Volume Transfer Research Articles

A Study on the Change of Wire Feeding Speed in GTA Welding (Ⅰ) - Changes in the Modes of Metal Transfer -

GTA welding (GTAW) is a representative welding technique employed for pipe root gap welding. Although this technique allows the control of the current and wire feeding speed as independent variables, it is difficult to determine these variables to ensure appropriate quality. In the pipe root gap welding task, the parameters of automated welding applications are difficult to determine due to gap and misalignment. Accordingly, this study was conducted to examine changes in the modes of metal transfer according to the welding current and wire feeding speed. In the various processes of GTAW, changes in volume transfer form yield certain advantages and disadvantages, necessitating appropriate tuning procedures to maintain a desired quality. Changes in heat input ratio (HIR), which relates to the welding heat input (HI) and wire feeding speed, were observed to predict modes of metal transfer. According to changes in welding current and wire feeding speed, metal transfer was expressed as an index, and a regression equation was formulated to predict the modes of metal transfer through said index.

INTERNET OF THINGS DATA TRANSFER METHOD USING NEURAL NETWORK AUTOENCODER

Background. The number of devices in the Internet of Things is constantly increasing. At the same time, the number of solutions on the market for such technologies is growing. Statistics confirm that these factors lead to an increase in data transfer volumes. This raises the number of resources spent on data transmission. The growing trend in the number of users of the Internet of Things technology leads to the emergence of the problem of a rapid increase in the data transmitted by the network.
 Objective. The purpose of the paper is to improve the process of data transmission in the Internet of Things by modifying the neural network autoencoder to reduce network resources use.
 Methods. Analysis of publications dedicated to Internet of things data transmission. Integration of existing data coding solutions based on a neural network autoencoder in the process of transmitting data from the Internet of things.
 Results. The neural network autoencoder has been improved by using an algorithm that additionally includes an arithmetic encoder and further training a new model on the output of a full-fledged autoencoder.
 Conclusions. The process of data transmission in the Internet of Things network has been modified by improving the neural network autoencoder by using the training of a smaller neural network on the initial data of the main autoencoder, which has reduced the amount of data transmitted and, accordingly, reduced the use of network resources.

Immune cell identity behind the Ktrans mapping of mouse glioblastoma

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging (DCE-MRI) can assess the integrity of the blood brain barrier (BBB) and has been used in GBM patients to determine glioma grade, predict prognosis, evaluate treatment response, and differentiate treatment-induced effect from recurrence. The volume transfer constant Ktrans is the most frequently used metric in tumor assessment. Based on previous studies that a higher WHO grade of brain tumor was associated with greater impairments of immunity and that Ktrans value was associated with the pathological grading, the relationship between differential composition of immune cells in GBM tissue and dynamic changes in Ktrans mapping was anticipated in this study. The present study utilized an orthotopic allograft model of GBM in which mouse GL26 cells are implanted into Ccr2RFP/wtCx3cr1GFP/wt mice on a C57 background. The brain tumors exhibited heterogenous Ktrans values with the coefficients of variation (CV) above 75%, or relatively homogeneous Ktrans maps with CV values below 50%. The Ktrans values of homogeneous tumors ranged between 0.02/min–0.32/min with a median value of 0.10/min. The immune cell composition defined by quantitative immunohistochemistry and cell sorting was compared between the tumors with Ktrans values above 0.10/min (higher Ktrans) or below 0.10/min (lower Ktrans). Histological analysis showed that tumors with higher Ktrans values exhibited greater numbers of CCR2pos cells (257.60 ± 16.42/mm2 vs 203.23 ± 12.20/mm2, p = 0.04) and an increased ratio of CCR2pos cells to CX3CR1pos cells (1.20 ± 0.02 vs 0.38 ± 0.04, p = 0.001), the numbers of CX3CR1pos cells did not differ significantly based on Ktrans values (219.70 ± 16.20/mm2 vs 250.38 ± 21.20/mm2, p = 0.19). Flowcytometry analysis showed that tumors with higher Ktrans values (above 0.1/min) were associated with greater numbers of both overall monocytes (54.93 ± 6.81% vs 29.75 ± 3.54%, p = 0.01) and inflammatory monocytes (72.38 ± 1.49% vs 59.52 ± 2.44%, p = 0.001). In contrast, tumors with lower Ktrans values (below 0.1/min) exhibited greater numbers of patrolling monocytes (75.65 ± 4.14% vs 63 ± 6.94%, p = 0.05). In the tumors with lower Ktrans values, all three types of tumor associated cells, including patrolling monocytes, inflammatory monocytes, and microglia cells possessed a higher proportion of cells at pro-inflammatory status (41.77 ± 6.13% vs 25.06 ± 6.72%, p = 0.05; 27.50 ± 2.11% vs 20.62 ± 1.87%, p = 0.03; and 55.80 ± 9.88% vs 31.12 ± 7.31%, p = 0.05), inflammatory monocytes showed fewer anti-inflammatory cells (1.25 ± 0.62% vs 3.16 ± 3.56%, p = 0.04). Taken together, differences in Ktrans values were associated with differential immune cell phenotypes and polarizations. Ktrans mapping may therefore represent a novel approach for defining the immune status of GBM.

