Transfer Station Research Articles

A Study of Distribution Problems Based on Express Transportation Networks

This article uses the distribution data of rookie stations in Jinan City to explore the allocation problem of express delivery transportation networks. Firstly, in response to the uneven spatial layout of rookie Station, a corresponding evaluation index system was established based on K-means and TOPSIS models. The results showed that rookie Station exhibited characteristics of agglomeration in the central urban area and dispersion in the remote urban area. Secondly, by establishing a Floyd model to plan the route, the most reasonable transfer center was determined, and the results showed that the Shizhong District was the most suitable transfer station for Jinan City, while Zhangqiu District was selected as the second transfer station. Finally, based on the population density and express delivery demand in Jinan City, a model for express delivery allocation business points was established, and the optimal solutions for express delivery allocation business points in each district were obtained.

Prospects for Long-Distance Cascaded Liquid—Gaseous Hydrogen Delivery: An Economic and Environmental Assessment

As an important energy source to achieve carbon neutrality, green hydrogen has always faced the problems of high use cost and unsatisfactory environmental benefits due to its remote production areas. Therefore, a liquid-gaseous cascade green hydrogen delivery scheme is proposed in this article. In this scheme, green hydrogen is liquefied into high-density and low-pressure liquid hydrogen to enable the transport of large quantities of green hydrogen over long distances. After long-distance transport, the liquid hydrogen is stored and then gasified at transfer stations and converted into high-pressure hydrogen for distribution to the nearby hydrogen facilities in cities. In addition, this study conducted a detailed model evaluation of the scheme around the actual case of hydrogen energy demand in Chengdu City in China and compared it with conventional hydrogen delivery methods. The results show that the unit hydrogen cost of the liquid-gaseous cascade green hydrogen delivery scheme is only 51.58 CNY/kgH2, and the dynamic payback periods of long- and short-distance transportation stages are 13.61 years and 7.02 years, respectively. In terms of carbon emissions, this scheme only generates indirect carbon emissions of 2.98 kgCO2/kgH2 without using utility electricity. In sum, both the economic and carbon emission analyses demonstrate the advantages of the liquid-gaseous cascade green hydrogen delivery scheme. With further reductions in electricity prices and liquefication costs, this scheme has the potential to provide an economically/environmentally superior solution for future large-scale green hydrogen applications.

Sub‐Nanometer‐Scale Cu9S5 Enables Efficiently Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia

AbstractThe sub‐nanometer is a key feature size in materials science. Unlike single‐atom and nanomaterials, size effects and inter‐component cooperative actions in sub‐nanomaterials will effective on its performance is more significant. Here, 0.95 nm ordered arrangement Cu9S5 sub‐nanowires (Cu9S5 SNWs) are synthesized through the co‐assembly effect of inorganic nuclei (Cu9S5) and clusters (phosphotungstic acid‐PTA), achieving a significant increase in the specific surface area of the sample and ≈100% atomic exposure rate, which is the key to its high catalytic activity. PTA clusters not only act as a “charge transfer station” to accelerate the inter‐component electron transfer process, but also facilitate the dissociation of water and provide more hydrogen protons, thus dramatically facilitating the electrocatalytic process. The experimental results show that the Cu9S5 SNWs exhibited excellent nitrate reduction reaction (NO3−RR) properties. The Faraday efficiency (FE) of NO3−RR is 90.4% at the optimum potential −0.3 VRHE (reversible hydrogen electrode) and the ammonia production is as high as 0.37 mmol h−1 cm−2, which is superior to most reported electrocatalysts. In addition, the Zn‐NO3− liquid‐flow battery devices assembled using Cu9S5 SNWs as electrode materials show excellent application results. This work provides a reference for the design of highly efficient sub‐nanoscale NO3−RR electrocatalysts.

Integrated municipal solid waste management using ArcGIS tools: A case of akaki-kality sub-city, addis ababa, ethiopia.

