Transcarpathian Region Research Articles

DYNAMICS OF DIPHTHERIA INCIDENCE IN THE TRANSCARPATHIAN REGION OF UKRAINE IN THE VACCINATION ERA

The aim: Was to study the dynamics of the incidence of diphtheria in the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of the data of the state statistical reporting of the Transcarpathian region on the incidence of diphtheria, the carriage of infection, vaccination coverage and the severity of diphtheria immunity was carried out. Conclusions: Low coverage of the population with vaccination against diphtheria, registration of an outbreak of diphtheria among international students of the region, and other regions of Ukraine in conditions of increased population migration, are alarming prognostic signs of the possible development of another significant epidemic rise of diphtheria morbidity in Transcarpathia.

The Ukrainian language in the polylingual space of Transcarpathia

This article explores trends in language policies in the Transcarpathian region during 1991–2020 within the general Ukrainian sociopolitical context. It is argued that the status of the Ukrainian language as the state language in the region has become strengthened as evidenced by recent developments in language planning and language policy, including the adoption of the Law “On Ensuring the Functioning of the Ukrainian Lan-guage as the Official Language”. However, the manipulation of the language question in Ukraine, especially in the border regions, has taken on a political character, spreading beyond the borders of the state, threatening the constitutional order and the state sovereignty of Ukraine, in particu-lar in education, economics, and legal sphere. In Transcarpathia, a multi-ethnic border region in the extreme west of Ukraine, warrants attention of both scholars and politicians. This article looks into the changes in the Ukrainian language policies in the local state administration, and the importance of the Ukrainian president office in this regard. Specific features of the linguo-political situation in Transcarpathia, viewed at different periods of its development from the independence of Ukraine in 1991 on-ward, are presented. This study determines the role of the media in shaping a regional linguo-political situation, including the Internet media language space. The paper provides data of a comprehensive analy-sis of the results of the 2017–2019 external independent evaluation as an indicator of language competence of the participants of EIE, the results of research on the perception of educational language innovations in the region through a survey of different categories of respondents during 2018, the monitoring of experimental experience in implementing elements of multilingual edu-cation in educational institutions in Ukraine, particularly in Transcarpathia. The author outlines prospects for continued research in the framework of the project “Debat ing Linguistic Diversity: Managing National Minority Languages in Ukraine and Russia” (2020–2023). Keywords: language policy, language situation, state language, mother tongue, minority language, multilingual education, mass media.

Padyak V. Istoriia karpatorusyns′koho natsional′noho teatra y dramaturgiï. Vysokoshkols′kyi uchebnyk. Priashiv: Vydavatel′stvo Priashivs′koho univerziteta, 2018. 344 s.

This article presents the textbook of the famous Transcarpathian and Slovak Rusinist Valery Padyak Istoriia karpatorusyns′koho natsional′noho teatra y dramaturgiï [History of the Carpatho-Rusyn National theatre and drama]. The Rusyns (more precisely, the Carpatho-Rusyns) are the autochthonous East Slavic population of the Carpathian region: Ukrainian Transcarpathia and the adjacent regions of Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania. There is also a Rusyn diaspora present in Serbia, Croatia, the USA, Canada, and other states. The number of Rusyns in the world is a controversial issue, one reason for this being their polyvariant identification. At present, a significant proportion of ethnic Rusyns consider themselves representatives of an independent people, who are not Ukrainian or Russian. Padyak, a staunch supporter of the Rusyn ethno-national identity and at the same time a serious academic scientist, made an attempt to trace the development of drama and theatre in the Rusyn environment in parallel with the processes of Rusyn national self-determination. The author traces the evolution of folk theatre performances to the modern Rusyn national theatre, which is actively being developed in different states with Rusyn inhabitants. V. Padyak pays increased attention to theater and drama in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as well as during the period when Subcarpathian Rus (Transcarpathia) entered the structure of interwar Czechoslovakia and Horthy Hungary. In contrast, the author hardly examines post-war theater life in the Transcarpathian region, believing that its study is more appropriate in the context of Ukrainian, rather than Rusyn, studies. This textbook by V. Padyak, addressed primarily to Rusynist students at the University of Prešov (Slovakia), is of undoubted interest to anyone interested in the history and culture of the Rusyns.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО ТУРИЗМУ В УКРАЇНІ