Performance evaluation of a two-stage air-cooled silica gel + water adsorption cooling system: Effect of key operational parameters

The primary objective of this work is to extract some design criteria of the upper-stage adsorber bed in a two-stage two-bed adsorption cooling system. The second objective is to experimentally investigate the effects of air-cooled heat sink, and hot water source temperatures on the chiller performance. These studies are important as the adsorber bed design together with the input operational parameters determines the chiller performance. It was observed that the performance indicators, namely, cooling capacity (CC) and coefficient of performance (COP) exhibit opposite trends with the reduction in the temperature of the sink where heat of adsorption is rejected. The performance parameters are evaluated for heat source temperatures in the range of 75–85 °C against different half-cycle times. The CC and COP are found to vary between 148 - 324 W and 0.09–0.11 respectively depending on the heat source temperature and half cycle time. The novelty of the present work is in providing experimental evidence on influence of heat source temperatures on two-stage adsorption chillers when air cooling is adopted for all heat rejections to the ambient. Another key finding is that the upper stage performance is critical because of smaller volume and lower heat transfer area available in it compounded by higher uptake differences across which it operates.

Enabling inter-organizational analytics in business networks through meta machine learning

AbstractSuccessful analytics solutions that provide valuable insights often hinge on the connection of various data sources. While it is often feasible to generate larger data pools within organizations, the application of analytics within (inter-organizational) business networks is still severely constrained. As data is distributed across several legal units, potentially even across countries, the fear of disclosing sensitive information as well as the sheer volume of the data that would need to be exchanged are key inhibitors for the creation of effective system-wide solutions—all while still reaching superior prediction performance. In this work, we propose a meta machine learning method that deals with these obstacles to enable comprehensive analyses within a business network. We follow a design science research approach and evaluate our method with respect to feasibility and performance in an industrial use case. First, we show that it is feasible to perform network-wide analyses that preserve data confidentiality as well as limit data transfer volume. Second, we demonstrate that our method outperforms a conventional isolated analysis and even gets close to a (hypothetical) scenario where all data could be shared within the network. Thus, we provide a fundamental contribution for making business networks more effective, as we remove a key obstacle to tap the huge potential of learning from data that is scattered throughout the network.

