Electric Transfer Research Articles

Resonant-Based Wireless Power Transfer System Using Electric Coupling for Transparent Wearable Devices and Null Power Points.

This study provides information on the transfer efficiency of four-plate-structured copper plate and metal mesh sheet couplers, the cause of null-power point. The couplers are compared based on the equivalent circuit model analysis, experimental results of fabricated couplers, and simulation results of the High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) tool. It was confirmed that the metal mesh material exhibits the same performance as the existing copper plate and can be fully used as a coupler material for the electrical resonance wireless power transfer system. In addition, the null-power point phenomenon is only determined by the main coupling and cross coupling between the transmitter and receiver, which are most dominantly affected by the coupler structure.

Improvement of the Vehicle Seat Suspension System Incorporating the Mechatronic Inerter Element

A mechatronic inerter can simulate the equivalent mechanical network through the external electrical network and can be used in a wide range of mechanical device design applications. In this paper, we study the use of a mechatronic inerter to enhance vibration isolation in vehicle seat suspensions. Firstly, the vertical and pitch movements of the vehicle’s sprung mass and the vertical vibration of the seat are considered in a half vehicle model. Then, the mechatronic inerter is introduced and the external electrical network is presented. The particle swarm optimization algorithm was used to optimize the seat suspension layout parameters with different transfer function-orders. Numerical simulations under different speeds were performed, and the results show that the application of the used mechatronic inerter’s seat suspension vibration isolation performance outperforms passive suspension. In addition, with an increase in the external electrical network transfer function-order, the seat acceleration and pitch acceleration RMS values will be further reduced. The results of the study will contribute to a new approach to vehicle seat suspension design.

Liquid-metal-microdroplets-incorporated ultrasoft dielectric gel toward stretchable and healable waste-energy-harvesting devices

In this work, an ultrasoft, healable, and portable device is designed, which is capable of harnessing lost energy from AC-powered gadgets. This soft device consisting of an ultrasoft dielectric silicone gel as a matrix and liquid metal alloy (EGaIn, eutectic gallium indium) microdroplet fillers can reduce the dielectric loss of the targeted system through the polarization of the liquid metal droplets, which allows the transfer of electricity to an attached electrode electrostatically. Although this concept has been previously introduced; the device developed in this work is remarkably capable of harnessing energy after multiple catastrophic failures owing to its healability enabled by the strong cohesive property of the gel matrix. In addition, the polymeric gel is initially too soft and moist for utilization; however, it becomes easier to handle after adding liquid metal fillers that increase its modulus of elasticity owing to the oxide layer of the liquid metal, resulting in creating portable and adhesive soft devices. The practical utility of this harnessed energy is ultimately demonstrated by powering small electrical appliances. Therefore, our research sheds light on the potential of liquid metal composites in harnessing free energy from dielectric loss of electronically powered gadgets, which can prove to be a powerful energy-harvesting system in the future.

A novel investigation on finding optimal mode and performance improvement of a control system

According to the widespread advance in technological industry, there has been an essential need of high quality and speed methods for data transmission. In many field such as Electrical Engineering, Data Science, Computer Engineering, and Information and Communication Technology efficient transfer for acquired data are leaded to a great improvement in ultimate performance. Hence traditional way of transmitting data is strongly dependent on the distances among the devices; present work applies Frequency Control and First-order low-pass filtering control model to optimize data transmission. The trends of current results are in good agreement with previous literature. Then the relation between data transmission and output powers are discuss. After that, the effect of distance on data transformation for laboratory equipment is explained. Finally, it was observed that a vital way for resources management is controlling the way for data transformation.

Switching Properties of the Contact Coatings Based on Refractory Metals Alloys

Switching the properties of the Ag contact groups of an electromagnetic relay with the electrodeposited Ni-W and Co-W alloy coatings was studied. It is shown that these coatings are able to stabilize the spread of contact resistance within the entire test interval and to increase the service life of Ag contact groups from 2.3 × 106 to 4.5 × 106 commutation cycles. According to our research, the service life of coated contact groups is mainly determined by a change in the surface morphology caused by the electrical erosive transfer of the contact materials and to a lesser extent by the formation of poorly conductive adsorbed hydrocarbon films.

