Transaction Medium Research Articles

The Demand for Money, Near-Money, and Treasury Bonds

Bank-created money, shadow-bank money, and Treasury bonds all satisfy investor's demand for a liquid transaction medium and safe store of value. We measure the quantity of these three forms of liquidity and their corresponding liquidity premium over a sample from 1926 to 2016. We empirically examine the links between these different assets, estimating the extent to which they are substitutes, and the amount of liquidity per-unit-of-asset delivered by each asset. We construct a new broad monetary aggregate based on our analysis and show that it helps resolves the money-demand instability and missing-money puzzles of the monetary economics literature. Our empirical results inform models of the monetary transmission mechanism running through shifts in asset supplies, such as quantitative easing policies. Our results on the substitutability of bank and shadow-bank money also inform analyses of the coexistence of the shadow-banking and regulated banking system.

DIGITAL WALLET USING ARM MICROCONTROLLER

As the world is getting digital there are few things which are used as it is for a long time. The most important thing which we do in our daily life is the transaction of money. Money transaction is a process which should be digitized for more security and the ease of the individual. So, by making a digital wallet the money transaction can be made much simpler and effortless. Using digital wallet we can keep all our important cards such as health card, driving license and other important papers in only one place with much more security. The digital wallet can be our transaction medium which can be used anywhere such as shops, malls or for giving money to someone else. And with such high security, all the information which the wallet is carrying will be safe. In case, if the wallet is lost, GPS will help to detect the location of our device and GSM sends message of the location to the user mobile and that what makes the wallet a digital safe. Digital wallet and user mobile will be connected wirelessly through Bluetooth. If the digital wallet is lost, the Bluetooth connection between the user mobile and digital wallet will be lost and this is identified as Bluetooth connection lost in the mobile. Immediately GPS will track the wallet location and GSM will send the location parameters to the user mobile.

PRICE PREDICTION OF DIFFERENT CRYPTOCURRENCIES USING TECHNICAL TRADE INDICATORS AND MACHINE LEARNING

From the past two years with increasing geopolitical and economic issues, global currency values have been falling and stock markets have been having a poor run & investors losing wealth. This has led to a renewal of interest in digital currencies. Cryptocurrency one of the most prominent digital currency has found itself in spotlight with investors wanting a piece of it and business establishments accepting it as a source of payment due to its stable performance in the last few years. This research has been done on predicting cryptocurrency prices using machine learning based neural network which has a lowest the model loss over 100 epochs during training and Technical Trade Indicators (TTI) graphs depicts a real BTC value 5 to 10 times in 300-days of current fiscal year has further supported this increasing trader confidence and a shift in global cryptocurrency graph by predicted BTC values. On the same lines, we are analyzing bitcoin prices using Machine Learning and Sentiment Analysis. We also study stock market trends in order to better predict bitcoin prices quantitively. In this work we analyze the impact of global currencies like US Dollar, foreign exchanges on Bitcoin prices and whether Bitcoin has the stability to dethrone global currencies and become the single medium of transaction. This work is adequate enough to aid in predicting price and with results obtained from predicting Bitcoin prices using machine learning based neural network achieving an accuracy of 94.89% under all circumstances of technical trade indication thereby bringing down its price prediction by over 13.7% in April 2020 itself during evaluation.

Digital Wallet as a Transaction Media in The Community

The purpose of this research is to analyze and determine the level of effectiveness and efficiency of digital wallets as a medium for transactions. Digital wallets bring the concept of cashless society. This study used descriptive qualitative research method by doing literature study of various research and handing out questionnaires. The results of this study indicated that digital wallet users are increasing overtime. The number of smartphone users is one of the various aspects triggering the increasing use of digital wallets. However, using a digital wallet certainly has advantages and disadvantages. Based on the results, the use of digital wallets will continue to increase, with the development of internet-based electronic systems that are increasingly sophisticated every year. Therefore, it is possible for countries to switch from conventional financial transaction activities into electronic financial transactions.