Utilizing fly ash from a power plant company for CO2 capture in a microchannel

The separation of carbon dioxide by mineral waste with alkaline properties is an innovative technology for storing carbon dioxide. This experiment utilized an aqueous solution containing seawater and fly ash in a microchannel to investigate CO2 absorption. In all experiments, the concentration of CO2 in feed gas was 10.5% at atmospheric pressure. A number of variables were examined, including temperature (10–50 °C), inlet solvent flow rate (50–300 ml/h), inlet gas flow rate (50–250 ml/min), as well as fly ash to seawater ratios (1:25, 1:50, 1:75, 1:100, 1:125,1:150, 1:175 and 1:200 gr/ml). The study found that an increase in the concentration of fly ash in the solution and a higher flow rate of the solvent led to a noteworthy improvement in both the absorption percentage and volume transfer coefficient of gas-based gas. The increase in gas flow rate led to a decrease in the percentage of CO2 removal and an increase in the gas-based volumetric mass transfer coefficient. Under optimal operating conditions, absorption percentages were 96.25% and gas-based volumetric mass transfer coefficients were 63.21 (kmol h −1m−3 kPa−1) were achieved even though the temperature in the range of (10–50 °C) has a negative impact on the absorption rate. According to the overall gas-based volumetric mass transfer coefficient, microchannel reactors provide higher absorption efficiency than other mass transfer devices.

Association of quantitative MRI features of DCIS with surgical upstaging and recurrence after treatment.

e12540 Background: Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a common preinvasive breast cancer typically identified on screening mammography. Pure DCIS is nonlethal, but 20-25% of DCIS cases identified on core biopsy upstage to invasive cancer at surgery and about half progress to invasive disease if not treated. As a result, most DCIS patients undergo excision and radiation therapy. DCIS score is a multigene assay that can aid in radiation treatment decision-making and serve as a surrogate marker of ipsilateral breast recurrence (IBR) risk. Breast MRI can accurately depict DCIS span and has potential to assess biology and IBR risk. We sought to assess the associations of advanced quantitative MRI features with upstaging and DCIS score. Methods: In this IRB-approved single institution prospective clinical trial, patients recommended for biopsy of calcifications or those who had residual calcifications after a biopsy yielding pure DCIS consented to receive a multiparametric breast MRI (dynamic contrast-enhanced and diffusion-weighted) prior to surgery. The following quantitative MRI features were obtained: functional tumor volume (FTV), volume transfer constant (Ktrans), extracellular extravascular volume fraction (ve), background parenchymal enhancement (BPE), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC). Patients with biopsy-proven DCIS were followed through completion of surgery to determine upstaging. DCIS score was performed in those with sufficient excision-proven pure DCIS. Associations of MRI features with invasive upstaging and DCIS score and were evaluated by Spearman’s correlation and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results: Of the 120 patients enrolled in the study, 57 (48%) were diagnosed with pure DCIS on core biopsy. Fifty-five patients underwent surgery, 13 of whom (24%) upstaged to invasive disease. Thirty-eight pure DCIS lesions had sufficient tissue to generate a DCIS Score. Several MRI features were associated with upstaging and DCIS Score: Ktrans (p < 0.01) was significantly higher in lesions that upstaged to invasive disease. Higher DCIS scores were associated with lower Ktrans (p = 0.04) and ve (p = 0.05) values. No statistically significant associations were observed between FTV, BPE, or ADC and invasive upstaging or DCIS Score. Conclusions: This trial suggests advanced quantitative MRI features may help identify DCIS lesions at risk for upstaging to invasive disease and IBR. Specifically, an imaging feature of vascular permeability (Ktrans) showed an expected positive association with upstaging. Imaging features of vascular permeability (Ktrans and ve) showed counterintuitive inverse associations with DCIS Scores. Future research in larger cohorts is needed to validate these findings, better determine the biological reasons for these associations, and determine whether MRI features can be used clinically to optimize DCIS treatment. Clinical trial information: NCT03495011 .

Quantitative dynamic contrast-enhanced parameters and intravoxel incoherent motion facilitate the prediction of TP53 status and risk stratification of early-stage endometrial carcinoma.

