership style work ethic

Social-Emotional Learning for Teachers

Social and emotional learning (SEL) is a crucial part of student wellness and academic achievement, but teachers’ own SEL is often overlooked. This qualitative study examines educators’ perceptions of their own university-level teacher preparation programs to better understand the ways in which teacher educators can support pre-service teachers’ well-being, preparedness, and longevity in the field. Findings reveal that teachers saw their own transformative SEL—a form of SEL committed to equity and social justice (Jagers et al., 2019)—as a key factor for their success, highlighting the importance of critical and holistic preparation that focuses on the social–emotional development of teachers themselves. Implications focus on practical ways transformative SEL can be infused into teacher preparation programs including redefining success beyond student academics alone, focusing on teacher well-being in a way that does not ignore systemic oppression and school-level barriers, preparing teachers for the realities of roadblocks and ethical dilemmas they may face, and examining syllabi and coursework for the development of transformative SEL competencies.

The Influence of Transformational Leadership on Organization Performance

Purpose: The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the direct effect of Transformational Leadership Competency (TLC) and Environment, Social, and Governance (ESG) affecting Balanced Scorecard (BSC), 2) to determine the indirect effect of TLC affecting BSC, and 3) to confirm the developed model of transformational of food industrial organization with public concern by confirming with P-value, RMSEA, GFI, AGFI, and Critical Number. Theoretical framework: This study focuses on the relationship between TLC and ESG to BSC that affects the efficiency and success of an organization. Design/methodology/approach: The quantitative approach with survey research was conducted to collect data from 150 Executive Officers (CEOs) of food business organizations in Thailand. Findings: The finding showed that TCL has a direct effect on ESG (p-value=0.001). TLC has a direct effect on BSC (p-value=0.001). ESG has a direct effect on BSC (p-value=0.001). TLC has an indirect effect on BSC (p-value=0.001). Research, Practical & Social implications: The recommendation, TLC affected BSC with direct and indirect effects with 64.0 percent. It implied that public concern is the essential intermediate variable that should be paid attention to introduce in the organization management in the current situation when TLC was integrated into modern management. However, to accomplish effective company management, ESG should be integrated into the transformation of organization management to meet the sustainable food industry. Originality/value: The value of the study shows that TLC and ESG directly and indirectly influence BSC management and contribute to the organization performance

The Effect of Transformational Leadership and Competence on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)

This study aims to analyze how organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) is affected by transformational leadership (TL) and competence (CO). The sample of this research is 44 employees at the PT X Units Y. This research uses a multiple regression test. The result showed that transformational leadership (TL) and competence (CO) has a positive significant influence on Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) and also together affect Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). For managerial implications, human competence could be optimized by several programs like reward and recognition programs for inspiring employees PT. X.

DIDACTIC POTENTIAL OF HUMANITIES IN DEVELOPING TRANSFORMATIVE COMPETENCIES AMONG COMPUTER ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY UNDERGRADUATES

In the recent decades harnessing the advanced information technologies and their tremendous potential to improve the quality of life for people all over the world is becoming an urgent need than a luxury. Knowing full well that as an innovative student-centred learning paradigm Education 4.0 creates favourable prerequisites for developing valuable professional skills, abilities and knowledge among Computer Engineering and Information Technology undergraduates, the researchers assumed that it also might be effective in preparing them for challenges of the contemporary world through developing their transformative competencies while studying the humanities. The paper aims to reveal the didactic potential of humanities for developing Computer Engineering and Information Technology undergraduates’ transformative competencies. The researchers carried out an exploratory study in five Ukrainian universities using an online survey conceived and developed by a team of researchers. A total of 275 respondents selected by means of a purposeful sampling method took part in the survey. The study found that humanities (1) are more likely to apply various learning activities which can be done both individually and in groups than technical disciplines and (2) have much broader potential for developing all key constructs of transformative competencies among Computer Engineering and Information Technology undergraduates than technical disciplines. The results enabled the researchers to formulate recommendations for university teachers of humanities on how to develop transformative competences among Computer Engineering and Information Technology undergraduates. The combination of challenge-based learning (CBL) and activity-based learning (ABL) is being considered as a major methodological approach of Education 4.0 for developing transformative competences among Computer Engineering and Information Technology undergraduates. Scientific novelty of research consists in revealing and describing the didactic potential of humanities for developing Computer Engineering and Information Technology undergraduates’ transformative competencies.