The article reveals the concept of military tourism. It is determined that military tourism is tourism on the battlefields and historical battles for all concerned, as well as for veterans and relatives of fallen soldiers, visits to existing and historical military facilities and training grounds, warships, submarines, military equipment, shooting from weapons on training grounds and shooting ranges, participation in military exercises and maneuvers, stay on training grounds as spectators – military tour, these also include tours to visit military concentration camps and prisons. Scientists have identified several classifications of subspecies of military tourism. Military tourism is military-historical, arms, military tourism, military tourism. There is also another classification of the division of military tourism into military-cognitive, military-adventure tourism, military-historical reconstructions of hostilities, illegal tours directly to the zone of military conflict. According to another approach, military tourism should be divided into three functional groups, taking into account the purpose and value orientations of tourists, as well as the emotional context of the trip: military-historical tourism, military tourism and military-event tourism. The resource base of military tourism in Ukraine is represented by objects of historical and cultural heritage of the princely era, the Cossacks, as well as the First, Second World and Civil Wars in the form of remnants of fortresses, defensive ramparts, graves, monuments and memorials to fallen soldiers and fellow villagers, places of executions or battles, military history museums, relevant exhibitions and festivals, military hotels. But not only visiting historical sites related to military events includes military tourism, but also tourists often want to try to shoot with weapons, ride tanks, armored personnel carriers, helicopters, as well as life in the military and participation in military training programs. In Ukraine, only one route has been developed and operates in the Transcarpathian region. It is established that military tourism in Ukraine is not fully mastered, but at the same time promising.

ЛІКУВАЛЬНО-ОЗДОРОВЧИЙ ТУРИЗМ В УКРАЇНІ: ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ТА РЕСУРСНИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ

The purpose of the study is to generalize the theoretical aspects of medical and health tourism and analysis of Ukraine resource potential. The article describes the concept of therapeutic and health tourism and it is determined that the simplest definition of this concept can be formulated as therapeutic and health tourism - a journey to resort areas in order to recovery and treatment. The relevance of this type of tourism in the modern world is determined. The rapid tempo of life, a lot of stress shocks, an increase in the flow of information, an unfavorable environmental situation in most countries, the consequences of pandemia forced people to elect precisely therapeutic and health tourism. Natural medical resources of Ukraine are considered. According to qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the medical and health resources of Ukraine occupy one of the leading places in Europe. Due to its geographical position, geological structure and hydrogeological conditions, Ukraine has all types of resorts: balneological, mud, climatic, mixed. The distribution of tourists for treatment is investigated. In addition to independent tourists who use the services of health resorts and health prevention, there are tourists who go to the sanatorium primarily for treatment. These include veterans of war, persons with disabilities, citizens affected by the Chernobyl disaster, ATO participants, as well as victims due to an accident at work and occupational disease. The sanatorium and recreation facilities of Ukraine are analyzed. The centers of medical and health tourism are given in our country; The peculiarities of choice of medical and wellness tours are determined. Preferably, the centers of medical and health tourism in Ukraine are concentrated in Lviv (Truskavets, Skhynets, Morshyn), Ivano-Frankivsk (Church), Zaporizhzhya (Berdyansk), Donetsk (Mariupol), Odesa (Hadzhibe, Kuyalnik), Poltava (Mirgorod), Transcarpathian regions (Polyana, Shayan, Kosino) and others. The paper specifies the need to attract foreign tourists for the development of inbound health and health tourism. Two groups of regions with the largest and least number of sanatorium institutions are determined. And also conclusions on the introduction of effective methods of managing tourist industry in general and improving the quality of tourist services and their competitiveness in domestic and world tourist markets.