Implementasi Metode Market Basket Analysis Pada Sistem Penjualan Dan Pemasaran Pada Butik Nazwa Fashion

Nazwa Fashion Boutique Shop is a shop that sells various kinds of women's fashion such as clothes, pants, skirts and hijab clothing with various brands and prices. The Nazwa Fashion Boutique Shop is located at Jalan D.I Panjaiatan No.1 Kelurahan 16 ULU Kec. SU2 RT.32 RW.10 which has been established since 2013 or less than 5 years. During the sales process at the Nazwa Boutique Shop Mode is still done manually, ie prospective buyers come directly at the Nazwa Mode Boutique Shop to buy products Clothing available on the storefront store. This is less effective because consumers incur considerable costs. To overcome this problem, the author tries to provide a solution to build media sales transactions online, the online sales transaction media is to build an E-Commerce website using the Basket Market Analysis method as one of the media for sales and promotions that is useful to help companies market the products it sells and is targeted to manage again get income and increase the stock of goods in the warehouse. In addition, the existence of online transactions can make it easier for consumers to choose and order products they want so they can increase company profits.

EXISTENCE OF KHIYAR IN ONLINE TRANSACTIONS (E COMMERCE) (COMPILATION OF SHARIAH ECONOMIC LAW)

Along with the development of culture and technology, selling and buying of goods was in the form of exchange of one item for another, and the medium of transaction is by using money and the sellers and buyers meet in one assembly or face to face. However, with current technological developments, transactions are no longer face to face or meet in one place. With the internet network, transactions are easily carried out. One of the phenomena of transactions in the economic field is the selling and buying transactions using electronic media. This is called online transactions or e-commerce, which is transactions carried out through internet services and internet technology. Since the two parties do not meet and face to face in this online transaction, it is very prone to fraud or cheating between the two. Based on this background, the researcher is interested in examining the Compilation of Sharia Economic Law that governs the concept of khiyar which is then applied to e-commerce. The results of this study indicate that khiyar stipulated in the Compilation of Sharia Economic Law is the khiyarof condition, in which the sellers and buyers may specify the terms of the transaction, which is for 3 days. Khiyarnaqdi, in practice, is a deferred payment. In khiyarru’yah, one of the parties when shopping online may first look at pictures presented by the online store. In khiyar ‘aib, there isa suffrage of the goods, so that when the goods have been received and there isa defect in the goods, it may be cancelled or continued. And the last is khiyarghabn and taghrib, which is the suffrage when finding something wrong about the quality of the goods sold if it does not in accordance with the picture or explanation of the sellers.
 Keywords: Khiyar, e-commerce, Compilation of Sharia Economic Law.

Maqasid Shariah HIFZ MAL in E-Wallet Application

E-wallet is one of the most popular medium for digital transactions in Malaysia. With the wide variety of services provided by e-wallet companies, users find it convenient, faster and more efficient to do transactions. The application of e-wallet can be evaluated through the scope of hifz mal (preservation of property) of maqasid shariah so that it is always in compliance with shariah. The objective of this study is to discuss the application of hifz mal in e-wallet. The research methodology used is qualitative based on content analysis technique to obtain data. This study reviewed comprehensive articles and books relating to e-wallet, and views of Islamic scholars on the concept of hifz mal. In addition to the Central Bank of Malaysia (BNM), references were made to websites to obtain information on electronic money guidelines. Research findings show that using e-wallet as a medium for electronic transactions to purchase products or services is in line with the concept of hifz mal. Using money stored in e-wallet as medium of exchange in digital transactions is gaining wide public acceptance and does not involve elements of riba, gharar, gambling, and exploitation. In addition, e-wallet provides high security features and multiple maslahah that can facilitate people’s lives, which are in line with the principle of preserving property in maqasid shariah.

Evaluating the Use of Single Currency by Member States as Medium of Transaction - ECOWAS