This study aimed to optimize the solid waste collection and transportation system using ArcGIS Network Analyst and location-allocation tools. The generated solid waste was characterized by proximate analysis. The generation rate and composition were determined according to standard methods. The average solid waste generation rates for households, commercial sites, institutions, and recreational places were 0.48kg/c/day, 15.03kg/fac/day, 9.32kg/fac/day, and 22.8kg/fac/day, respectively. The estimated total generation rate of the sub-city is 207,004.03kg/day and 712.13 m3/day as discarded base. Composition analysis revealed that food waste is the major component of municipal solid waste, with estimated weight and volume of 134,696.08kg and 299.46 m3, respectively. Proximate analysis indicated that food and textile wastes have relatively high moisture content and fixed carbon. Candidate pre-collection bin allocations were optimized based on factors such as road network, distribution of solid waste generators, and existing temporary dumping sites, resulting in 1052 potential bin locations. Transfer station allocation was optimized by considering land use-land cover, slope, and geology. Twelve transfer routes and four transport routes were established to efficiently serve the bins and final waste destinations. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that ArcGIS Network Analyst and location-allocation tools can effectively optimize the municipal solid waste collection and transportation system, providing a robust framework for improving waste management efficiency. However, further research is recommended to validate these findings through field application.

Flow prediction analysis of shutdown and restart for off-station pipeline based on flow assurance and energy-saving

Abstract Due to unforeseen operation errors or natural disasters, off-station pipelines may undergo emergency shutdown operations, necessitating a focus on flow assurance during the shutdown and restart process. Moreover, energy saving and emission reduction have become the focal points in the transformation of oilfield enterprises. This paper formulates a method for predicting the flow status during shutdown and restart of off-station pipelines based on the liquid conservation law, and the characteristic equations are solved by the characteristic line method. A comparative analysis is conducted on the operation rules of shutdown and restart for oil-water mixing transportation and dewatering processes under different water cuts. A typical off-station pipeline in a transfer station is selected as the case study object. The results indicate that due to the lower station heating required for the oil-water mixing transportation process, this process saves 44.3% of costs compared to the dewatering process. As the water cut increases, operation costs decrease and then increase, with the total cost of the 50% water cut scheme being the most economical. This study provides a reference for the safe operation and energy-saving management of off-station pipelines in the future.

Li‐ion Exchange‐Driven Interfacial Buffer Layer for All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries

AbstractThe goal of achieving batteries with high energy density and high safety profile has been a driving force in developing all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs). However, the complex issues arising from the interfacial interaction between lithium anode/cathode and solid‐state electrolytes (SSE) have hindered the progress of ASSLMBs. This study presents a strategy for constructing an organic/inorganic buffer layer via employing Li‐ion exchanging chemistry of H1.6Mn1.6O4 (HMO) with a flexible matrix of polyethylene oxide (PEO). The buffer layer shows a remarkable ion conductivity of 3.21 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C originating from the exceptional Li+‐H+ ion exchange capability of HMO. This PEO/HMO buffer layer not only establishes an intimate physical contact between the Li anode/cathode and the SSE but also functions as a dynamic Li+ transfer station to facilitate Li+ movement through the interfaces improving interfacial stability. By pairing with cathodes of LiFePO4 (LFP) and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811), the ASSLMBs feature high‐rate capability and stable cycling performance with low polarization. This marks the utilization of HMO as a superior interfacial material to replace conventional lithium salts, with improved ion transport, decreased polarization, and enhanced overall performances. This constitutes a significant advancement toward the next‐generation energy storage solutions for ASSLMBs.

Bifunctional sludge-derived redox carbon dots with photoelectron storage and delivery properties for ammonia production by photosensitized Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Combining the light-harvesting capabilities of photosensitizers with microbial catalysis shows great potential in solar-driven biomanufacturing. However, little information is available about the effects of photosensitizers on the photoelectron transport during the dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) process. Herein, redox carbon dots (CDs-500) were prepared from sludge via the pyrolysis-Fenton reaction and then used to construct a photosynthetic system with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. The MR-1/CDs-500 photosynthetic system showed a 5.9-fold increase in ammonia production (4.9 mmol(NH3)·g−1(protein)·h−1) with a high selectivity of 94.0 %. The photoelectrons were found to be stored in CDs-500 and transferred into the cells. During the inward electron transport, the intracellular CDs-500 could be used as the direct photoelectron transfer stations between outer membrane cytochrome c and DNRA-related enzymes without the involvement of CymA and MtrA. This work provides a new method for converting waste into functional catalysts and increases solar-driven NH3 production to a greater extent.