DNA modifications impact natural transformation of Acinetobacter baumannii.

Acinetobacter baumannii is a dangerous nosocomial pathogen, especially due to its ability to rapidly acquire new genetic traits, including antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). In A. baumannii, natural competence for transformation, one of the primary modes of horizontal gene transfer (HGT), is thought to contribute to ARG acquisition and has therefore been intensively studied. However, knowledge regarding the potential role of epigenetic DNA modification(s) on this process remains lacking. Here, we demonstrate that the methylome pattern of diverse A. baumannii strains differs substantially and that these epigenetic marks influence the fate of transforming DNA. Specifically, we describe a methylome-dependent phenomenon that impacts intra- and inter-species DNA exchange by the competent A. baumannii strain A118. We go on to identify and characterize an A118-specific restriction-modification (RM) system that impairs transformation when the incoming DNA lacks a specific methylation signature. Collectively, our work contributes towards a more holistic understanding of HGT in this organism and may also aid future endeavors towards tackling the spread of novel ARGs. In particular, our results suggest that DNA exchanges between bacteria that share similar epigenomes are favored and could therefore guide future research into identifying the reservoir(s) of dangerous genetic traits for this multi-drug resistant pathogen.

Intentions and flexibility: navigating complex literacy practices in primary education

ABSTRACT Background Children develop within a complicated and dynamic textual world. In the primary school classroom, one of the most important tasks for teachers involves the design of learning environments and situations that can support all students’ literacy development. Although the identification of students with weaker skills is relatively well researched, there is a need for deeper understanding of how teachers address the variation of literacy skills within their classrooms. This article focuses attention on teachers’ navigation of complex literacy practices within the primary classroom, which involves supporting the literacy development of children with a variety of needs, abilities and experiences. Purpose The study aimed to investigate how primary education teachers and special educational needs teachers described their intentions and ways of designing learning for complex literacy practices in order to sustain a culture of inclusive education design. Methods A total of 24 primary education and special educational needs teachers across four schools in two Swedish municipalities participated in focus group discussions. In-depth data analysis was based on design-oriented theory, applying the central concepts of intentions and flexibility to the teachers’ accounts of literacy development. Findings According to the analysis, the participating teachers perceived advantages in using multimodal methods, collaborative learning, motivation and joyfulness, as well as learning structures and support. They discussed the challenges around supporting students’ literacy progress, describing their preparedness and the flexibility, or transformation competence (using different teaching resources in different situations at different times) involved in navigating complex literacy practice in the classroom for the benefit of all students. Conclusions The study highlights the significance of teachers’ intentions to prevent, identify and remove barriers to students’ literacy development. It suggests that the part played by flexibility in determining solutions to challenges in classroom practice should not be overlooked in relation to supporting students’ literacy learning progress. Implications also include greater recognition of the importance of continuous professional development to support inclusive practice, with opportunities for collegial learning and collaboration.

