Transcendental Character Research Articles

Evolution of the concept of the absolute in Fiche

The article offers an analysis of the concept of the Absolute in Fichte’s philosophy. Despite the difficulty of the definition, this concept receives a rich and creative rethinking in Fichte and will further influence the philosophical systems of thought. Gradually introducing this concept into his philosophical project of Wissenschaftslehre Fichte often changes its interpretation. So, starting with a somewhat vague understanding of the concept of the "absolute I" through Schelling's criticism of the Absolute, he develops the theory of the manifestation of the Absolute, each time choosing new metaphors to denote it, and sometimes filling it with religious content, when the Absolute becomes a substitute for the concept of God. On the one hand, it’s important not to reduce the Absolute to a simple object of thought because this would indicate the limitation of the Absolute. On the other hand, it would be wrong to consider the Absolute as an empty or neutral concept or something completely enclosed in itself. Then, its existence will be doubtful. Fichte is careful about a clear definition of the Absolute. He solves this dilemma through the idea of the manifestation of the Absolute. Manifestation is the exit of the Absolute beyond itself while remaining unchanged. The ability to manifest itself is a prerequisite that the Absolute can be recognized and thought. This is how the Absolute manifests itself in the form of knowledge. Fichte emphasizes that the Absolute is not a projection of our mind, it may not depend on our thinking, however with such peculiarity that truth and knowledge have their basis in it. Thereby, with the theory of the Absolute, Fichte develops the idea of the foundation that is outside of ourselves, has transcendental character, and thus allows knowledge or truth not to be trapped in subjective tenets. Analyzing step by step the process of evolution of this concept, we will be able to see how in the last years of his life, Fichte states the importance of two realities: the “I” and the “Absolute” and how he explains the connection between them.

Oral Literature and the Representation of the Image of the woman in the Contemporary African Context: The Study of Nso, Mbum and Idoma Proverbs

The paper investigates the representation of the image of the woman in oral literature using selected proverbs from Nso, Mbum and Idoma oral communities. The paper is anchored on the prediction that these proverbs are both ideologically and aesthetical relevant to the communities that produce them. The thrust of argument of this paper resides around the premise that the languages of the people are vectors of their significant view points, and collective cultural experiences. The study holds that as an aspect of oral literature, proverbs serve various functions and one of such is that as mirrors of the social and cultural experiences of the people they can be read as instruments that reveal how women are viewed, thought of, expected to act, live and behave in the society. From the functionalist perspective and the relevance theoretic lens, the paper sees proverbs as contributing in uncountable ways to the positive transformation of oral communities due to their dynamic and transcendental character. The analysis revealed that the selected proverbs under scrutiny in this study are effective instruments through which one can perceive the representation of the image of a woman in most African oral communities for a better transformation, recognition, and reevaluation of developmental policies.

Interruption that liberates to love. On the positive potential of the ‘paradox of ethics’

ABSTRACT In this contribution, I take Nicholas Adams’ discussion of the paradox of ethics as an occasion to further explore our present moral situation and the possibilities of ethics in it. This situation is characterised by pluralism of moral views, which gives rise to relativist and cynical reactions as well as to strong, polarising expressions. These tendencies feed a suspicion towards ethical reflection. In light of the paradox of ethics as discussed by Adams this may seem justified. I will argue, however, for a more constructive role for ethics. This can be elaborated by focusing on the transcendent character of the good, which is implied in the paradox. I will explore this transcendent character by turning to a Christian perspective on morality that elaborates this transcendence in a specific constructive way. From this perspective, the experience of the loss of self-evidence around which the paradox of ethics revolves may be seen as beneficial. It opens human beings to a transcendent good to which they can entrust themselves for a renewal of life. Thus, the good can be seen as something that makes an appeal to us that can liberate to a love that transcends doing good as a human project.

Objects of Plato’s аpophaticism

The article discusses the theme of Plato’s apophatic discourse. A specific feature of Plato’s dialectics is the ability to perceive two opposite points of view on objectivity. This formulation of dialectical aporias is the stimulus and key for the further movement of thought. However, when some ultimate concepts are reached, it stops, ending with a negative conclusion — about the impossibility of recognizing something even as existing. Neoplatonists came to the conclusion that such objectivity has a transcendental character, and they argued about two transcendences — the One and Matter, as forms of absolute fullness and emptiness from one’s own nature. Modern researchers interpret the corresponding passages from Plato differently. They believe that these are either examples of an anomaly of discourse, forced to fall into recursion and negation with incorrectly chosen norms of thought, or some kind of search for future themes of the foundation of knowledge and science. The article shows that another way is possible: the three subject areas of the apophatic in Plato’s dialogues (the one, the good, the non-existence) are possibly associated with three planes of judgment about any being. The first of them is about what must somehow be conceived completely in itself and apart from being, the second is about what allows beings to be, the third is about what makes it separate, different from everything else.