Revealing crack-healing mechanism of NCM composite cathode for sustainable cyclability of sulfide-based solid-state batteries

Understanding the interfacial phenomena in composite cathodes is essential for achieving excellent cycle performance in all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs), which exhibit high safety performance and energy densities. Herein, we report on the spontaneous crack-healing mechanism in a composite cathode consisting of LiNi0.7Co0.15Mn0.15O2 (NCM) and Li6PS5Cl0.5Br0.5. This cathode exhibited excellent cycle performance during cell tests owing to the stack pressure, which enhanced the ionic and electrical transfers at the material interfaces by remarkably reducing macrocracks between the materials in the composite cathode. Apart from the mechanical effects, a cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) composed of carbon, sulfur, bromine, and oxygen was formed at the interface of NCM and the binder, as decomposing the SSE adjacent to the NCM particles during electrochemical cycles. By contrast, the migration of sulfur and carbon species filled the microcracks between the NCM primary particles inside the secondary particles, thus improving the crucial crack issue of ASSBs. Furthermore, sufficient stack pressure and binding materials played a key role in maintaining the conductive pathway of the cathode by contributing to mechanical crack healing and chemical CEI formation. In this manner, achieving a better understanding of the healing behavior of microcracks and macrocracks in composite cathodes can facilitate the development of ASSBs with a long cycle performance.

Design and computational study of the novel nano-buds of C20@C60 with high NLO properties

In this research, the possibility of forming nano-bud structures from the hybridization of C60 and C20 fullerenes was investigated using DFT calculation methods. The stability of the designed structures was ensured by the absence of imaginary frequency and cohesive energy calculations. The electrical properties of the designed molecules were studied by calculating the energy of the HOMO and LUMO orbitals. The lowest value of Eg obtained for structures A and B corresponds to the highest value of electric charge transfer from C60 to C20 calculated by NBO method. Strong absorption lines were observed in the visible region for the nanobud with structure B. It was also shown that the nonlinear optical properties of structures A and B were significantly improved compared to C60 and C20 and other designed compounds, which may be related to the amount of charge transfer and reduced Eg.

BUILDING OF ALLOYED SURFACE LAYER DURING ELECTRIC SPARK TREATMENT OF STEEL 35 BY THE RHENIUM

The results of the study of the effect of the composition and structure of the alloyed layer on the surface of steel 35 during electric spark alloying using rhenium anode material were shown. (Research purpose) The research purpose is investigating the effect of the electric spark alloying of steel with rhenium on the composition and structure of the alloyed layer. (Materials and methods). Rhenium Re (99.99 percent) was used as the anode material, steel 35 was used as the cathode. As equipment - BIG-1, Elitron-22-AM with AG-2 unit, IMEIL installation; SEM EVO-50 XVP "S.ZEISS", RigakuMiniFlex-II diffractometer (Japan), Cu-Ka radiation, ICDD database; VLO-200, VLR-220 scales; PMT-3M microhardometer. The samples were cleaned in an ultrasonic bath. (Results and discussion) The composition and structure of the alloyed layer were investigated. The change in the elemental content of the alloyed layer in depth showed a high Re content near the outer surface of the alloyed layer and at a depth of up to 10-15 micrometers, which rapidly decreased with an increase in depth to 27-30 micrometers in the opposite phase to Fe. It was determined that the formation of the obtained phases in the melt microvanna was accompanied by high temperatures during electric mass transfer. (Conclusions) The results of the study of the effect of the modes of electric spark alloying of 35 rhenium steel on the phase composition and efficiency were shown. They proposed an energy indicator, gave its assessment in comparison with others. It is of interest to continue the study of electrospray doping with rhenium, to clarify the modes that increase efficiency.