Thai and American Perspectives Towards the Implementation of Instructional Design on the Contemporary Literature Course

Contemporary literature course has been extensively designed in various contexts and from various perspectives, including histories, policies, curricula, and practices. However, educational technology has been affected in recent years (e.g., e-learning particularly, contemporary literature teaching and learning dimension). The study aimed to investigate Thai and American perspectives on implementing the instructional design in the Contemporary Literature course regarding content and teaching styles, and potential improvements in teaching and learning skills. The participants were two teachers from two institutes in Thailand and the United States of America who had experience in teaching literature for decades. A semi-structured interview was utilized to gather information about the participants’ views. Each interview lasted approximately 30 minutes. All interviews were audio recorded and later transcribed for analysis. Data were analyzed using a thematic coding method to find significant statements related to the research questions. The findings regarding content and teaching styles indicated that the American participant thought she put the focus on the technological aspect of educating students about the values of physical activity with connection to the indigenous authors’ lifestyles and lifelong learning to promote the learners’ dreams and enjoyment (i.e. self-awareness with global skills). The Thai participant emphasized encouraging the learners to develop good attitudes to become critical readers (i.e., 21st_ century skills). However, peer teaching, cooperative learning, direct instruction, demonstration, and feedback, personal responsibility were highlighted as implemented standards provided by the participants from both countries. Overarching learning goals of contemporary literature course are to initiate and encapsulate the key messages into the framework with transformative competencies; reviews the nature of the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values that young learners will need; and ends with possible curriculum design principles.

Ten characteristics of high-quality planetary health education-Results from a qualitative study with educators, students as educators and study deans at medical schools in Germany.

The climate and ecological crises are considered fundamental threats to human health. Healthcare workers in general and doctors in particular can contribute as change agents in mitigation and adaptation. Planetary health education (PHE) aims to harness this potential. This study explores perspectives among stakeholders involved in PHE at German medical schools on the characteristics of high-quality PHE and compares them to existing PHE frameworks. In 2021, we conducted a qualitative interview study with stakeholders from German medical schools involved in PHE. Three different groups were eligible: faculty members, medical students actively involved in PHE, and study deans of medical schools. Recruitment was performed through national PHE networks and snowball sampling. Thematic qualitative text analysis according to Kuckartz was used for the analysis. Results were systematically compared to three existing PHE frameworks. A total of 20 participants (13 female) from 15 different medical schools were interviewed. Participants covered a wide range of professional backgrounds and experience in PHE education. The analysis revealed ten key themes: (1) Complexity and systems thinking, (2) inter- and transdisciplinarity, (3) ethical dimension, (4) responsibility of health professionals, (5) transformative competencies including practical skills, (6) space for reflection and resilience building, (7) special role of students, (8) need for curricular integration, (9) innovative and proven didactic methods, and (10) education as a driver of innovation. Six of our themes showed substantial overlap with existing PHE frameworks. Two of our themes were only mentioned in one of the frameworks, and two others were not explicitly mentioned. Few important elements of the frameworks did not emerge from our data. In the light of increased attention regarding the connections of the climate and ecological crises and health, our results can be useful for anyone working toward the integration of planetary health into medical schools' and any health professions' curricula and should be considered when designing and implementing new educational activities.

Integration of Population Health, Social Determinants, and Social Justice in Transcultural Nursing and Culturally Competent Care: White Paper by the Scholars Education Interest Group

As part of its mission to advance Transcultural Nursing worldwide, the Transcultural Nursing Society Scholars upholds the central role of the discipline and cultural competence in advocacy, empowerment, and transformation of the life conditions of disadvantaged populations. This White Paper affirms the Scholars' core belief in the value of Transcultural Nursing and culturally competent care in addressing social determinants to promote health equity. The Scholars Education Interest Group proposes recommendations for changes in education, practice, and research undergirding the discipline and expand cultural competence to directly address social structural and historical forces that perpetuate health vulnerability in diverse populations. Collaborative leadership between the TCNS Scholars, Board of Trustess and members should develop initiatives to foster implementation of the recommendations and promote global dissemination of exemplars in education, research and practice. Collaborative implementation of recommendations will generate evidence of health equity outcomes through TCN and culturally competent care.