« Car on ne saurait mieux dire » : la mémoire des noms et des visages dans l’œuvre de Romain Gary

« Nothing could be clearer »: Names and faces memory in Romain Gary's work We will examine the largely ethical vocation of Romain Gary's memorial writing project, which leads it to metamorphose itself into a literary tomb of the forgotten dead. We will then discuss, from a more narratological point of view, how this memory emerges untimely in the narrative and sometimes frees itself from it to signify the transcendent character of the name and the face. Finally, we will show that Gary goes beyond the somewhat naive vision of the memory as a mere recorder of events or images by associating it with the imagination to give it a poetic and counter-historical use.

Resistance to Aging of Asphalt Modified with Multidimensional Nanomaterials: A literary Review

Multidimensional nanomaterials, is a resource that has been formed over time becoming a revolutionary technology with a transcendent character providing the use in asphalt construction procedures, benefiting in the aspects of resistance in the environments to the field of civil engineering, in the same way it is a way in the advance for a better conservation of horizontal works with a favorable impact on the materials used, helping to preserve the care of the environment. In such a way that, in this article, a systematic review is reflected, around the exhaustive research in the databases such as Scopus and Science Direct, compiling a sum of 85 articles, which are indexed in journals from 2017 to 2021, carried out correspondingly on the different investigations of the management of multidimensional nanomaterials in asphalts. The objective of this literary review is to transmit various research by authors such as: the impact on the life cycle of asphalt, the performance it produces, the profitability and the advantage of the teaching that multidimensional nanomaterials have left, to later show results that show a growth in yields in asphalts through the application of multidimensional nanomaterials, So that it presents greater efficiency in the resistance to aging of the asphalt it is concluded that the nanomaterials reduce the environmental impact caused by the field of the constructions, improving the anti-aging capacity of the asphalt.

The Transcendent Character of Human Gratitude and its Meaningful Limits

The Transcendent Character of Human Gratitude and its Meaningful Limits

Contributions to a Phenomenology of Historical Experience

AbstractIn this article, I propose a phenomenological account of historical experience, aimed at showing how people directly experience an event as being historical. After examining the only previous phenomenological account, David Carr’s Experience and History, and exploring its limits, I present my own contributions. My analysis focuses on the features of three main concepts or “moments”: eventfulness, substantiality, and narrativity. Considering the transcendent character of historical experience in the moment of eventfulness brings three features to light: initial incomprehensibility, need for categorization, and memorability. The concept of “substantiality,” on the other hand, shows how a historical event is felt as a moment of change. History is perceived as a structure shaping a community and whose unity seems irremediably shattered. Three features of historical change are explored: threatened identity, broken temporality, and emphasized belongingness. Lastly, I look at the decisive role of the gradual transformation of past beliefs and expectations as it occurs “narratively,” revealing a further two features of historical experience: narrative justifications and uncertain new normativity. Dealing narratively with a historical event means providing justifications for how it constitutes a new configuration of practices and ideas foreshadowing the now uncertain future.

Nature, Spirit, and Spirituality in Husserl’s Phenomenology

This article deals with the relationship between Spirit (Geist) and Nature (Natur) in Husserl’s phenomenology and the potentially religious motifs involved in its treatment. I begin by outlining two different approaches that can be found in Husserl’s work regarding the dyad Nature-Spirit: firstly, a schematic opposition between the two, and secondly, the recognition of their fundamental intertwinement. I claim that, even in this second approach, there remains a sense of subordination of Nature to Spirit that is due to the transcendental character of Husserl’s phenomenology. I analyze this primacy in the context of Husserl’s monadological theory, bringing forward certain religious elements of his account in order to connect this notion of spirit to a more contemporary idea of spirituality.