The aim of the study was to investigate the value of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) in differentiating TP53-mutant from wild type, low-risk from non-low-risk early-stage endometrial carcinoma (EC). A total of 74 EC patients underwent pelvic MRI. Parameters volume transfer constant (Ktrans), rate transfer constant (Kep), the volume of extravascular extracellular space per unit volume of tissue (Ve), true diffusion coefficient (D), pseudo-diffusion coefficient (D*), and microvascular volume fraction (f) were compared. The combination of parameters was investigated by logistic regression and evaluated by bootstrap (1000 samples), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis (DCA). In the TP53-mutant group, Ktrans and Kep were higher and D was lower than in the TP53-wild group; Ktrans, Ve, f, and D were lower in the non-low-risk group than in the low-risk group (all P < 0.05). In the identification of TP53-mutant and TP53-wild early-stage EC, Ktrans and D were independent predictors, and the combination of them had an optimal diagnostic efficacy (AUC, 0.867; sensitivity, 92.00%; specificity, 80.95%), which was significantly better than D (Z = 2.169, P = 0.030) and Ktrans (Z = 2.572, P = 0.010). In the identification of low-risk and non-low-risk early-stage EC, Ktrans, Ve, and f were independent predictors, and the combination of them had an optimal diagnostic efficacy (AUC, 0.947; sensitivity, 83.33%; specificity, 93.18%), which was significantly better than D (Z = 3.113, P = 0.002), f (Z = 4.317, P < 0.001), Ktrans (Z = 2.713, P = 0.007), and Ve (Z = 3.175, P = 0.002). The calibration curves showed that the above two combinations of independent predictors, both have good consistency, and DCA showed that these combinations were reliable clinical prediction tools. Both DCE-MRI and IVIM facilitate the prediction of TP53 status and risk stratification in early-stage EC. Compare with each single parameter, the combination of independent predictors provided better predictive power and may serve as a superior imaging marker.

Identifying the Spatiotemporal Metro-to-Bus Transfer Deserts in Shanghai, China

In the majority of metropolitan areas in China, the ground-level bus is the dominating feeder mode for metro systems. For enhancing the intermodal integration, it is necessary to evaluate the transfer accessibility between metro and bus considering the spatiotemporal dimensions with finer resolution. This study developed a methodology to identify the metro-to-bus transfer desert by considering the spatiotemporal dynamics on both service supply and passenger demand based on smart card data and automatic vehicle location data. In order to provide a more accurate and detailed depiction of results and stronger policy implications, this research aggregates to a higher spatial resolution (i.e., metro stops), instead of utilizing census tracts or administrative zones used in available research. The proposed methodology was implemented in the case study of the metropolitan area of Shanghai. Our empirical analysis highlights transfer service deficiency existing across the metropolitan area of Shanghai throughout the day, and varies both on spatially and temporally. Peak hours are characterized by better transfer accessibility levels on average but worse performances on metro stops with high transfer volume compared with off-peak hours. Because the developed methodology makes use of widely available input data, policymakers and transit agencies could replicate such gap analysis of local transit services in other contexts around the world.

An interactive patient transfer network and model visualization tool for multidrug-resistant organism prevention strategies

Background: The CDC’s new Public Health Strategies to Prevent the Spread of Novel and Targeted Multidrug-Resistant Organisms (MDROs) were informed by mathematical models that assessed the impact of implementing preventive strategies directed at a subset of healthcare facilities characterized as influential or highly connected based on their predicted role in the regional spread of MDROs. We developed an interactive tool to communicate mathematical modeling results and visualize the regional patient transfer network for public health departments and healthcare facilities to assist in planning and implementing prevention strategies. Methods: An interactive RShiny application is currently hosted in the CDC network and is accessible to external partners through the Secure Access Management Services (SAMS). Patient transfer volumes (direct and indirect, that is, with up to 30 days in the community between admissions) were estimated from the CMS fee-for-service claims data from 2019. The spread of a carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE)–like MDROs within a US state was simulated using a deterministic model with susceptible and infectious compartments in the community and healthcare facilities interconnected through patient transfers. Individuals determined to be infectious through admission screening, point-prevalence surveys (PPSs), or notified from interfacility communication were assigned lower transmissibility if enhanced infection prevention and control practices were in place at a facility. Results: The application consists of 4 interactive tabs. Users can visualize the statewide patient-sharing network for any US state and select territories in the first tab (Fig. 1). A feature allows users to highlight a facility of interest and display downstream or upstream facilities that received or sent transfers from the facility of interest, respectively. A second tab lists influential facilities to aid in prioritizing screening and prevention activities. A third tab lists all facilities in the state in descending order of their dispersal rate (ie, the rate at which patients are shared downstream to other facilities), which can help identify highly connected facilities. In the fourth tab, an interactive graph displays the predicted reduction of MDRO prevalence given a range of intervention scenarios (Fig. 2). Conclusions: Our RShiny application, which can be accessed by public health partners, can assist healthcare facilities and public health departments in planning and tailoring MDRO prevention activity bundles.Disclosures: None