Дилеммы этноидентификации и общественно- политического представительства русинов в Словацкой Республике и на Украине (по результатам экспертного опроса)

The article highlights the problem of ethnic identification and socio-political representation of Rusins in Slovakia and Ukraine. The author bases his presentation on the results of an survey among Slovak and Ukrainian experts. The object of research is the Rusin ethnic group of northwestern area in Slovakia (Prešov and Kosice self-governing regions) and Transcarpathian region of Ukraine. According to the survey among Slovak experts, 44% consider Rusins “a separate ethnic group, different from Ukrainians”; the same number of respondents defines Rusins “a sub-ethnic (ethnographic) group of Ukrainians”; 12 % cannot decide on this issue. Most of the respondents in Ukraine (44 %) define Rusins “a sub-ethnic (ethnographic) group of Ukrainian people”; 28 % are convinced that Rusins are representatives of a separate ethnic group, different from Ukrainians; 28 % stated their own options regarding the nature of ethnic identification of Rusins. The vast majority of Slovak experts (52 %) define “rather active” public and political participation of Rusins; 16 % state “active” participation; 16 % define it “rather passive”; 8% – “passive”, 8% were undecided about the answer. The Ukrainian respondent opinions were divided as follows: 48 % consider the public and political participation of Rusins “rather passive”; 28 % – “passive”; 16 % – “rather active”; 4% indicated the “active” role of Rusin national cultural associations with the remark that only older generations are involved; 4 % public and political participation of Rusins was defined as ”ineffective”. Slovak experts emphasized the active work of public and political leaders of Rusin origin Peter Krajnak, Miroslav Lajcak and Peter Medvid’. The respondents from Ukraine named Rusin leaders Yevhen Zhupan and Yuriy Prodan in Transcarpathian regional public and political environment.

Карстова гідрогеологічна система Солотвинського родовища, ефект самотампонування карстового каналу та перспективи відновлення спелеолікарні у шахті № 9

The description of the geological structure, the modern geoecological state, hydrogeological and mining-geological conditions of the Solotvyno salt deposit (Transcarpathian region) is given. Peculiarities of salt karst development are considered and a retrospective analysis of its development within the mine N 9 is carried out: from catastrophic water inflow, active development of technogenic-activated karst and emergency flooding. The effect of self-tamponing of the karst channel in the area of Chorny Mochar was revealed, which allows to predict the possibility of drainage of mine N 9 and restoration of the underground department of the allergy hospital.

ВІДКЛАДЕННЯ ПАМОРОЗІ КАТЕГОРІЇ НЯ (небезпечна) НА ТЕРИТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ ПРОТЯГОМ СТАНДАРТНОЇ КЛІМАТОЛОГІЧНОЇ НОРМИ 1961-1990 рр. ТА ПО ЇЇ ОКРЕМИХ ДЕСЯТИРІЧЧЯХ

To clarify the features of the spatio-temporal distribution of soft rime deposits of the category DP (dangerous phenomena) over the course of the standard climatological norm of 1961-1990 materials of observations of such sediments were analyzed on a standard ice machine at all meteorological stations in Ukraine. The spatial-temporal character of the distribution of such sediments in the territory of Ukraine for each of the studied months of the cold and individual months of the transitional seasons of the year was obtained. Similar work was carried out for each separate decade during the total thirty-year study period. The years and months when such types of ice-rime deposits were the most were revealed, the contribution of each year and month to their total number was calculated. The places and regions of the greatest manifestation of DP category soft rime deposits on the territory of Ukraine during the standard climatological norm of 1961-1990 were established. A number of conclusions were obtained regarding the state of spatio-temporal distribution and the number of deposits of soft rime DP category during 1961-1990 on the territory of Ukraine, namely: – From 1961-1990, the largest number of cases of soft rime deposits of the DP category was observed in January, February and December of the study period. – In most cases, the vast majority of cases of frost deposition of the DP category were observed in the Transcarpathian region on the Play and in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea on the Ai-Petri . – Mostly the number of cases of such deposits at stations was isolated, but in some years and months at a number of stations there was a much larger number of such cases. January-December stands out the most, and among the Play and Ai-Petri stations. – The largest number of cases of soft rime deposits of the DP category was observed in the winter months, especially in January and December. During 1971-1980 and 1981-1990, a significant increase in such cases was observed in November, especially in 1971-1980. In the first decade of the standard climatological norm, this was not observed, the number of cases in March was equal to their number in November. – There is a tendency to increase the number of cases of DP soft rime deposits in December during 1971-1980 and 1981-1990, in contrast to 1961-1970, when the largest number was observed in January. – It is established that most cases of soft rime deposits of the DP category were observed during 1971-1980. – During 1961-1970, in January, cases of soft rime deposits of the DP category were quite common in Ukraine and were observed in 15 regions. The greatest spread of such deposits was observed in January 1964. Subsequently, the area of their distribution was reduced to several areas, of which they were most often observed in Transcarpathia in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. Such deposits were quite common in December 1961-1970 and 1981-1990, when they were observed in 5-6 regions.