이노우에 유이치의 초험적 경험과 문자 추상

이 연구의 목적은 인간의 정신세계 속 무의식을 ‘추상’으로 형상화할 수 있는 근거와 방법에 대한 규명으로 연구 방법은 이노우에 유이치의 생애, 그의 문자 추상 작업, 그리고 그가 활동했던 보쿠진 카이(墨人會, Bokujin-kai) 정신으로 규명하고, 이를 바탕으로 예술가의 초험(超驗)적 경험과 그것이 발현된 예술로서 문자 추상의 감응 관계를 탐구한다. 인간 무의식에 의미를 부여하는 추상 예술의 핵심은 대상의 재현이 아니라 대상에 대한 작가의 불명료하고 모호한 감각적 감응과 그 감응이 대상에 반영된 대기이다. 예술가는 자신이 현실에서 겪는 경험을 감각의 변화를 통해 초험으로 전환하여 표상 안에서 투영함으로써 현실과는 또 다른 세계를 창안한다. 이와 같이 예술가의 창작 동기는 자신의 현 실 경험이 초험화 되는 과정에서 반영된 무의식이다. 예술가는 이 무의식을 문자나 이미지로 추상화하는데, 그 추상화된 표상은 예술가의 의식에 대한 상징으로 작동하며, 감상자의 감각을 지배한다. 연구 결과는 유이치의 문자 추상을 통해 예술가의 경험이 초험성을 획득하며 문자 추상 안에서 모호한 대 기를 형성할 수 있는 이유를 첫째, 문자의 강박과 법칙에서 벗어난 ‘기운 생동적 회화성’, 둘째, 예술가 의 내적 동기가 작품에 작용되어 대상과 형상을 초월한 ‘사의성(寫意性)’, 셋째, ‘무의식적 행위에 기 반한 서법’으로 인해 드러난 필압의 강약과 완급· 지속(緩急·遲速)으로 인한 추상적 대기의 고조로 규정한다. 예술가 개인의 초험화된 경험과 문자 추상의 관계에 관한 이 연구가 모든 예술적 사유의 정점으로서 ‘추상’의 본질에 대한 역할을 규명할 수 있기를 기대한다.

Онтологические аспекты власти в западноевропейском дискурсе

The article explores the ontological foundations of power in Western European philosophical discourse. The author analyzed essential characteristics of power within classical and non-classical paradigms, thus revealing the relationship of its ontological principles with social practice in different historical periods. According to the classical rationalistic world view, power was endowed with metaphysical properties, which provided it with transcendental status and ethical characteristics. Power correlated with such concepts as "good", "hierarchy", "responsibility", "order", "law", "justice", etc. This discourse presented the government as a category of ontological order, sacrament to the Absolute, and contributed to the development of its institutional forms and management strategies based on control, subordination, and coercion. The non-classical paradigm put forward the idea of power as a manifestation of the irrationality of the human psyche. Criticism of logo-centrism made voluntaristic philosophers present power as a category of anthropological discourse. Its basic properties were defined through such concepts as "universality", "irrationality", "subjectivity", "totality", "ubiquity", etc. Power was deprived of its transcendental status and ethical character, which traditionally provided it with legitimacy in society. However, it acquired the properties of universality and immanence of human nature in the unconscious structures of human psyche. In social practice, the transformation of the principles of power led to the development of ideological discourses and new ways of exercising power

Прекрасное как «спасение безнадежного». Гегель и Адорно

Does modern philosophy of art reject the principles and methods of mastering the reality of classical aesthetics, in particular, the category of the beautiful, em­phasizing, on the contrary, the ugly, ugly, terrible, disgusting? The authors strive to find answers in the dialogue of great philosophical masters – “Zeus the Olympian of the German classics” by Hegel and the preacher of “progressive negation” on the border of modernity and postmodernism Theodor Adorno. Hegel insists on the transcendental origin of the beautiful as the coincidence of idea and reality, the sensory phenomenon of the absolute, the resolution of con­tradictions between the subjective and the objective, the universal and the indi­vidual, the finite and the infinite. Adorno opposes, claiming the rights of “beauti­ful negativity”. He abandons the transcendental character of beauty and shifts the emphasis to the social sphere. The ugly, the ugly, the ugly should not be hidden. But to portray him in such a way as to arouse disgust towards him, the desire to create a project of “righteous life” But the development of the dialogue reveals that both thinkers ultimately agree on the main thing: the beautiful is inescapable and remains the defining category of both aesthetics and life.

Contribution To The Construction Of The Subject Of Theological Anthropology

"e anthropological upheaval in theology is connected with certain changes in theway of practising philosophy in the (/‰Š and )‚‰Š centuries. Of course, Kant’s revolutionwas of fundamental importance. With regard to the theological anthropologyof K. Rahner’s situation, it can be described as follows: “…this is a criticalreflection, which does not pass to the agenda over Kant’s ‘Copernican revolution,’but draws attention to the creative role of the subject in the process of cognition.A phenomenological reflection leN its mark on Rahner, from which he took overthe conviction that we perceive existence only through consciousness, more precisely:we learn about the structures of existence through the analysis of the givenconsciousness. So here is the source of the transcendental character of Rahneriananthropology. It is simply a reflection on man at the level of a priori conditions,anticipating external experience. "is is not necessarily a chronological order,but certainly a logical one, since every philosophical question about the externalexistence contains a hidden question about the sense of human existence.”