Predicting lymphovascular invasion in rectal cancer: evaluating the performance of golden-angle radial sparse parallel MRI for rectal perfusion assessment

This study aims to determine whether the dual-parameter approach combined with either time-resolved angiography with stochastic trajectories (TWIST) or golden-angle radial sparse parallel (GRASP) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has superior diagnostic performance in predicting pathological lymphovascular invasion (pLVI) rectal cancer when compared with traditional single-parameter evaluations using DWI alone. Patients with pathologically confirmed rectal cancer were enrolled. Perfusion (influx forward volume transfer constant [Ktrans] and rate constant [Kep]) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were measured by two researchers. For both sequences, areas under receiver operating characteristic (ROCs) to predict pLVI-positive rectal cancer were compared. A total of 179 patients were enrolled in our study. A combined analysis of ADC and perfusion parameters (Ktrans) acquired with GRASP yielded a higher diagnostic performance compared with diffusion parameters alone (area under the curve, 0.91 ± 0.03 vs. 0.71 ± 0.06, P < 0.001); However, ADC with GRASP-acquired Kep and ADC with TWIST-acquired perfusion parameters (Ktrans or Kep) did not offer any additional benefit. The Ktrans of the GRASP technique improved the diagnostic performance of multiparametric MRI to predict rectal cancers with pLVI-positive. In contrast, TWIST did not achieve this effect.

The value of DISCO and MUSE-DWI combined with prostate specific antigen density in the diagnosis and risk stratification of prostate cancer

Objective: To explore the value of differential subsampling with cartesian ordering (DISCO) and multiplexed sensitivity-encoding diffusion weighted-imaging (MUSE-DWI) combined with prostate specific antigen density (PSAD) in the diagnosis and risk stratification of prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: The data of 183 patients [aged from 48 to 86 (68±8) years] with prostate diseases in the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from July 2020 to August 2021 were retrospectively collected. Those patients were divided into non-PCa group (n=115) and PCa group (n=68) based on the disease condition. According to the risk degree, PCa group was subdivided into low risk PCa group (n=14) and medium-to-high risk PCa group (n=54). The differences of volume transfer constant (Ktrans), rate constant (Kep), extracellular volume fraction (Ve), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and PSAD between groups were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis were conducted for evaluating the diagnostic efficacy of quantitative parameters and PSAD in distinguishing non-PCa and PCa, low-risk PCa and medium-high risk PCa. Multivariate logistic regression model was used for screening out the predictors, which was statistically significant differences between non-PCa group and PCa group, for PCa prediction. Results: Ktrans, Kep, Ve and PSAD of PCa group all were higher than those of non-PCa group, and ADC value was lower than that of non-PCa group, and the differences all were statistically significant (all P<0.001). Ktrans, Kep and PSAD of medium-to-high risk PCa group all were higher than those of low risk PCa group, and ADC value was lower than that of low risk PCa group, and the differences were all statistically significant (all P<0.001). When distinguishing non-PCa from PCa, the area under ROC curve (AUC) of the combined model (Ktrans+Kep+Ve+ADC+PSAD) was higher than that of any single index [0.958 (95%CI: 0.918-0.982) vs 0.881 (95%CI: 0.825-0.924), 0.836 (95%CI: 0.775-0.887), 0.672 (95%CI: 0.599-0.740), 0.940(95%CI: 0.895-0.969), 0.816(95%CI:0.752-0.869), all P<0.05]. When distinguishing low-risk PCa and medium-to-high risk PCa, the AUC of the combined model (Ktrans+Kep+ADC+PSAD) were higher than those of Ktrans, Kep and PSAD[0.933 (95%CI: 0.845-0.979) vs 0.846 (95%CI:0.738-0.922), 0.782 (95%CI:0.665-0.873), 0.84 8(95%CI: 0.740-0.923), all P<0.05]. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that Ktrans (OR=1.005, 95%CI:1.001-1.010) and ADC values (OR=0.992, 95%CI:0.989-0.995) were predictors of PCa (P<0.05). Conclusions: DISCO and MUSE-DWI combined with PSAD can distinguish benign and malignant prostate lesions. Ktrans and ADC values were predictors of PCa; Ktrans, Kep, ADC values and PSAD are helpful in predicting the biological behavior of PCa.