Forest areas remote monitoring within the limits of transport objects impact

The article studies the issues of using remote sensing data for the tasks of ensuring sustainable nature management in the territories within the influence of transport infrastructure objects. Peculiarities of remote monitoring for tasks of transport networks design and in the process of their operation are determined. The paper analyzes the development of modern remote sensing methods (satellite imagery, the use of mobile sensors installed on cars or aircraft). A brief overview of spatial data collecting methods for the tasks of managing the development of territories within the influence of transport infrastructure (roads, railways, etc.) has made. The article considers the experience of using remote sensing technologies to monitor changes in the parameters of forest cover in the Transcarpathian region (Ukraine) in areas near to highways, by use Landsat imagery.

THE INFLUENCE OF EROSION PROCESSES ON THE QUALITY OF SOILS OF THE MOUNTAIN ZONE OF THE TRANSCARPATHIAN REGION

After the reform in the mountainous zone of the Transcarpathian region, there are currently 15 territorial communities, which have united 75 village, settlement and city councils, which include 130 settlements. In this area 80.2% are hayfields and pastures. Another 0.5% of the area is occupied by perennial plantations, and 5.21 thousand hectares or 19.3% of the total area is allocated for arable land. The most susceptible to erosion processes are soils under row crops, in particular under potatoes and other roots. Withdrawal of eroded lands from agricultural lands is the most ecologically justified and economically feasible way of their use. Keywords: mountain zone of the Carpathians, structure of agricultural lands, soil, erosion processes.

THE QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER AS A FACTOR IN THE FORMATION OF DENTAL PATHOLOGY OF THE HARD TISSUES OF THE TEETH IN CHILDREN

The aim: A study of the impact of drinking water quality on the state of dental health in schoolchildren who permanently live in areas of biogeochemical deficiency of fluorine and iodine. Material and methods: The composition of the drinking water of the city of Uzhhorod and the city of Rakhiv has been investigated. The prevalence and intensity of dental caries in children is determined, drinking water is taken in accordance with Uzhhorod and Rakhiv. Results: The regional features of the composition of drinking water of the mountain Rakhivsky district of the Transcarpathian region are the high variety of combinations of mineral components and the frequent excess of the normative content of dry residue components, namely nitrates, sulfates, chlorides, magnesium and calcium.Water oxidation, total stiffness and total alkalinity were significantly different. The established drinking water quality indicators have a direct dependence on the prevalence and intensity of dental caries in children, that is, a significant increase in the number of carious temporary, carious and distant permanent teeth and a decrease in filled temporary and permanent teeth (p < 0. 05) were diagnosed. Conclusions: One of the most pressing problems in water hygiene is the urgent need to review and improve regulations, State sanitary regulations, standards and other regulations in the field of drinking water, including through the development of regional drinking water quality standards.

DYNAMICS OF THE CONTENT OF PHOSPHORUS MOBILE COMPOUNDS IN SOILS OF THE TRANSCARPATHIAN REGION

The distribution of soils by the content of mobile phosphorus compounds in the soils of the Transcarpathian region according to the results of ecological and agrochemical survey conducted during the VIII - XI rounds (2001 - 2020) is highlighted. Keywords: soil, ecological and agrochemical survey, mobile phosphorus compounds, soil acidity.