A dynamic evaluation of an underground transportation system using image processing and centrality index computation

ABSTRACT The study of transportation networks covers a wide range of topics related to managing services and maintaining structures. In order to represent the topological structure of such a network, we associated a graph to a network. Then some different properties or attributes of the network can be managed as weights to be applied to the graph itself. In addition, different centrality indices can be computed in order to identify nodes or edges that are more important or more exposed to capacity changes (such as, for example, disruptive events). The purpose of this research is to provide a methodology for dynamically evaluating the significance of stations in a transportation network. This is accomplished through two distinct phases of activity. Firstly, we propose a dynamic analysis of the underground transportation system of the city of Milan, Italy. This transportation system is the mobility backbone of the city and counts four lines with 110 links and 107 stations, including 21 junctions (the transfer stations that connect the lines). Two data sets about passenger flows (both entering and leaving stations) are used to calculate the flows on links with a resolution of 1 min. The data sets refer to a week in 2018, without the changes in demand due to the pandemic scenario. Data are processed through an ad hoc written assignment procedure. Secondly, a centrality index is calculated by using passenger flows (entering, exiting, and on-segments) as weights of the underground graph. After maps reporting the outcomes of those calculations are drawn, an image comparison is carried out by using image processing tools and different aggregation intervals, in order to investigate how the importance or exposure of each station changes over time. The findings demonstrate that over time, indices vary by station, with junction stations naturally having the highest values. By increasing the observation interval from 1 min up to 30 min, index changes become progressively smoother, like an application of a low pass filter, suggesting that for certain applications (e.g. those concerning security), aggregating data could lead to misleading conclusions.

Fabrication of Active Z-Scheme Sr2MgSi2O7: Eu2+, Dy3+/COF Photocatalyst for Round-the-Clock Efficient Removal of Total Cr.

Photoreduction is recognized as a desirable treatment method for hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). However, it has been limited by the intermittent solar flux and limited light absorption. In this work, a novel Z-scheme photocatalyst combining a covalent organic framework (COF) with Eu2+, Dy3+ co-doped Sr2MgSi2O7 (Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+, Dy3+) is synthesized, which shows the high spectral conversion efficiency and works efficiently in both light irradiation and dark for Cr(VI) reduction. Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+, Dy3+ serves as both an electron transfer station and active sites for COF molecule activation, thus resulting in 100% photoreduction of Cr(VI) (50 mL, 10 mg/L) with high light stability and over 1 h dark activity. Moreover, the XPS and FT-IR analyses reveal the existence of functional groups (Si-OH on Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+, Dy3+, and -NH- on COFTP-TTA) on the composited catalyst as active sites to adsorb the resultant Cr(III) species, demonstrating a synergistic effect for total Cr removal. This work provides an alternative method for the design of a round-the-clock photocatalyst for Cr(VI) reduction, allowing a versatile solid surface activation for establishing a more energy efficient and robust photocatalysis process for Cr pollution cleaning.

FORMATION OF A NETWORK OF EVACUATION BUS ROUTES FOR THE SALTIV RESIDENTIAL AREA OF KHARKIV

Evacuation mobility of the population during military operations or emergencies is one of the most vital tasks in ensuring the safety and rescue of citizens. Planning this mobility requires a conceptual approach, system analysis, and a comprehensive preparatory stage. The primary task for organising the population’s bus transportation during evacuation is planning routes and determining their time parameters. This process requires preliminary determination of the points of traffic organisation, establishment of routes and meeting points, allocation of resources, and coordination of work with other types of passenger transport. The study aims to develop the sequence of formation of evacuation bus routes in the Saltiv residential area of Kharkiv and to establish the functional effect of operational parameters of their work on the duration of population evacuation. The methodological basis for building a network of evacuation bus routes is a developed structural model of the impact of input parameters on the general evacuation time for the population and the transport capabilities of the routes. This model describes the functional relationship between the existing volume of passenger transportation on urban transport routes, the share of passengers subject to evacuation, the number of stopping points on evacuation routes, the length of routes, the speed of movement, the time of boarding and disembarking the passengers, the capacity of buses and their number. The criterion for evaluating the efficiency of the routes is the total time of population evacuation, depending on the number of buses on the routes. Based on the analysis of the location of shelter facilities and transfer stations on the subway line, we established that it is expedient to create seven evacuation routes that ensure the timely evacuation of the population. After assessing the available passenger traffic on city transport routes, we determined the potential demand for evacuation transportation. The analysis of the operational parameters of the routes made it possible to specify the time indicators for the evacuation of the population. The analysis of the interaction processes resulted in a diagram of the structural contour of the functional connection. The developed analytical models helped to establish several indicators characterising the operation of evacuation bus routes. The developed theoretical foundations are the basis for simulation modelling and setting the regularity of changes in evacuation efficiency assessment indicators depending on the number and capacity of buses. Based on the real-life conditions, the study determined the need to use two buses on each route to evacuate the population in the district. Such conditions will ensure the transfer of the population to the safe zones within 18.3 to 31.7 hours. Keywords: population evacuation, bus, evacuation route, volume of transportation, travel time.