Glioma grading using multiparametric MRI: head-to-head comparison among dynamic susceptibility contrast, dynamic contrast-enhancement, diffusion-weighted images, and MR spectroscopy

PurposeTo assess the diagnostic accuracy of dynamic susceptibility contrast, dynamic contrast-enhancement, MR spectroscopy (MRS), and diffusion-weighted imaging for differentiating high-grade (HGGs) from low-grade gliomas (LGGs). MethodsSeventy-two patients (16 LGGs, 56 HGGs) with pathologically confirmed gliomas were retrospectively included. From three-dimensionally segmented tumor, histogram analyses of relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV), volume transfer constant (Ktrans), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) were performed. Choline-to-creatinine ratio (Cho/Cr) was calculated using MRS. Logistic regression analyses were performed to differentiate HGGs (grade ≥ 3) from LGGs (grade ≤ 2). Areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUC) were plotted. Subgroup analysis was performed between IDH-wildtype glioblastomas and IDH-mutant astrocytomas. Pairwise Spearman’s correlation coefficients (ρ) were computed. ResultsHGGs had higher 95th percentile rCBV, Ktrans and Cho/Cr (P < 0.01) than LGGs. AUC of 95th percentiles of rCBV and Ktrans were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.67–0.91) and 0.74 (95% CI, 0.59–0.88), respectively. AUC of 5th percentile of ADC was 0.63 (95% CI, 0.48–0.79), and that of Cho/Cr was 0.67 (95% CI, 0.52–0.81). IDH-wildtype glioblastomas and IDH-mutant astrocytomas showed significantly different 95th percentile rCBV (P = 0.04) and Ktrans (P < 0.01), with Ktrans showing the highest AUC (0.73, 95% CI 0.57–0.89) in IDH status prediction. Moderate correlations were observed between 95th percentile rCBV and Ktrans (ρ = 0.47), Cho/Cr (ρ = 0.40), and 5th percentile ADC (ρ = -0.36) (all P < 0.01). ConclusionsThe 95th percentile rCBV may be most helpful in discriminating HGGs from LGGs. The 95th percentile Ktrans may aid predicting IDH status of diffuse gliomas.

Comprehensive Utilization Model of Yarlung Zangbo River Water Resources Based on Discrete Multi-objective Optimization Model

The Yarlung Zangbo River is rich in water resources, which is of great significance to the comprehensive utilization of water resources. The reasonable development of the hydropower resources of the Yarlung Zangbo River is realized, through the water diversion project and the establishment of the trapezoidal hydropower station. A comprehensive utilization model of hydropower resources optimized by discrete objectives is constructed, based on the discrete multi-objective optimization theory. It combined with the reading of geographic data by GPS and Matlab. The number and orientation of the optimal construction of hydropower stations and the proportion of the water transfer volume of the water diversion project are obtained, combining the cost of hydropower station construction and water diversion project implementation and the benefits brought by hydropower resources.