Transformational Leadership Competence of Principals in Improving Teacher Performance

This article aims to explain the competence of transformational leadership of school principals in improving teacher performance at Daarul Qur'an Karanganyar Science High School. This research method includes qualitative research with an ethnographic design. The data extracted in this research is information and documents about the transformational leadership competencies of school principals, including ideal influence, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and attention to individuals to improve teacher performance. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study, namely, the principal of the Daarul Qur'an Karanganyar Science High School showed that he had a powerful category of ideal influence competence, a substantial variety of Intellectual Stimulation competence, a strong type of inspirational motivation competence, a potent class of attention competence towards individuals. The results of the teacher performance assessment of 20 teachers considered to have scored in the excellent category. This study concludes that school principals understand their leadership competencies in improving teacher performance as Hendrayadi's theory, namely ideal influence, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and attention to individuals. The principal's efforts to improve teacher performance are (a) motivating teachers, (b) increasing teacher discipline, (c) creating a conducive working atmosphere, and (d) increasing teacher competence. The implication of this research is as input to school principals in improving the performance of Daarul Qur'an Karanganyar Science High School teachers

Endogenous Linear Plasmids lp28-4 and lp25 Are Required for Infectivity and Restriction Protection in the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia mayonii.

Borrelia mayonii is a newly recognized causative agent of Lyme disease in the Upper Midwestern United States, with distinct clinical presentations compared to classical Lyme disease caused by other Lyme Borrelia species. However, little is known about the B. mayonii genetic determinants required for establishing infection or perpetuating disease in mammals. Extrachromosomal plasmids in Borrelia species often encode proteins necessary for infection and pathogenesis, and spontaneous loss of these plasmids can lead to the identification of virulence determinant genes. Here, we describe infection of Lyme disease-susceptible C3H mice with B. mayonii, and show bacterial dissemination and persistence in peripheral tissues. Loss of endogenous plasmids, including lp28-4, lp25, and lp36 correlated with reduced infectivity in mice. The apparent requirement for lp28-4 during murine infection suggests the presence of a novel virulence determinant, as this plasmid does not encode homologs of any known virulence determinant. We also describe transformation and stable maintenance of a self-replicating shuttle vector in B. mayonii, and show that loss of either lp25 or lp28-4 correlated with increased transformation competency. Finally, we demonstrate that linear plasmids lp25 and lp28-4 each encode functional restriction modification systems with distinct but partially overlapping target modification sequences, which likely accounts for the observed decrease in transformation efficiency when those plasmids are present. Taken together, this study describes a role for endogenous plasmids in mammalian infection and restriction protection in the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia mayonii.

Blended matters: Nurturing critical thinking

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Learning Framework-2030 presents critical thinking as one of the transformative competencies for incorporation into the curriculum. Critical thinking refers to one’s ability to distinguish relevant information from irrelevant information, relate ideas, infer and justify whether a particular assumption is acceptable or unacceptable. This article argues that blended learning provides a concrete and meaningful context for enhancing learners’ critical thinking. Through collaboration, blended learning makes it possible to control, observe interactions, regulate tasks, and mediate in the acquisition of new knowledge. This form of collaboration creates a student-centered learning environment. Such a shift prompts to examine three objectives: (1) comprehend the creation of a blended learning environment. (2) discuss the characteristics of collaborative blended learning. (3) examine the role of collaboration in developing critical thinking among learners. To achieve the purpose of implementing a blended learning strategy in the classroom, the classroom teacher must create collaborative and participative learning experiences. Blended learning brings collaborative experience to develop higher-order thinking skills such as critical thinking.

Membangun inovasi organisasi antara kepemimpinan transformasional dan kompetensi kepemimpinan di situasi pandemi pada grandmas airport