Simulation optimization of the key design parameters of the deodorization system in municipal solid waste transfer station

Simulation optimization of the key design parameters of the deodorization system in municipal solid waste transfer station

Collaborative rescheduling of train timetables to relieve passenger congestions in an urban rail transit network: A rolling horizon approach

At some urban rail transit (URT) stations, large activities, emergencies, or holidays usually lead to a significant surge in passenger flow demand quickly, known as Large Passenger Flow (LPF) events. The passenger congestion will spread quickly via transfer stations and affect other stations and lines in the URT network. This study develops a timetable rescheduling and coordinating method for the URT network under LPF events. Firstly, a collaborative adjustment model of train timetables with an implement backup vehicle strategy is formulated to simultaneously consider rescheduling and coordinating problems, to reduce the congestion influence for an URT network. Then, a rolling horizon approach is developed to divide the whole adjustment problem into several decision-making stages to ensure solution efficiency. In each decision-making stage, the influence of LPF propagation within the URT network is firstly evaluated. Based on the congestion evaluation results, the proposed method determines whether it’s necessary to adjust timetables of the LPF Line or other lines. The proposed method is applied to the Xi’an Metro network in China. The results indicate that the proposed method can effectively evaluate and adjust the train timetables for large URT networks under the LPF events.

Calm Before the Storm?

Atlantic hurricane season poses an annual threat to the billions of dollars of oil and gas hardware pumping hydrocarbons from the depths of the US Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The region’s offshore production amounts to about 1.8 million B/D—roughly 14% of the total crude output in the US, according to the US Energy Information Administration, so any disruption is felt by oil markets across the globe. Prior to the 2024 hurricane season, forecasters pegged this year as primed to be particularly intense. Colorado State University (CSU), known for its storm prognostication, estimated that the basin would experience 23 named storms, with a dozen of those becoming hurricanes (winds of 74 mph or higher), and six of those strengthening to major hurricanes (winds of 111 mph or higher). Similarly, AccuWeather meteorologists expect between 20 and 25 named storms with a possibility of 30 or more. As the season enters its busy period, the basin has only experienced five named storms to date; however, many forecasters are sticking to their initial forecasts and continue to warn of an intense September/October period. “The months of September and October should be very active across the Atlantic,” said AccuWeather lead hurricane expert Alex DaSilva. “We continue to remain very concerned about rapid intensification. Sea-surface temperatures and ocean heat content are near record levels across most of the Atlantic basin. This can act like jet fuel for tropical systems. We also continue to believe that La Niña will emerge sometime in November. When water temperatures near the equator of the eastern Pacific Ocean are lower than the long-term historical averages for an extended period, La Niña is declared. Although this is a phenomenon in the Pacific, it has ramifications for weather patterns over the Atlantic Ocean. Specifically, La Niña can reduce the wind shear across the basin. When wind shear is lower, it makes it easier for tropical systems to take shape and strengthen.” The GOM has experienced one disruption in 2024 courtesy of Hurricane Beryl. Once a Category 5 storm (winds 155 mph and higher)—and the earliest-forming Category 5 storm on record—Beryl weakened as it crossed the southern Yucatán. The storm regained Category 1 strength as it crossed the far western offshore oil patch enroute to landfall near Matagorda Bay, Texas. Shell shut in production at its Perdido spar because of the storm as well as evacuated personnel from it and its Whale facility. Chevron moved all non-essential personnel off its Anchor floating production unit, which was undergoing commissioning at the time. The last major storm to cut a path straight through the heart of the US offshore oil patch was 2021’s Hurricane Ida. Ida tore through the region as a Category 4 storm before slamming into the Louisiana coast near Port Fourchon packing 150 mph winds on 29 August. The storm prompted the shut in of almost 100% of the Gulf’s oil and gas production and caused extensive damage to major hubs in the region, including the Shell-operated West Delta Block 143 complex. The facilities, which serve as the transfer station for production from Shell’s robust Mars corridor, were off line for several months.

