Perceptions Of Traits Research Articles

Personality and Sexual Perceptions of Penises: Digital Impression Formation.

Dating app users are likely to experience a high frequency of viewing the sexually explicit material of potential partners prior to a physical meeting. The present study aimed to investigate what information is inferred from a picture of a penis at zero-acquaintance. Past research in impression formation at zero-acquaintance has demonstrated a stability with regard to personality and trait perceptions of faces. Utilizing 106 participants, our study extends this paradigm by testing the hypothesis that penis prototypicality would be associated with attractiveness, as well as explore the personality and sexual perceptions of penises along the dimensions of girth, length, and amount of pubic hair. The hypotheses were confirmed and the analysis of penis dimensions revealed strong results. Penises which were wider, longer, and moderately hairy were perceived more positively in terms of personality and sexual appeal. Shorter and narrower penises were perceived as more neurotic. The results demonstrate the function of impression formation within the digital sexual landscape with regard to sexually explicit material.

Defining functional groups of tree species according to rural stakeholder perceptions in Central Mali

In the dry areas of western Africa, the over-exploitation of forestry resources and the lack of tree regeneration lead to the degradation of agroforestry parklands. Such parklands could be better managed if the multiple services provided by the trees were well identified and valorized. However, there is little information on the local knowledge of' tree species regarding their functions, uses and services. Likewise, local stakeholders' perceptions of the relation between the species aptness for the above functions and uses and their functional traits is not well known. This study focuses on local knowledge of tree species in parklands of the Segou region in Mali, in order to identify specific uses or multifunctionalities that could be highlighted in improving agroforestry systems. Qualitative surveys have been carried out to identify users' perceptions of tree functions and functional traits. Findings show the possibility of classifying species by relevant functional groups, i.e. woody/timber trees, fruit/cash crop trees and trees related to livestock. Functional traits were not easily identified by farmers and the related information was difficult to analyze. Moreover, the perception of functions and traits depended on user groups (craftsmen, crop farmers, livestock farmers, traditional health practitioners, women etc.) and on agro-environmental and socio-economic contexts (activities, knowledge, means and practices). Therefore, scientific databases composed of lists of functions and traits for a given species have no generic value and must be valued depending on the context which may or may not enhance the substitutions between species for each use.

From the ground up: Patterns and perceptions of herbaceous diversity in organic coffee agroecosystems

Abstract Smallholder farms that transition to organic and biodiverse production are increasingly recognized as strongholds of agrobiodiversity, with emerging work identifying important outcomes such as enhancing crop portfolios, mitigating extreme climate events and contributing to farmer well‐being. Yet the emergent herbaceous communities in these organic systems remain understudied, with the functional diversity and management of this stratum relatively unknown. This study identifies the taxonomic and functional diversity of the herbaceous community in organic coffee agroforestry systems, and describes the extent of this diversity with farm, and farmer, attributes. We measured leaf‐level functional traits (e.g. specific leaf area) of the herbaceous community to derive functional diversity indices and collected localized environmental conditions on 15 organic coffee farms in Central Valley, Costa Rica. We also conducted semi‐structured interviews with nine farmers to construct mental models on herbaceous community management using a cognitive mapping approach. In total, 38 species from 20 taxonomic families were present in these organic coffee systems. The herbaceous communities were functionally diverse; however, functional evenness increased with canopy openness, suggesting that farms adopting agroforestry tend to have a more functionally diverse herbaceous stratum. Farmer perception of plant traits in the herbaceous community was differentiated into competitive (weeds) or neutral/positive effects. These perceptions aligned with well‐established functional trait trade‐offs. The mental models representing farmer decision‐making processes were highly variable, with a nearly 30% increase in cognitive map density from the simplest map to the most complex; this complexity in mental models was a key explanatory variable in the level of functional diversity of the herbaceous community. Organic management practices that support agroforestry practices also, in turn, promote a functionally diverse herbaceous stratum. We show that functional trait syndromes in these herbaceous communities in agroforestry systems are linked with farmer perceptions of traits, and that highly interconnected farm decision‐making is related to greater functional diversity in the herbaceous community. Understanding pathways of farmer decision‐making on managing this herbaceous community can appropriately situate on‐farm practice and policy for the transition to organic production, and inform emerging agri‐environmental programs.