This study took the object of tourism employees at Grandmas Airport. The findings are that it is difficult for companies to innovate when hotel operations are running in a COVID-19 pandemic. The leadership factor (leadership style) is a type of leadership that needs to be improved, which affects leadership competence is the education factor that has not been evenly distributed so that it hinders organizational innovation considering that there are still many fresh graduates. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of transformational leadership and leadership competence in building organizational innovation in the COVID-19 pandemic situation. 19 at Grandmas Plus Hotel Airport. This study uses a quantitative method with a total population of all hotel employees with a sample of 35 employees determined by the saturated sampling method or census. Sources of research data from monthly reports and data collection techniques by observation, interviews and distributing questionnaires. For technical analysis using multiple linear regression in accordance with the steps of Sugiyono, 2015: 348 with SPSS windows version 25 application tools. Meanwhile for instrument testing using validity and reliability tests, as well as hypothesis testing using f test and t test. The results of this study are the transformational leadership variable has a positive relationship on organizational innovation, the leadership competence variable has a positive relationship on organizational innovation and the transformational leadership variable and leadership competence have a simultaneous effect on organizational innovation with a significant value.

In-planta transient transformation of avocado (Persea americana) by vacuum agroinfiltration of aerial plant parts

Avocado, Persea americana Mill, is one of the most traded tropical fruits in the international market. To date, stable and transient transformation has only been achieved for of zygotic embryos and not of adult plant tissue, which limits functional genomics research. We provide the first transient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation methodology in avocado leaves that overcomes the recalcitrance to transformation of this species. We investigated the effect of Agrobacterium strain, leaf stage, wounding pre-treatment, the phytohormone jasmonic acid, and vacuum infiltration on transient transformation of avocado leaves. Using the Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 and the RUBY reporter a transformation frequency of up to 27% was obtained for avocado detached leaves. The transformation efficiency depended on the age of the leaf, with an intermediate stage of leaf development showing the highest efficiency of transient reporter gene expression. Microwounding pre-treatment facilitates agroinfiltration and coupled with leaf age are the primary factors influencing competence for transient transformation. Jasmonic acid did not significantly affect transient transformation in the absence of microwounding. However, microwounding and 250 µM of jasmonic acid acted synergistically to significantly enhance transient expression. Using this methodology with localized vacuum agroinfiltration, transient transformation of attached avocado leaves was achieved. This method unlocks the use of Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation as a tool for explore gene function and metabolic pathways in both, detached and attached avocado leaves.

Layered immunity and layered leukemogenicity: Developmentally restricted mechanisms of pediatric leukemia initiation.

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and multipotent progenitor cells (MPPs) arise in successive waves during ontogeny, and their properties change significantly throughout life. Ontological changes in HSCs/MPPs underlie corresponding changes in mechanisms of pediatric leukemia initiation. As HSCs and MPPs progress from fetal to neonatal, juvenile and adult stages of life, they undergo transcriptional and epigenetic reprogramming that modifies immune output to meet age-specific pathogenic challenges. Some immune cells arise exclusively from fetal HSCs/MPPs. We propose that this layered immunity instructs cell fates that underlie a parallel layered leukemogenicity. Indeed, some pediatric leukemias, such as juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, myeloid leukemia of Down syndrome, and infant pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, are age-restricted. They only present during infancy or early childhood. These leukemias likely arise from fetal progenitors that lose competence for transformation as they age. Other childhood leukemias, such as non-infant pre-B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia, have mutation profiles that are common in childhood but rare in morphologically similar adult leukemias. These differences could reflect temporal changes in mechanisms of mutagenesis or changes in how progenitors respond to a given mutation at different ages. Interactions between leukemogenic mutations and normal developmental switches offer potential targets for therapy.

СИНТАКСИЧЕСКИЕ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ПРИ ПЕРЕВОДЕ ХУДОЖЕСТВЕННЫХ ПРОИЗВЕДЕНИЙ С КОРЕЙСКОГО НА РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК НА ПРИМЕРЕ ПЕРЕВОДА