TERRITORIAL COMMUNITIES AS A BASIC LEVEL OF PROVIDING STRENGTHENING AND MAINTAINING OF THE POPULATION HEALTH

The aim is to define conceptual approaches to ensuring the strengthening and maintaining of the population health at the level of territorial communities.Materials and methods. During the study the following methods were used: bibliosemantic, structural-logical analysis, medical-statistical, systematic approach. Legislative and normative-legal acts, data of sectoral statistical reporting constituted the materials of the research.Results. In the course of reforming the territorial structure of Transcarpathian region, 6 administrative territories were created, including 64 capable territorial communities.The study identified the main medical and demographic problems of local communities and the main current problems of strengthening and maintaining the health of the population at the level of local communities:Based on the obtained data, conceptual approaches to ensuring the strengthening and maintaining of the population health at the level of territorial communities have been developed, which include tasks, necessary conditions and ways of securement.Conclusions. At the present stage of reforming the system of public administration and the health care system in Ukraine, territorial communities should become the basic level for strengthening and maintaining of the population health. In order to perform this function, local communities must have the necessary specialists, have modern methods of analysis and strategic planning, as well as motivation and resources for implementation.

Методи та інструменти популяризації Королівського Євангелія

The objective of the paper is to develop PR-tools for popularization of “Korolivske” Gospel – the unique manuscript dated by 1401, the original of which is preserved in the funds of the Transcarpathian Local Lore Museum. The manuscript with expressive features of the Old Ukrainian language, created in the westernmost region of the modern Ukraine, needs immediate restoration. Thus, development and application of tools for its popularization will promote wider awareness of the public of Transcarpathian region and Ukraine in general about its importance and can accelerate solution to the issue of its restoration and, consequently, preservation of an important part of the Ukrainian cultural heritage. The PR-tools include the following: creation of a story-legend, which might be the basis for various video works (from short informative videos targeted at different categories of persons to popular science film with researchers’ scientific comments about the manuscript); sharing them on social networks, as well as on the official pages of relevant ministries (Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Ministry of Culture of Ukraine), the websites of institutions of higher education, other educational institutions, on television; creation and use of sound advertising in public transport (cities, regions), print advertising in bookstores and at book exhibitions, etc., banner on billboards and lightboxes, on tourist portals with high attendance; an offer to take a picture opposite the decorations or original installations related to the cultural manuscript, with special hashtags with their further distribution on social networks and blogs; active cooperation with the media; active involvement of young people in manuscript promotion. The events conducted to disseminate information on various modern platforms, including online ones and using a number of PR-tools might expedite solution to the issue to restore the manuscript, as well as to popularize it qualitatively. The study used the cultural-historical method (to characterize the significance of “Korolivske” Gospel for Ukrainian culture), the descriptive method (to determine the methods and tools for popularization of the manuscript) and the method of generalization used to summarize the study.

Greening the economic activity of the mountainous territorial communities of Transcarpathia

A conceptual model of the ecological and economic development of the mountainous territorial communities of the Transcarpathian region in the context of the implementation of the administrative-territorial reform and decentralization has been proposed, it makes it possible to effectively use their natural resource, production and human potential, to increase the competitiveness of local economic systems due to the greening of economic activities. The main reasons that determine the deep differentiation in the level of social and economic development of mountain communities in comparison with the communities of the foothills and lowlands of the natural and economic zones of the region have been analyzed. Taking into account the creative factors – the presence of unique natural resources, mineral waters, landscape and climatic zones, forests, significant reserves of groundwater and surface water, historical traditions and features of their ethnic group – a model of ecological and economic development of mountain territorial communities has been proposed. The essence, stages of formation have been revealed and the range of tasks to be solved at each of these stages has been determined. Perspective directions of development of mountain communities, which brings them closer to the smart community, have been substantiated.