Two Cooling Approaches of an Electrohydraulic Energy Converter For Non-Road Mobile Machinery

The energy efficiency of non-road mobile machinery can be improved by using e.g., an electric drive system as a servo controller of a hydraulic machine to get an efficient electro-hydraulic (EH) converter. However, the cooling of EH devices require more understanding and new innovations. This work presents a design of a 7-kW integrated EH machine and studies its electric motor heat transfer phenomena both experimentally and numerically. Further, to better match the torque and speed performances of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) and the hydraulic machine a planetary step-down gear is utilized to triple the output torque of the PMSM. The integrated motor and gear system is then connected to a bent axis piston hydraulic machine, which is capable of operating both as a motor and a pump. Two different electric motor cooling approaches are investigated. The first cooling approach is to use some hydraulic oil inside the motor-gear chamber to let it flow freely as a result of the rotor rotation and move the losses to the surface of the converter cover, which is equipped with some air cooling fins. In the second approach, the oil flows through the converter and removes the losses more effectively. Motor losses and thermal behaviour are studied within these two cooling approaches. Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations are performed to find how the coolant is distributed inside the machine and how heat is distributed in the device.

First Order Rate Law Analysis for Reset State in Vanadium Oxide Thin Film Resistive Random Access Memory Devices.

In the reset state, the decay reaction mechanism and bipolar switching properties of vanadium oxide thin film RRAM devices for LRS/HRS are investigated and discussed here. To discover the properties of I-V switching curves, the first order rate law behaviors of the reset state between the resistant variety properties and the reaction time were observed. To verify the decay reaction mechanism in the reset state, vanadium oxide thin films from RRAM devices were measured by different constant voltage sampling and exhibited the same decay reaction rate constant. Finally, the electrical conduction transfer mechanism and metallic filament forming model described by I-V switching properties of the RRAM devices were proven and investigated.

Two-dimensional Bi2S3/MoS2 van der Waals heterostructure for self-powered photodetectors

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor materials have been widely applied for optoelectronic devices, but fast charge recombination severely affects device performance. The construction of a 2D heterostructure is a proven strategy for effectively reducing carrier recombination. 2D Bi2S3/MoS2 heterostructure is prepared by a sequential vapor deposition method. This heterostructure displays a fast response/recovery time of 4/15 ms and a high responsivity of 218.3 μA W−1. The improved photodetection performance is mainly ascribed to the internal electric field-induced efficient charge transfer in the type-II Bi2S3/MoS2 heterostructure. This study provides a guideline to extend other heterostructure photodetectors and improve the photodetection performance.

Core@shell structured NiCo@NiCoP nanorods vertically aligned on Ni foam as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water electrolysis

The development of efficient noble metal-free electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is essential for practical applications in electrochemical water splitting. In this study, core@shell structured nickel cobalt alloy-nickel cobalt phosphide (NiCo@NiCoP) nanorods directly grown on nickel foam (NF) are successfully synthesized throughout hydrothermal, thermal reduction, anodic oxidation, and phosphidation process. The NiCoP shell contributes to excellent redox performance in the electrochemical reaction, while the NiCo alloy core functions as an electron highway, enhancing the electrical conductivity and charge transfer efficiency. The synthesized NiCo@NiCoP/NF exhibits outstanding HER activity with a low overpotentials of 130 mV at a current density of − 100 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 36 mV dec−1. Additionally, the overpotential required to acquire a current density of 100 mA cm−2 and the Tafel slope is found to be 340 mV and 79 mV dec−1, respectively, for OER. Furthermore, a symmetric water electrolyzer using NiCo@NiCoP/NF as a bifunctional electrocatalyst requires a cell voltage of only 1.55 V to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and displays remarkable electrochemical durability of over 100 h. The facile synthetic procedure and excellent bifunctional electrocatalytic performance for both HER and OER would provide the great potential for practical application of water electrolysis and future energy conversion and storage technologies.

Wireless Electricity Transfer System Design and Implementation

Abstract: Wireless power transmission (WPT) has covered a wide range of subjects in many fields and become a highly active research area for students, scientists, and many others because of their potential to provide new technology to our daily lives. Wireless power transmission will have a bright future because this technology is used in the transmission of electrical energy from a power source to an electrical load across an air gap without any wires. This paper presents a design implementation and working principle of wireless power transfer. The paper describes different studies of existing technologies in wireless power transmission. Also, the working of the circuit has been described along with the results.