Dynamic traffic network representation model for improving the prediction performance of passenger flow for mass rapid transit

Accurate machine learning predictions of passenger flow data for mass rapid transit (MRT) systems can considerably improve operational efficiency by enabling better allocation of train and human resources. However, such predictions are challenging because MRT networks have complex structures with route dependence and transfer stations. Although the static state of an MRT network has been computed in previous studies, a comprehensive understanding of an MRT network requires characterizing its dynamics. Therefore, this paper proposes a dynamic traffic network representation (DTNR) model that captures station features from historical traffic flows and geographical information of MRT stations. Furthermore, a multilevel attention network (MLAN) model is proposed to predict MRT passenger flow as a downstream task following the pretraining of the DTNR model. The experimental results of this study indicate that the developed DTNR and MLAN models can accurately predict MRT passenger flow. These models are widely applicable to different MRT systems and passenger flow situations, making them a valuable tool for transportation planners and operators.

الوضع الراهن لتداول المخلفات الصلبة في المنطقة الغربية من ليبيا

Proper planning for solid waste management, as well as working to provide appropriate data and statistics related to the causes of the problem, are among the most important effective means that contribute to achieving sustainable development. Since the problem of waste accumulation has become a source of concern, this study aimed to evaluate the current situation of municipal solid waste in the western region of Libya and estimate the effects of some social and economic factors on the waste generation. Working teams have been formed to communicate with the competent official authorities to collect the necessary data regarding waste management, amount of generation, composition, means of transporting waste and transfer stations. The data were analyzed and the obtained results showed that the estimated quantity of solid waste generated from Surman, Sabratha and Al-Jameel was 31,450 tons/year at a rate of 0.95 kg/capita/day, 61,700 tons/year at a rate 1.3 kg/capita/day and 33,600 tons/year at a rate of 1 kg/capita/day, respectively. Comparing these rates with generation rates for different Libyan cities shows that the highest generation rate was in the municipality of Sabratha. The average percentages of the various components of the composition of solid household waste generated by the population of the study area compared to the Tripoli and Benghazi area were close to each other. In general, food waste constitutes the largest percentage and in a larger quantity in Benghazi. As for solid waste management in general in terms of transportation and disposal, it is uneven as a result of poor planning and the lack of devices and equipment necessary to collect and transport waste from cities to the landfill site. Solid waste is considered a national wealth that can generate significant returns due to the possibility of recycling and using most of its components. Random disposal wastes materials that may be of high economic value, in addition to the accompanying negative effects on the environment and health.

Train Service Design for Rail Transit Cross-Line Operation Applying Virtual Coupling

The cross-line operation (CO) of trains in urban rail transit is an effective method to efficiently satisfy transfer passenger travel demand as well as relieve the pressure of transfer stations. The primary problem of CO is designing train services to satisfy travel demand with an uneven spatial distribution of passengers. This study constructs a nonlinear integer programming model with a novel train operation scheme, i.e., virtual coupling (VC) technology, which allows the coupling/decoupling of trains on different lines at both ends of each operation zone. This scheme makes the train capacity equitably distributed in each operation zone, thereby balancing train capacity utilization over the whole CO system. Regarding the nonlinear characteristics of the proposed model, an adaptive simulated annealing genetic algorithm (ASA-GA) was designed to quickly generate high-quality solutions. Based on real-world data from the Beijing Changping Line and Line 13, the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm were verified. The computation results show that in comparison to a single grouping train composition scheme without CO, a VC scheme with CO would reduce operation costs by 46.8%, with 80.6% savings of train capacity equity. Furthermore, the average passenger residence time would be reduced by 25.9%.

Characterization of waste composition as a basis for developing a community-based 3R TPS system in waste management efforts in Pandansari Lor Village, Malang Regency

Background: The issue of waste management has become a major concern in many regions, including Pandansari Lor Village, Malang Regency. To address this challenge, it is necessary to develop an effective waste management system that involves the active participation of the community. This study aims to determine the waste composition in Pandansari Lor Village as a basis for developing a 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) Transfer Station (TPS) system that is tailored to the needs of the community. Method: The research methodology includes primary data collection through sampling and analysis of waste composition, as well as secondary data collection from relevant sources. Findings: The results show that the waste composition in Pandansari Lor Village is dominated by organic waste, including food waste (58.42%) and garden waste (3.84%), followed by plastic waste (26.74%), paper waste (5.89%), and other types of waste. Conclusion: These findings provide valuable insights for the design and implementation of a community-based 3R TPS system that can effectively manage the waste generated in the village. The proposed system aims to maximize resource recovery, reduce the amount of waste sent to landfills, and promote sustainable waste management practices within the community. Novelty/Originality of this article: This study develops a waste disposal model tailored to the specific waste composition of the village, focusing on processing organic waste into high-quality compost and recycling plastic into products of economic value. The model also integrates a community-based education system to increase participation in waste sorting at source.