Trait Stereotypes of Scientists as Analytical and Cold Align With Perceptions of Men More Than Women on Both Implicit and Explicit Measures

Previous work using implicit tasks has demonstrated associations at a categorical level between men and science-related words (e.g., chemistry, physics, engineering). The current research explores trait attributes, examining the overlap in trait stereotypes of scientists with trait stereotypes of men and women, using both implicit and explicit stereotyping measures. Study 1 identified traits stereotypically associated with scientists along the analytic and cold dimensions, and counterstereotypic traits on unquestioning and warm dimensions. Study 2 demonstrated strong gender-scientist stereotypes on both explicit and implicit measures such that men were seen as more analytic and cold and less unquestioning and warm than women. Although robust effects were observed on both types of measures, their correlation was weak and nonsignificant. The misfit between trait perceptions of scientists and women, whether measured implicitly or explicitly, suggests trait stereotypes help maintain the gender imbalance in physical science fields.

Academic and non-academic predictors of academic performance in medical school: an exploratory cohort study

BackgroundMedical schools should also evaluate applicants’ non-academic characteristics in the search for successful students and future physicians, but ideal non-academic criteria have not yet been found. We followed two successive generations of medical students at the University of Split School of Medicine (USSM) to assess both academic and non-academic constructs as predictors of academic performance, defined as medical school grade point average (GPA). We also interviewed some of the participants to gain additional insight for future studies.MethodsWe measured study GPA in first and last year, as well as attitudes towards science, motivation, emotional intelligence, self-esteem, and perceived personal incompetence in first year. We also obtained their scores on existing medical school enrollment criteria, the State Graduation Exam (SGE) and high-school GPA. Regression models were constructed for predictors of GPA in the last year of medical school. Four structured pilot interviews were conducted to explore participants’ perceptions of necessary traits for medical school and later practice.ResultsRegression analysis showed that only SGE predicted final academic performance in medical school (β=0.35, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.06-0.64), while none of the non-academic constructs we assessed predicted this outcome of education. The two generations did not significantly differ in any variable except that intrinsic motivation was higher in the generation that enrolled in 2011 (OR=1.47, 95%CI=1.12-1.93, P=0.005).DiscussionNone of the non-academic constructs predicted academic performance in medical school. Their use as selection criteria may not be warranted as they could impact the academic quality of enrolling medical students.

Gendered Perceptions of Personality Traits, Policy Stereotypes, and Support for Right-Wing Populist Parties: Lessons from Turkey

Abstract Although several studies have examined the relationship between gender and support for right-wing populist parties, much of the scholarly attention has focused on explaining the gender gap in populist-party support. This article shifts the focus to gender stereotypes, which we argue are closely related to the macho-type policy style of populist-political parties. Utilizing an original survey conducted in Turkey, we examined how gender-based personality traits and policy stereotypes—the belief that women and men are better at handling different issue areas, and that they have different personality traits—correlate with support for the incumbent Justice and Development Party (AKP). We show that male and female policy stereotypes are significantly associated with both the right-wing populist AKP support and support for the secular opposition parties, albeit in opposite ways. These results suggest that support for right-wing populist parties is multidimensional and consists of gendered perceptions of competence, traits, and key socioeconomic characteristics.

Resurrecting the evil genius: examining the relationship between unethical behavior and perceived competence

PurposeUsing the stereotype content model (SCM) as a framework, the authors examine how the negative relationship between peoples’ unethical behavior and perceptions of their competence only holds when the unethical act is simple.Design/methodology/approachIn two studies, participants (n = 401) evaluated the competence of an employee who behaved unethically. In one condition, the unethical behavior was complex (e.g. computer hacking), while in the other it was simple (e.g. stealing items from a closet).FindingsOur findings are built on prior work by showing that employees are considered significantly more competent when their unethical behavior is complex as opposed to simple (“evil genius” effect).Practical implicationsEmployees may not be discouraged from engaging in complex unethical behavior if they recognize that it might not affect their reputation as a competent employee. Given the negative impact of unethical behavior, this is a consequence that organizations would likely seek to avoid.Originality/valueThe authors expand on the SCM by making a clear distinction between how certain behaviors (unethical and complex) influence trait perceptions (warmth and competence). In doing so, the authors identify a moderator – act complexity – that weakens the negative relationship between individuals’ unethical behavior and perceptions of their competence.