Study on online demand-supply matching of electric power technology based on technical field feature

As the technical demand-supply text information increases rapidly in electric power technology transfer, traditional matching methods could no longer meet the need. To solve this problem, this paper proposed a new technical demand-supply matching method based on electric power technical field feature. First, the improved TF-IDF algorithm was used to extract technical field feature, then scientific and technological achievements with higher relevancy were retrieved based on technical field feature to build a background library of electric power technological achievements, and the matching degree of electric power technological achievements based on word vector was used to verify the matching efficiency of this method. We adopted the China smart grid technical transaction service platform and the text message of electric power technical demand and technological achievements on Keyi net for application, and the results indicate this method has raised the matching efficiency by 23.4% compared to traditional methods. In this paper, a new idea of taking technical field feature as the demand-supply matching basis of electric power technology transfer platform was proposed, which opens a new perspective for the research of demand-supply matching efficiency on electric power technology transfer platform, helps to promote the matching efficiency of technical demand and technological achievements, and further raises the success rate of electric power technology transfer.

Short-Term Efficacy of Capacitive-Resistive Electrical Transfer Therapy in Short-Haired Sled Dogs in Middle-Distance Competition.

Achieving the successful recovery of sled dogs is one of the key tasks for veterinary teams involved in clinical care for middle-distance sled dog competitions. This study compares the efficacy of capacitive-resistive electrical transfer (CRet) with that of massage in the treatment of lower back pain in 40 short-haired sled dogs during a medium-distance snow sled race (LekkarodTM-2021). The dogs were divided into two groups: a CRet group (20 dogs) and a massage group (20 dogs). All subjects received a single 18 min treatment session and were evaluated one hour after the end of the treatment. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was performed in which pre- and post-treatment pain measures were evaluated in relation to age and type of treatment. Older dogs were found to have higher significant pain scores before starting treatment. Both treatments reduce pain short-term in all cases. However, post-treatment pain values were significantly lower in dogs treated with CRet when compared to dogs treated with massage. The results show that capacitive-resistive electrical transfer has better short-term results and is beneficial in both younger and older dogs, making this technique attractive to veterinary teams working in canine sporting competitions.

Magnetic and Electric Field Dependent Charge Transfer in Perovskite/Graphene Field Effect Transistors

AbstractStable all‐inorganic CsPbX3 perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) with high optical yield can be used in combination with graphene as photon sensors with high responsivity (up to 106 A W−1) in the VIS‐UV range. The performance of these perovskite/graphene field effect transistors (FET) is mediated by charge transfer processes at the perovskite – graphene interface. Here, the effects of high electric (up to 3000 kV cm−1) and magnetic (up to 60 T) fields applied perpendicular to the graphene plane on the charge transfer are reported. The authors demonstrate electric‐ and magnetic‐field dependent charge transfer and a slow (>100 s) charge dynamics. Magneto‐transport experiments in constant (≈0.005 T s−1) and pulsed (≈1000 T s−1) magnetic fields reveal pronounced hysteresis effects in the transfer characteristics of the FET. A magnetic time is used to explain and model differences in device behavior under fast (pulsed) and slowly (continuous) changing magnetic fields. The understanding of the dynamics of the charge transfer in perovskite/graphene heterostructures developed here is relevant for exploitation of these hybrid systems in electronics and optoelectronics, including ultrasensitive photon detectors and FETs for metrology.

Defects level and internal electric field co-induced direct Z-scheme charge transfer for efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution over ZnIn2S4/In2Se3

Developing rational strategy on inducing efficient direct Z-scheme charge transfer for boosting photocatalytic H2 evolution is stilling a challenging work. In this work, sulfur-deficient ZnIn2S4/In2Se3 (Vs-ZIS/In2Se3) was fabricated, in which, photogenerated electrons in the defect level of Vs-ZIS migrated to the valence band of In2Se3, meanwhile, the interfacial internal electric field provided charge transfer driving force. Under the synergistic effect of defect level and internal electric field, Z-scheme charge transfer was realized in Vs-ZIS/In2Se3, not only accelerated the separation of photocarriers, but also reserved a great deal of photogenerated electrons with intense reducing ability. As a result, the optimized Vs-ZIS/In2Se3 photocatalyst exhibited a visible light-driven H2 evolution rate of 36.53 mmol·g−1·h−1 and an AQE of 17.14 % at 420 nm, about 9.72 and 104.4-folds of that of Vs-ZIS and In2Se3 respectively. This work donates an advanced pattern for inducing direct Z-scheme charge transfer through creating defect level and internal electric field.