Temperature dependent volumetric, viscometric and conductance studies of barium chloride in aqueous solution of citric acid: an insight into molecular interactions

Abstract Alkaline earth metal salts and citric acid both play a vital role in our daily life in terms of biological importance, so in this regard, in the present study, we calculated density, speed of sound, conductance and viscosity of barium chloride (BaCl2) in concentration range (0.01–0.12 mol kg−1) in a binary solution of 0.01 mol kg−1 citric acid in water (CA + H2O) at temperatures between 303.15 and 318.15 K with gap of 5 K. The various parameters like apparent molar volume ϕ v , limiting apparent molar volume ϕ v o , transfer volume Δ tr ϕ v o , and partial molar volume expansibilities Φ E o ${{\Phi }}_{E}^{o}$ were calculated using density data. Viscosity data has been applied to calculate relative viscosity and Jones Dole coefficient A and B. Other parameters like Molar conductance (Λ m ), Λ o m and Λ o m η o have also been calculated using conductance data. All these parameters show strong evidences of various molecular interactions in terms of ion–solvent and solute–solute interactions. The ion–solvent interactions were supported by isobaric thermal expansion coefficient α o . Structure maker/breaker behaviour is explained by Hepler’s constant ((d 2 ϕ v o /dT 2 ) p ), temperature coefficient of B ( d B / d T $dB/dT$ ) and Walden product’s temperature coefficient (d(Λ o m η o )/dT). Further these molecular interactions support structure breaking potential of present studied system.

Expliciting the interactions of tramadol hydrochloride + choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent + water systems: Thermodynamic aspects

In recent years, a new class of environmentally friendly solvents called deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have been employed in a number of operations in both academia and industry. The study described herein offers an assessment of a green solvent in the preparation of Drug delivery systems (DDSs) as well as delivery vehicles made of a deep eutectic system (DES) constituted of Choline Chloride (ChCl) and Urea (U). For the designing of such processes, there is a need for an understanding of the molecular interaction of Tramadol hydrochloride with DES. In this regard, we have experimentally measured density and sound velocity for Tramadol hydrochloride in aqueous solutions and in different concentrations of aqueous DES (i.e., 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0)mol.kg−1 within the concentration range 0 to 0.15 mol.kg−1 at various temperatures (288.15, 298.15, 308.15 and 318.15) K. In order to interpret the view on solute–solvent and solute–solute interactions, several derived parameters chiefly apparent molar volume of solute (Vϕ), isentropic compressibility (κS), apparent molar isentropic compressibility of solute (KS,ϕ) for tramadol hydrochloride in aqueous and in an aqueous DES solutions have been calculated from experimental density and speed of sound values. The limiting apparent molar volume of solute (Vϕ0) and limiting apparent molar isentropic compressibility of solute (KS,ϕ0) for binary as well as ternary systems have been calculated from apparent molar volume and compressibility values. The thermal coefficient of expansion (α) and partial molar isobaric expansion (Eϕ0) have been derived from the temperature dependence of limiting apparent molar volume of solute. Transfer volume (ΔVϕtrans0) and transfer compressibility ΔKS,ϕtrans0 of tramadol hydrochloride from aqueous to aqueous DES solutions have been calculated.

Studies on the interference of citrate salts on the ion–solvent interactions of ionic liquid with water at different temperatures through volumetric, viscometric, and acoustic methods

The density, viscosity, and ultrasonic velocity of solutions of imidazolium-based ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium ethyl sulphate ([EMIm][EtSO4]) with aqueous solutions of sodium and potassium salts of citrate have been measured at five different temperatures i.e., T = (298.15–318.15) K and 0.1 MPa pressure. The experimentally found density (ρ) data have been utilized to compute the different volumetric properties such as apparent molar volume (Vϕ), partial molar volume (Vϕ0), partial molar expansivity (Eϕ0), Hepler’s constant (∂Eϕ0/∂T)p and volume transfer (ΔtrVϕ0). Similarly, the Jones-Dole equation, viscosity B-coefficient, transfer properties of B-Coefficient, (ΔtrB) and thermodynamics of viscous flow were calculated from viscosity consequences. The compression properties such as apparent molar isentropic compressibility (Kϕ,S), partial molar compressibility (Kϕ,S0) and transfer partial molar compressibility (ΔtrKϕ,S0) of IL have been deduced from the ultrasonic velocity. All the derived properties have been used to investigate the impact of citrate salts on the ion–solvent interactions of [EMIm][EtSO4] with water. The positive value of each of Hepler’s constants, and ΔtrKϕ,S0 and the negative sign of (dB/dT) indicates the existence of strong ion–solvent interactions and the cosmotrope nature of [EMIm][EtSO4] in the studied systems at the studied temperature ranges. The ion–solvent interactions of the present IL are found to be more in the solutions of potassium citrate (K3Cit) than sodium citrate (Na3Cit).