COMPOSITIONAL INSTALLING SCHEMES OF ACCOMPLISHMENT FOR URBAN LANDSCAPE

The issue of the revelation of the content of instrumental-instructive constituents of action, which are immanent to logos-system mechanism, for expanding and embodiment of cultural forms of settling reality, and also the sense of planning technologies and methods for the acceptance of city planning decisions was examined in the frames of creative-recursive concept of settling. In that context the analysis of reasons of origin and regularities of becoming of settlements and cites as landscape settling phenomena-subjects, with the ability to self-correction and directed accomplishment in accordance with self-determined pre-established mission was realized. Theoretical and methodological approaches and concepts concerning instrumental and instructive constituents of universal mechanism of generation and regulation of settling phenomena, and also concerning the principles of their comprehensive existence and adequate city planning were examined.The key role of compositional aggregate of logos-system mechanism for explication of cultural forms of settling, and transcendental character of work its trigger-schemes and installing schemes in reference to consolidation of the whole landscape settling areas on the base of transfer-technologies as transition from the ideal (in the language of forms) to the real (in the language of things) state of settling actuality was mentioned. The ontological issues concerning the basis for compositional instructions (installing schemes-assemblers) and planning technologies for ensuring existential accomplishment of base processes and environmental attributes of settling: processes of forming – constitution of environment ("where" and "what"); processes of functioning – function of environment ("when, hour long" and "that in anything"); processes of development – characteristics environment ("in which degree" and "that from wherefore"); processes of reconstitution – regular alteration of environment ("in what way" and "that for the sake of what-wherefore"), – were formulated.The content of theoretical and methodological ontical argumentation of transcendental primordium of planning technologies ensemble is reflected in semantic model in reference to accomplishment of creative-recursive principles of settling by means of action by compositional mechanism and appropriate instructive installing schemes, which realize the laws of fractal symmetry and recurrent asymmetry of its work for ensuring regulated materialization (reeffication) and signification (sublimation) of phenomena of settling. The classification of instructive installing schemes as technological planning succession (methodically subordinate links) concerning ensuring and reglamentation creative-recursive accomplishment of settling phenomenon with definition of normalizing directives in reference to harmonization of parameters for materialization and directions for signification of urban landscape attributes as the whole was realized.Those classes of instructive installing schemes-assemblers were distinguished:teleological expanding of denominated settling topoforms as comprehension of intension of Spirit and purpose-oriented activation of configurator of Logos (moderation of principles of aleatoric, superposition and syntectic) with ascertainment of sense-meaning for system connections and ratios of the whole settling landscape areas;reflexive controllable (transflexive) congruent embodiment of attributive immanent resources (space, time, substance, language) of settling reality topoforms with ascertainment of senses for compositional identificational connections and planning ratios of process-environment destinations and caesure of settling landscape area;operative cyclostaged embodiment of actual reality topoforms ensemble in the context of cultural-historical transformations of the whole landscape constituents with ascertainment of meaning for hierarchical organizing connections and ratios (delimitation) and indexes of full value and formedence of process-environment districts (division into districts) of settlements and cities;variative cyclostaged signification of topoform things-phenomena attributes (constitution, function, characteristics, regular alteration) in definite diapasons on the scales for regulation of pre-established landscape transformation with ascertainment of meaning for diffusional genetical connections and ratios of centring of process-environment zones (zoning) of settlements and cities; imperative cyclostaged materialization (reeffication) of attributes of topoformed things as settling phenomena – landscape whole and its fragments in diapasons of landscape (trans)formation with ascertainment of meaning for structural horizontal (rizoma) connections and ratios of "reinforcing" of process-environment territorial networks and aggregating of junctions for landscape infrastructure of settlement and cities.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Gratitude Toward the Organization Scale

Purpose: Gratitude is an interdisciplinary concept frequently explored in positive psychology, which recognizes gratitude as one of the seven transcendent character forces that promote well-being and life satisfaction. The purpose of the conducted research was to develop the concept of gratitude toward the organization and prepare a tool to study this phenomenon. Methods: The study was cross-sectional. Participants were 802 employees from various organizations. Results: The Gratitude Toward the Organization Scale has a good internal consistency (Cronbach’s α was 0.91). Factor analysis confirmed the two-factor structure of this tool. The dimensions of gratitude toward the organization are distinguished as: (1) gratitude as a commitment to reciprocity and (2) gratitude as a moral norm. The construct validity of this measure was confirmed. Gratitude toward the organization correlated positively with job satisfaction, affective commitment to the organization, organizational justice, and perceived organizational and supervisor support, while being negatively correlated with intent to leave the organization. Conclusions: The obtained results confirm very good psychometric properties of the Gratitude Toward the Organization Scale as a valid and reliable measure for studying the gratitude of employees, which can be successfully used by researchers in Poland.