Distributed reinforcement learning energy management approach in multiple residential energy hubs

Energy management optimization in residential buildings plays an essential role in addressing the problem of energy crisis in the world. This paper introduces a novel method to optimize the energy scheduling for multiple residential buildings in an interconnected framework through transferring energy concepts. To this end, a distributed reinforcement learning energy management (DRLEM) approach is proposed to manage the energy scheduling in multi-carrier energy buildings. In such facilities, equipped with the micro-combined heat and power (micro-CHP) and the gas boiler, the possibility of heat and electrical energy transfer among energy hubs is provided. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in a test residential interconnected energy hubs (EHs). Results show a noticeable improvement in energy costs while transferring energy concept is available. In a test frame consisting of three residential EHs, the proposed DRLEM approach in an interconnected mode leads to a daily cost reduction of 3.3% and wasted heat energy decrement of about 18.3% in a typical day compared to the independent mode. Furthermore, in peak tariff energy hours, EHs tend to share their produced excess energy about 23% more than low tariff energy hours to reduce overall energy price.

Energy Deposition by Mesoscale High‐Latitude Electric Fields Into the Thermosphere During the 26 October 2019 Geomagnetic Storm

AbstractMesoscale high‐latitude electric fields are known to deposit energy into the ionospheric and thermospheric system, yet the energy deposition process is not fully understood. We conduct a case study to quantify the energy deposition from mesoscale high‐latitude electric fields to the thermosphere. For the investigation, we obtain the high‐latitude electric field with mesoscale variabilities from Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar measurements during a moderate geomagnetic storm, providing the driver for the Global Ionosphere and Thermosphere Model (GITM) via the High‐latitude Input for Mesoscale Electrodynamics framework. The HIME‐GITM simulation is compared with GITM simulations driven by the large‐scale electric field from the Weimer model. Our modeling results indicate that the mesoscale electric field modifies the thermospheric energy budget primarily through enhancing the Joule heating. Specifically, in the local high‐latitude region of interest, the mesoscale electric field enhances the Joule heating by up to five times. The resulting neutral temperature enhancement can reach up to 50 K above 200 km altitude. Significant increase in the neutral density above 250 km altitude and in the neutral wind speed are found in the local region as well, lagging a few minutes after the Joule heating enhancement. We demonstrate that the energy deposited by the mesoscale electric field transfers primarily to the gravitational potential energy in the thermosphere.

Facile synthesis of ammonium-decorated cobalt molybdenum fluoride as electroactive material of supercapacitor

Bimetallic fluorides are widely applied as the electroactive material of the supercapacitor (SC) due to abundant redox states and high electrical conductivity as clean renewable energy. Ammonia fluoride is regarded as the structure-directing agent for modulating morphology as well as providing F− and NH4+ to respectively form fluoride and hydrogen bonding with promoted electricity transfer routes. In this study, ammonium-decorated cobalt molybdenum fluoride (CoMoFN) is firstly synthesized using the molybdenum salt and the zeolitic imidazolate framework 67 (ZIF67) derived perovskite prepared using NH4F in the hydrothermal process as the active material of the SC. Molybdenum can enhance electrical conductivity and cyclic stability, as well as confines NH4+ in the framework. Hydrogen bond between NH4+ and F− could promote charge transfer, but the steric hindrance of NH4+ could prohibit ion diffusion. The optimal CoMoFN presents the preferable one-dimensional nanowires-embedded film-like structure, and achieves a specific capacity (CF) of 33.7 mAh/g at 20 mV/s, while the electrode synthesized without Mo shows a smaller CF value of 17.8 mAh/g. A symmetric SC composed of CoMoFN electrodes shows a maximum energy density of 6.44 Wh/kg at 0.7 kW/kg. Excellent cycling stability with the CF retention of 73% and the Coulombic efficiency higher than 99% after 6500 times charge/discharge processes are also achieved. This work provides significant information about functions of NH4+ on energy storage. It is expected to synthesize more efficient materials based on NH4+ for the energy storage devices.