Exploration of the Impact of Built Environment Factors on Morning and Evening Peak Ridership at Urban Rail Transit Stations: A Case Study of Changsha, China

<div>To identify the influences of various built environment factors on ridership at urban rail transit stations, a case study was conducted on the Changsha Metro. First, spatial and temporal distributions of the station-level AM peak and PM peak boarding ridership are analyzed. The Moran’s I test indicates that both of them show significant spatial correlations. Then, the pedestrian catchment area of each metro station is delineated using the Thiessen polygon method with an 800-m radius. The built environment factors within each pedestrian catchment area, involving population and employment, land use, accessibility, and station attributes, are collected. Finally, the mixed geographically weighted regression models are constructed to quantitatively identify the effects of these built environment factors on the AM and PM peak ridership, respectively. The estimation results indicate that population density and employment density have significant but opposite influences on the AM and PM peak ridership, which can be attributed to the opposite travel directions of commuters in the AM and PM peak. The recreational facility density, road density, and 10-min walking accessibility could significantly positively affect the PM peak ridership, and their influences vary greatly over space. Besides, the operating time of stations significantly positively affects both the AM and PM peak ridership, transfer stations have significantly larger PM peak ridership and terminal stations have significantly larger AM peak ridership. The findings are expected to provide new insights for agencies to formulate appropriate measures to improve the ridership of urban rail transit.</div>

Design of Mn-based nanozymes with multiple enzyme-like activities for identification/quantification of glyphosate and green transformation of organophosphorus

A Mn-based nanozyme, Mn-uNF/Si, with excellent alkali phosphatase-like activity was designed by in-situ growth of ultrathin Mn-MOF on the surface of silicon spheres, and implemented as an effective solid Lewis-Brønsted acid catalyst for broad-spectrum dephosphorylation. H218O-mediated GC-MS studies confirmed the cleavage sites and the involvement of H2O in the new bonds. DRIFT NH3-IR and in-situ ATR-FTIR confirmed the coexistence of Lewis-Brønsted acid sites and the adjustment of adsorption configurations at the interfacial sites. In addition, a green transformation route of “turning waste into treasure” was proposed for the first time (“OPs→PO43−→P food additive”) using edible C. reinhardtii as a transfer station. By alkali etching of Mn-uNF/Si, a nanozyme Mn-uNF with laccase-like activity was obtained. Intriguingly, glyphosate exhibits a laccase-like fingerprint-like response (+,−) of Mn-uNF, and a non-enzyme amplified sensor was thus designed, which shows a good linear relationship with Glyp in a wide range of 0.49–750 μM, with a low LOD of 0.61 μM, as well as high selectivity and anti-interference ability under the co-application of phosphate fertilizers and multiple pesticides. This work provides a controllable methodology for the design of bifunctional nanozymes, which sheds light on the highly efficient green transformation of OPs, and paves the way for the selective recognition and quantification of glyphosate. Mechanistically, we also provided deeper insights into the structure-activity relationship at the atomic scale.

Efficiency enhancement in waste management through GIS-based route optimization

Due to rapid urbanization and uncontrolled population growth, solid waste management has become a rising issue in developing nations like Bangladesh. Khulna ranks third among Bangladesh's metropolitan cities. The existing system of Khulna City for transporting municipal solid waste lacks route planning and depends exclusively on the driver's expertise. Hence, this study aims to minimize the length of the present travel paths and assess the advantages of using optimized routes. Secondary datasets like a list of vehicles, financial information, and a list of secondary transfer stations have been collected from the municipality. A field survey was conducted to capture the coordinates of secondary transfer stations. Multiple GPS devices have been installed for monitoring the current paths, stops, and travel time of 31 waste collector vehicles for 10 months. A network database has been prepared and modified by integrating driver's perceptions and field inspection. Network analysis of ArcGIS Pro has been used for finding the optimized routes. The optimized route minimizes the travel distance by 9.40%. By following the optimized routes, about 11.6% of fuel costs can be reduced. This research has the potential to make a significant contribution to the waste management of Khulna City and beyond.