Secrecy, Religion, and the Ethics of Discernment

ABSTRACT A common dilemma in practices of secrecy concerns the actors’ obligation to conceal the secret while keeping it socially present and animated. This quandary often generates moral ambivalence about acts of concealing, revealing, and discerning the hidden. We explore these and similar tensions with a focus on what we call the ethics of discernment: those political and moral ambiguities involved in the uncovering, translation, and circulation of secrets. While such issues can be explored in all areas of social and cultural life, religious practices provide a particularly rich area to explore. The links between religion and secrecy intersect with questions of authority, hierarchy, and the ostensibly set-apart, transcendent character of the sacred. Contributions to this special issue explore the tensions and resonances between concealment, revelation and ethics in a variety of religious contexts.

Critique et appropriation

The paper deals with a series of writings on Plato and Platonism issued by Jan Patočka (1907–1977) in the immediate post-war period. In Eternity and Historicity (1947), he contrasts Platonism as metaphysics of being with Socratism as questioning the meaning of human existence, and criticizes modern forms of Platonism of ethical values interpreted as objectively valid norms. In lectures on Plato (1947–1948), he explains Plato’s theory of Forms in terms of Husserl’s theory of horizontal intentionality and Heidegger’s theory of ontological difference. Similarly, in Negative Platonism (1952) he interprets Plato’s theory of Forms in terms of a distinction he makes between between the eidetic contents (the intelligible Form) and the transcendental character (chōrismos) of the Platonic Idea. The latter is the necessary condition of the former but it does not constitute an intelligible object of its own. Patočka suggests retaining the Platonic notion of transcendence while dissociating it from the metaphysics of intelligible Forms. The paper puts these post-war writings on Plato and Platonism into the context of Patočka’s search for his own position as a phenomenologist.

Značaj osvetljenja u interpretacijama hrišćanske sakralne arhitekture druge polovine XX veka

The character of architectural space is dependent on the range of aspects that define it. Lighting presents a very significant component of architectural space. Apart from being functionally necessary for carrying out the planned activities, lighting also has a very important role in determining the ambient value of the segments or the entirety of the space. That role becomes even more important and dramatically evident in those architectural spaces that are meant to provide an intense experience for users, as in the case of sacral architecture. For centuries lighting has been a topic present in sacral architecture, and its significance becomes especially noticeable in newer interpretations of rigidly subdued contemplative spaces. The refined aesthetics of the architectural forms of the second half of the XX century often gives way to lighting as the central element of the architectural composition, which determines the mystical and suggestive ambiances that direct users to contemplation. The study is, in the first part, conducted through a theoretical analysis of the phenomena of natural and artificial lighting in architecture. Then, in the second part, an analysis of prominent examples of sacral architecture from the given period is applied in order to explore models of treating lighting as a key element in building expressive architectural spaces that invite spiritual reflections and contemplation. The goal of this research is to examine the potentials of lighting beyond its utilitarian function, and research the possibilities and potential of utilizing lighting as a carrier of the meditative and transcendental character of sacral architecture. The result of the research is a confirmation of the importance of lighting in sacral architecture, and an insight into the ways of thinking about light in the context of shaping suggestive and meditative architectural spaces that intensify the hyperphysical experience.

A terra esférica e o olhar transcendental na Antiguidade Greco-Romana

O texto propõe estudo da concepção de Terra esférica a partir de alguns modelos da filosofia grega, com destaque para Anaximandro e Platão. São estabelecidos apontamentos sobre a filosofia pré-socrática, cujo estudo da natureza é marcado por mutações em relação às mitologias, bem como por abordagem inovadora da astronomia babilônica. Ressalta-se que a atividade intelectual dos filósofos da natureza fez parte de contexto histórico específico, com a inserção de questões políticas, como o advento da pólis e a organização espacial decorrente. São apresentadas concepções sobre o formato da terra nas mitologias de Homero e Hesíodo, prosseguindo com a contextualização das cosmologias pré-socrática e platônica. Finalizamos apontando o caráter transcendental das imaginações sobre a Terra esférica no contexto da filosofia e sua influência no autor romano Cícero.

Homo Ritualis: Hindu Ritual and Its Significance for Ritual Theory

Homo Ritualis: Hindu Ritual and Its Significance for Ritual Theory