Adoption of single currency brings a lot of benefits tracking from the lessons learnt from European Union and its adoption of the euro as the single currency for the European countries. Most empirical reviews show that the use of common currency in Europe brought some economic gains to the eurozone areas such as price stability, low interest rate which attracted a lot of investment in the eurozone area and eradication of the exchange rate volatility which has promoted both intra and extra eurozone trade. However, the EMU has encountered a lot of challenges such as lack fiscal discipline on the part eurozone economies and a typical example is what happened to Greece where over spending led to excessive borrowing to finance these spending which landed the country into debt distressed. Since ECOWAS common currency has not been officially operationalized, the evidence from the euro experience will be a valuable asset to the researcher to make inference on the future of the ECOWAS single currency when officially operationalized. The ECOWAS proposal to include the sub-regions in the single currency has already been postponed four times because the Member States have been unable to meet the criteria for introducing the single currency. Most member countries are facing herculean task in meeting the criteria for the implementation of the single currency. Empirical evidence from euro experience attribute economic gains from trade within the eurozone to the use of euro in the eurozone area and hence the use of ECOWAS common currency in the sub-region will also bring a lot economic gains from trade to the member states in the sub-region and also increase investor confidence through a well stabilized single digit inflation rate and low interest rate within the sub-region and boost economic activity which will trickle down to improve the living standards of the people. Pegging the ECOWAS single currency to the value of euro will lead to currency valuation which may discourage exports and encourage imports which is very critical since all efforts from the individual member states in the sub-region are to discourage imports in order to solve the alarming rate of unemployment in the sub-region. Intra trade within the sub-region will face a lot of challenges since there are infrastructure gaps between member countries to enhance easy link of goods and services within the sub-region. For this proposed West Africa single currency becomes materialized, individual member states should strengthen their domestic macroeconomic frameworks in order to achieve the criteria set for the official adoption of the single currency. However, strong institution should be created to reduce the bureaucracy in export and import transactions and finally, member states should compromise their national interest to regional interest and that is the only way this project can be materialized. Keywords: ECOWAS, ECO, Challenges, Single Currency, Monitory States. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-6-11 Publication date: March 31 st 2020

Using Youtube in Colleges of Education

Present generation learners are growing up with digitalization. Educators are increasingly understanding and adapting new methods of teaching laced with digitalization. YouTube, an important off shoot of digitalization, is leading the charge as the most multipurpose medium for content transactions in the classroom and outside the classroom. It not only provides digital entertainment but also provides a great environment for learning. YouTube has multiple advantages for teacher educators and teacher trainees. Teacher educators and teacher trainees search YouTube for any information or clarification on a topic. Using YouTube in the classroom can bring efficiency in teaching and learning. Considering its endless services, there is no surprise that Youtube has been ranked the highest as a preferred learning tool. The teacher educators and teacher trainees can follow the prescribed procedures for creating and uploading effective videos on YouTube. Teacher educators can use YouTube in their class with all precautions and well planning.

Future of bitcoin in India: Issues and challenges

Purpose - The main purpose of the study is to classify the different barriers in adoptions of Bitcoins and provide the appropriate elucidations for the problems faced by Bitcoin users in India. Design/ methodology/ approach - The study reviews researches on the adoption of Bitcoin as a medium of transactions and investments. A review of literature has been carried out to explore various existing Bitcoin. A case study has been conducted on Bitcoin and its adoption by individuals in different countries. AHP has been used to propose the model and for insights. Originality/value - Bitcoin adoption is still an unexplored area of research. This research has attempted to explore the root causes of the non-adoption of Bitcoin in different countries.

Elliptic Curve Cryptography based Secure Data Communication and Enhance sensor Reliability in Wireless Sensor Network

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) extends the advantages of small price, quick employment, and shared transaction medium, although it induces a lot of security and secrecy challenges. In this paper, the Elliptic Curve Cryptography based Secure Data Communication and Enhance sensor Reliability (SDER) in WSN. In this scheme, an Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) Weierstrass function is used to verify the sensor reliability, and ECC cryptography technique is useful for providing the data security in the network. The simulation result demonstrates that the SDER reduces both the packet loss rate and the network delay.

The Role of Payment Cards as a Transaction Tool in Poland

Summary Subject and purpose of work: The article addresses the issue of the increasing use of payment cards in Poland and related consequences in the number and volume of transactions cash and cashless. The article analyzes the growing importance of cards as a transaction medium of Poles. The topic of potential alternative payment methods was also discussed. Materials and methods: The study used the analysis of literature and source data from, among others, National Bank of Poland, prnews.pl, Statista.com database, websites of banks and others. Descriptive and statistical methods were used in order to prepare the research. Results: In Poland, the number of cards owned by citizens is growing rapidly, as well as the volume and number of transactions concluded with them. Customers, banks and economic and commercial units are most interested in payment cards market. Conclusions: Transaction with cards deepens customer attachment to a particular brand of the organization and allows to gain benefit from transaction fees. The popularization of cards results in a limited share of cash in transactions. Making debit card payments requires customers to have sufficient deposits on the account, which is also an advantage for the bank. It is expected that the scope and role of mobile payments will grow dynamically.