The paper examined randomly selected sentences from the novel “Princess Bari” on the basis of available research, also compared and analyzed the original language and the translation language as a kind of translation transformation in the theory of comparative stylistics. In addition, this work can be considered the first study devoted to the previously unaffected comparison of syntactic transformation of the Korean and Russian languages. This study is of a formal nature and is aimed at comparing phrases. The relevance of the work is to present the main provisions of the study on the relationship between translation transformation and translation competence in general, so that the functions of translation transformation can contribute to a deeper understanding of the functions of grammatical categories. The comparison of the syntactic transformation of Korean and Russian phrases also deserves comparative linguistic research. This article includes: firstly, an analysis of previous studies of syntactic transformation; secondly, a comparison of the specifics of syntactic phrases in the Russian and Korean languages; thirdly, a discussion of the features of the syntactic transformation of the original text of the modern Korean work “Princess Bari” and its translation into Russian. Further in the work follows the analysis of the study and its results. In the end of the article, the relevant conclusions are drawn.

Analysis of Investment Managers Representatives’ Performance in the Indonesian Financial Industry Sector Influenced by Transformational Leadership and Competence through Work Discipline

This research aims to analyze the performance of investment manager representatives influenced by leadership and competence and mediated by work discipline. The research population is the Investment Manager Representatives in Indonesia. The sampling technique uses the Slovin method to obtain 165 samples. This research uses primary data. The data collection uses surveys and questionnaires. The analytical method used to analyze the data is a structural equation model (SEM/Structural equation modeling). The hypothesis testing findings show that (1) transformational leadership significantly and positively influences work discipline; (2) competence has a significant effect on work discipline; (3) transformational leadership significantly and positively affects performance; (4) competence has a significant and positive effect on performance, and; (5) work discipline significantly and positively influences the performance.

TÍCH HỢP MỘT SỐ MỤC TIÊU GIÁO DỤC TRONG LA BÀN HỌC TẬP VÀO HOẠT ĐỘNG GIÁO DỤC STEAM CHO HỌC SINH KHUYẾT TẬT HỌC TẬP

The Learning Compass proposed by the OECD has helped education systems have a common orientation towards educational goals. The Learning Compass sets educational goals towards happiness by preparation and adaptation for the future world with 7 basic elements that every school needs to ensure, including: Student agency, core foundations, knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values, transformative competencies, Cycle of Anticipation – Action – Reflection. Meanwhile, STEAM education activities with its own characteristics have many advantages to integrating educational goals of the Learning Compass in education for students with learning disabilities. This article analyzes the appropriateness of the STEAM educational model in realizing the goals of the Learning Compass, and its ability to meet the needs of students with learning disabilities. The results show the opportunity to develop many educational goals for students with learning disabilities in accordance with the orientation in the Learning Compass, contributing to affirming the appropriateness of this approach.

변혁적 역량을 위한 교사교육 방안 - 교육대학의 ‘국어과교육’ 과목을 중심으로 -

이 연구에서는 OECD 교육2030에서 제안된 변혁적 역량을 교육대학의 초등국어 예비교사교육에서 준비하기 위한 방안을 모색하였다. 현재 교육대학에서는 초등국어 교사교육은 ‘국어과교육’ 과목 중심으로 진행되고 있었다. 이 과목은 역량기반 교사교육 패러다임에 기반하였으며, 초등국어 교육에 필요한 행동주의적 직무분석에 기초하여, ‘이론+실제’의 체제로 운영되고 있었다. 변혁적 역량이 불확실한 미래에 창조적으로 대응해 나가도록 ‘가치 창조하기’를 중시한다는 점을 고려할 때, 향후 초등국어 교사교육에서도 가치 요소를 중시해야 한다. 이를 위해 지금까지의 역량기반 교사교육에 더해 인본주의 교사교육 관점을 수용하고, ‘국어과교육’ 과목의 체제를 ‘이론+실제’ 틀에서 ‘내용+방법’ 틀로 변경할 필요가 있다. 학생의 행위자주도성을 길러주기 위해서는 교사의 행위자주도성이 전제되어야 한다. 이를 위해 교사의 전문성과 효율성과 함께 가치판단(철학성), 자율성, 능동성을 함양할 수 있도록 교육대학 교사교육을 기획해야 한다.