Caffeine-protic ionic liquid interactions in aqueous solutions evaluated by volumetric and spectroscopic studies

A comprehensive study on volumetric and spectroscopic properties of ternary solutions [water + protic ionic liquids (PILs) + caffeine (CAF)] was performed. Volumetric and compressibility properties were evaluated at different concentrations and temperatures, by measuring density and speed of sound of solutions. The newly synthesized PILs, ethanolammonium acetate; [EAAc] and ethanolammonium hexanoate; [EAHx] was used as co-solute. The density and speed of sound have been estimated at four different temperatures (298.15 K to 313.15 K) and at 0.1 MPa. Using these experimental data, apparent molar-volume, -isentropic compressibility, volumes of transfer were evaluated to understand the solute–solute, solute–solvent and solute–cosolute interactions occurring within the ternary solutions. At lower concentrations, negative transfer volumes indicate the presence of hydrophobic interactions among components of PILs (cations/anions) and CAF. The transfer volumes become positive as the concentration of PILs rises, implying that hydrophilic interactions were strengthened. In addition, UV–visible spectroscopic analysis was also performed to evaluate the nature of interactions. Hydrogen bonding interactions were also suggested based on the hyperchromic shift observed in UV absorption when aqueous CAF was titrated with PILs solutions. Physico-chemical analysis of the PILs-caffeine system are essential for comprehending the kinds of interactions that may occur in liquid combinations used for therapeutic drug delivery.

Global and regional trends in greenhouse gas emissions from rice production, trade, and consumption

As the content of the climate policy to meet the 2 °C targets, actions in all economic sectors, including agriculture, are required to mitigate global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Although there has been an ever-increasing focus on agricultural GHG emissions, little is known about the environmental benefits of individual crops, making it challenging to link production to consumption (including trade) and GHG emissions. In this study, we estimated GHG emissions related to rice in 227 countries and three sectors, taking time series data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) from 1986 to 2017. The results showed that production-based emissions increased by 25.5%, and actual consumption-based presented the same trend while assuming domestic production (no trade) expanded by 45.1%. The reason for the unbalance between the two sectors is that the total transfer volume embodied in the rice trade increased by 151.6% in 32 years. Meanwhile, we found that trade flows increased from low- to high-emission intensity countries, while rice emissions intensity was significantly reduced, contributing to a global GHG emission reduction of an average of 56.3Mt per year. Our results provide a comprehensive, forward-looking assessment of the environmental impacts of global growing rice production and consumption on the main countries and their trading relationships. Thus, besides domestic policies, main importing countries should also consider environmental benefits in developing sustainable international trade to limit the negative environmental impacts of its growing rice consumption.

Inter-basin surface water transfers database for public water supplies in conterminous United States, 1986–2015

The manipulation of water resources is a common human solution to water-related problems. Of particular interest because of impacts on both source and destination is the anthropogenic movement of water from one basin to another, or inter-basin transfers (IBTs). In the United States, IBTs occur widely in both wet and dry regions, but IBT data are not collated and served in a coordinated way. Thus researchers wishing to account for transfers between basins have faced difficulty in doing so. Here we present the outcome of a systematic investigation into inter-basin surface water transfers connected with public water supplies in the conterminous United States (CONUS), 1986 to 2015. The present open-access geodatabase includes transfer volumes collected, evaluated, and compiled from disparate sources. We provide an updated snapshot of CONUS IBTs at a higher spatial resolution of points of withdrawal and delivery than previous datasets. This paper puts the national inter-basin transfer data in context, and shows how we acquired, structured, and validated the locations and volumes of surface water transfers in public water systems.