Comprehension of Reliability of Internet Connectivity and clients' Inclination towards Intention to Use EFT/PoS has been Analysed by the Technology Acceptance Model on Plastic Money on Indian aspect.

Internet access is the course toward interfacing with the web using PCs, laptops and mobiles by customers and how internet works as reliable source to transact funds from one account to another or e-transaction on online purchase through EFTPOS. It depends upon internet speed and based on that how consumers trust online transaction while purchase called reliability on internet connectivity. Plastic money is a medium of cashless transaction where credit, debit, gift and, smart (EMV) cards etc. are considered to use in every day’s life to small scale businesses. Plastic money is used in purchasing any trading items instead of using paper currency which is not always available in any situation of one’s life. India is struggling with its acceptability only by showing 33.45% enhancement according to 2016-2017 data-bases. As of June 2018, there were 3.93 crore master cards and 94.4 crore Visa cards being used in India, which joins individual and corporate cards. The estimation of master and visa card trades in the extended length of June 2018 reached more ₹46,629 crore, almost increasing from a year earlier. Platinum card trades in the period went up by 33 percent to ₹3, 15,627 crores. This project proposal is to address the reason behind such diminished acceptability in India or its relatively high increment in comparison to the previous years’ database. The project also aims the effect of the industrialization of information technology (IT) on plastic money users in India.

Usage of IT on Traditional Magic Practice: Review on Cultural Transformation

The purpose of this study is to determine the extent of the use of blog features in the practice of santet in Indonesia. The method of this research used an analysis of compositional interpretation, 3 selected blogs mapped the content. Through research, it is known that internet sites are the initial medium of transactions. Practitioners (shamans) make the internet a medium for trapping consumers (as an actors), especially middle, upper-middle and upper-middle class economies who are busy, reluctant to identify their identities, and need fast processing. In the site presented the types of witchcraft services with various levels, most of the sites straightforwardly load shamans contact numbers. The utilization of blog features is quite optimal, the collaboration between shamans and site admins is quite intense, proven through content so that complete information is available to service users who are filled with a high desire for revenge. Internet technology benefits both parties, both perpetrators of witchcraft (shamans) and service users, for actors of course the economic impact, while for service users are aspects of convenience and information.

Detecting Cache-Based Side Channel Attacks in IaaS using Enhanced Algorithm

The Connectivity of the information among people throughout the world is made possible through computers and smart devices connected over the internet. The economic related transactions also happen over the network which needs a secured transaction medium. Therefore, lots of intrusion detection and prevention systems are implemented in order to reduce the impact of the attack. But every year the impact of attack over the shared VMs is being dramatically increased. The economic transactions occur with the help of web applications and they are divided into browser-side and server-side components. One of the major services provided by the cloud environment is Infrastructure-asa-Service in which the virtual machines are used to provide the shared services to the multiple users. Though the VMs are secured by implementing the various security algorithms, one of the attacks, Side-channel attack, uses the leaked information acquired from the implementation of hardware component. Cache-based side channel attack is the serious attack, which tries to steal the sensitive information like credit card details, password, medical related details, etc., by establishing various algorithms like PRIME+PROBE, FLUSH+RELOAD, FLUSH+FLUSH, etc.,. The VM does speculative execution for improving the CPU performance, thus resulting in a scenario which allows the user to access the sensitive data on the cache line. So in this paper the environment is set up with 5 various scenarios with the combinations consisting of attack, no-attack, Full load, Average load and no-load. The Hardware Performance Counters (HPC) is used along with Intel CMT to monitor and distinguish the attacker VM, thus increasing the detection accuracy and reducing the system overhead.

REVOLUSI INDUSTRI 4.0: DESAIN PERKEMBANGAN TRANSAKSI DAN SISTEM AKUNTANSI KEUANGAN

The Industrial Revolution 4.0 has changed the human perspective in interacting and doing business fundamentally. Business systems that are transformed into online systems have an impact on the way humans conduct financial transactions. Principles contained in Industry 4.0. provide an illustration that interconnection with the internet and good data security will result in the provision of fast information to produce decisions. The study uses a literature study approach that examines data and information from journals, textbooks, and he internet to conduct a deeper study of the application of industry principles 4.0 to financial transactions and accounting. based on the results of the study concluded that the financing transaction media had developed into the Fintech industry and the transaction system in the form of a payment gateway. The large number of financial transactions with the payment gateway system requires companies to do IT Spending intangible asset in the form of Big Data and Cloud Computing security systems. The technology provides benefits for the company in terms of data analysis and provision of information to speed up the decision making process and secure storage systems and affordable costs. Through the information technology media, it will facilitate management to make decentralized decision making.