Одне з державних утворень карпатських русинів – Гуцульська Республіка

The autumn of 1918 in Europe was quite remarkable in every respect. WWI ended, empires collapsed to give place to new state formations. New states had to form under unequal terms: those supporting the victorious side received privileges, while those who were with the vanquished were given less chance to create their own independent state. Some state formations existed for only a short time and were recognized as states only by their creators. Carpathian Rusins in Poland and Hungary made such attempts. In Hungary, they formed the Hutsul Republic, which existed from January to June 1919 in the village of Yasinia and its environs (modern Transcarpathian region of Ukraine). The article aims at describing the local context of this state entity, its uniqueness, perspectives of local political elites, and the attitude of official Hungary towards the selfproclaimed republic. The authors focus on the local circumstances that made the Hutsul Republic possible (the collapse of the Hungarian state apparatus, the state of soldiers returning from the front, supply disruptions, and epidemics) and highlight the current perception of those events in the national memory and state policy.

THE STATE OF SOIL FERTILITY IN THE TRANSCARPATHIAN REGION BY THE RESULTS OF THE XI TOUR OF AGROCHEMICAL PASSPORTIZATION

The materials of the main indicators of soil fertility of the Transcarpathian region are highlighted according to the results of monitoring of agricultural lands in the XI round of agrochemical certification and their qualitative assessment is established. Keywords: soil fertility, monitoring, lands of agricultural importance, soil classification.

Поразка Карпатської України – предтеча Другої світової війни Частина 2

The author emphasizes that the growing national self-identification and selfawareness of the Ukrainians, the political balance of powers at the turn of 1938– 1939 in Czechoslovakia and the international arena were significant factors in the state aspirations of the residents of the Transcarpathian region. At the same time, the processes of autonomization, formation, and liquidation of Carpatho-Ukraine were determined not only by its socio-economic position, but also by the latent diplomatic and geopolitical confrontation. The establishment of Carpatho-Ukraine was associated with the military confrontation and, for the first time, was accompanied not only by a number of military operations, but also by the massive heroism of its defenders, who opposed the invaders. According to the current definitions, all this constituted the hybrid war, which became the harbinger and real percursor of the Second World War.

Assessment of costs on the adaptation to climate change in Ukraine

The paper focuses on the main adaptation measures financed in Ukraine at the expense of state and regional budgets region-wise during 2016-2018 within the framework of environmental activities. The source of data was "Environmental passports of the regions". The paper finds that during 2016-2018 the most funded items of expenditure were the construction and repair of sewerage, clearing of riverbeds, repair of water protection structures and wastewater treatment. A significant gap in the cost of measures of an adaptive nature between the regions is established. Expenditures in the Transcarpathian region, which most suffers from floods, were the lowest: they were 46 times lower than expenditures on adaptation measures in the Dnipropetrovsk region, which actively allocated funds for clearing riverbeds and strengthening the river banks. During 2016-2018, almost USD 110 million were proved to be spent on adaptation measures in Ukraine. The main source of funds were local budgets, in particular regional environmental funds. Green bonds are determined to become a promising source of funding for adaptation measures in Ukraine. For the first time, the amount of funds required for adaptation measures in Ukraine until 2050 has been partially estimated. It is proved that the only international funds that can provide funding for adaptation measures in Ukraine in late 2020, is the Global Environmental Facility.

Оцінка витрат на заходи з адаптації до зміни клімату в Україні

The paper focuses on the main adaptation measures financed in Ukraine at the expense of state and regional budgets region-wise during 2016-2018 within the framework of environmental activities. The source of data was "Environmental passports of the regions". The paper finds that during 2016-2018 the most funded items of expenditure were the construction and repair of sewerage, clearing of riverbeds, repair of water protection structures and wastewater treatment. A significant gap in the cost of measures of an adaptive nature between the regions is established. Expenditures in the Transcarpathian region, which most suffers from floods, were the lowest: they were 46 times lower than expenditures on adaptation measures in the Dnipropetrovsk region, which actively allocated funds for clearing riverbeds and strengthening the river banks. During 2016-2018, almost USD 110 million were proved to be spent on adaptation measures in Ukraine. The main source of funds were local budgets, in particular regional environmental funds. Green bonds are determined to become a promising source of funding for adaptation measures in Ukraine. For the first time, the amount of funds required for adaptation measures in Ukraine until 2050 has been partially estimated. It is proved that the only international funds that can provide funding for adaptation measures in Ukraine in late 2020, is the Global Environmental Facility.