Towards a Robust Architecture for the Regulation of Data and Digital Trade

The digital transformation occurring worldwide poses significant challenges for a governance framework that evolved gradually and incrementally over centuries, shaped by lessons learned during the long era of industrialization and globalization in which much of today’s technology was still science fiction. At the heart of the governance challenge is “datafication” — the capture of truly astronomical amounts of information on the functioning of societies, economies and even the industrial processes of firms. Once transformed into data, information can be analyzed and used to modify the behaviours that generated the information in the first place for economic, political or geopolitical advantage. Given the multiple roles that data plays — as the medium of digital commercial transactions and digital trade, as a valuable capital asset, as part of the intangible infrastructure of the digital economy, and as the very fabric of a modern information society — the governance challenge is immense. Moreover, given the multitude and pervasiveness of data analytics applications, there is urgency in coming to grips with the regulation of data, since other governance challenges, ranging from climate change to income distribution, depend on safeguarding democratic processes and functional markets. Numerous efforts are under way to address aspects of the regulation of data. These efforts include the recently launched e-commerce negotiations of the World Trade Organization (WTO), other work programs under the WTO, and the initiatives of the Group of Twenty (G20) on the free flow of data based on trust. There is as well work in more specialized areas, such as competition policy and intellectual property (IP), taxation in the digital realm, and multi-stakeholder processes addressing the plethora of other digital governance issues ranging from privacy to cyber security. This paper suggests a conceptual framework for addressing the multi-dimensional policy dilemma that societies now face of reconciling the many competing policy priorities raised by digital transformation domestically and of preparing the ground for negotiations toward a robust and broadly acceptable governance regime internationally, fit for purpose for the age of data.

The Application of Shariah Principle in E-commerce Transaction: A Model Development

Issues concerning purchasing on-line, the medium of transaction via on-line or Internet, e-payment mode are among new challenges that require Islamic scholars and researchers to broaden the scope of definition of Shariah compliance e-commerce transaction. As Malaysia is heading towards e-commerce and purchasing on-line has no longer a new trend; the challenges arise for solution in accordance with Shariah principles. This paper will propose a model that comprises several components namely, the core Shariah component itself, sound technological means and regulatory body that supports e-commerce transactions.

Analysis and Implementation of Online-Based Rice Sales (e-commerce) at UD. Toko Beras Santy

Improvements in human resources have made rapid developments in technology and information. In the business sector the use of technology greatly affects sales and marketing, but not all business sectors have used technology in their sales and marketing. One way to increase the area of ​​marketing is to use internet technology that can cover many areas. With the existence of internet technology everyone from many areas can be connected easily and quickly. The use of the internet in the business sector is not only limited to the expansion of the marketing area but can also be used as a medium of transaction that uses the internet network called e-commerce which is very helpful for customers in purchasing a product. With the help of the Technology Acceptance Model or TAM method, researchers can understand the factors that influence the acceptance of the use of computer technology through 5 factors, namely, Perceived Ease of Use, Perceived Usefulness, Attitude Toward Using, Behavioral Intention Of Use, and Actual System Usage. TAM aims to explain the user's acceptance of an information system as well as with this e-commerce web can help in the selection of rice products quickly and expand the area of ​​product marketing.

Komparativni pregled poreske regulacije transfernih cijena u svijetu

Along with the process of globalization and the increase of cross-border business, transfer pricing, as a medium of transactions between related legal entities, receives the epithet of one of the biggest challenges of national tax systems. However, the effects of individual actions of each country in the domain of addressing the potential risks of transfer pricing are largely limited, thus the emphasis is put on international cooperation and activities in terms of systemic resolution of the problem concerned. Based on the above, the paper shows comparative overview of the tax regulations of individual countries in the world (classified by continents) in the domain of using transfer pricing, stating whether international regulation applies on that basis or not and on which segments.