Bridging physiological and perceptual views of autism by means of sampling-based Bayesian inference.

Theories for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been formulated at different levels, ranging from physiological observations to perceptual and behavioral descriptions. Understanding the physiological underpinnings of perceptual traits in ASD remains a significant challenge in the field. Here we show how a recurrent neural circuit model that was optimized to perform sampling-based inference and displays characteristic features of cortical dynamics can help bridge this gap. The model was able to establish a mechanistic link between two descriptive levels for ASD: a physiological level, in terms of inhibitory dysfunction, neural variability, and oscillations, and a perceptual level, in terms of hypopriors in Bayesian computations. We took two parallel paths-inducing hypopriors in the probabilistic model, and an inhibitory dysfunction in the network model-which lead to consistent results in terms of the represented posteriors, providing support for the view that both descriptions might constitute two sides of the same coin.

Interpersonal perceptions of personality traits in elite coach-athlete dyads

IntroductionThe extent to which coaches and athletes can effectively work together is an essential consideration in the pursuit of athletic success. This is particularly important at the elite level due to the high pressures on tangible outcomes, such as reaching the podium of a major competition. This study sought to explore and explain how both coaches and athletes identify personality traits in themselves and their partners to manage and maintain a positive relationship. MethodsUsing a mixed methodological design underpinned by critical realism, four elite coach-athlete dyads (four male coaches, one male athlete, three female athletes) were purposefully recruited from a single sport. Each participant completed the 44-item Big Five Inventory (John & Srivastava, 1999) on their own and their partner’s perceived personality traits. The data generated were used to inform the discussions in follow-up, individual semi-structured interviews with all participants. ResultsThe interview data were analysed using thematic analysis, which generated three higher themes and seven lower order themes. The three higher order themes were perceived compatibility, relationship persona and collective personality. ConclusionThe present investigation has identified what coaches and athletes perceive to be the key personality characteristics to manage and maintain a successful working relationship.

Gewalt gegen Pflegende in Notaufnahmen. Eine explorative Analyse zu Stressbelastung, Coping und Persönlichkeit

Violence against nurses in emergency departments. An explorative analysis of stress, coping strategies and personality Objectives: The aim of this work is to determine the prevalence and type of violence, feelings of stress, stress symptomatology, coping strategies and personality traits and to examine correlations between these variables. Methods: The nationwide survey targeted nurses in accordance with the German Nursing Professions Act who worked in the emergency department. Hospitals with emergency departments were contacted via an electronic cover letter (N = 1479). The online questionnaire included items on the prevalence of verbal, physical and sexual violence, reporting behaviour, perception of stress, stress symptomatology, coping strategies, personality traits and socio-demographic information. Hypotheses were tested with regression analyses. In addition, guided expert interviews were conducted (mixed methods). Results: 250 nurses participated in the survey. Violence against nurses in the emergency department workplace is common, places great stress on most victims and correlates significantly with stress. The central coping strategies of positive thinking, active stress management and social support are above average, but have no influence on the stress symptoms, because affected persons do not talk about experienced violence due to fear, shame and feelings of guilt. Risk factors for experiencing violence are little work experience, victim behaviour and female gender. No correlation was found between personality and experienced violence. Conclusion: Organisations and managers should take more responsibility for this issue, comply with regulations of the Occupational Safety and Health Act and introduce measures for prevention and aftercare in a targeted manner based on a risk assessment involving employees. Patient assaults should be reported to the employers' liability insurance association as an occupational accident. Even if there are no injuries, patient assaults should always be documented confidentially within the company. Employees should be made more aware that violence is not part of their job, reject the role of victim, not be afraid to report assaults and seek help. Keywords: workplace violence – emergency department – coping strategies – personality – health consequences

Who do you like? Who will you vote for? Political ideology and person perception in the 2020 U.S. presidential election

AbstractThis work separately applies two psychology frameworks—the three dimensions along which people are evaluated (competence, morality, and warmth) and individual sociopolitical attitudes (modern sexism [MS], right‐wing authoritarianism [RWA], and social dominance orientation (SDO)—to explore voter evaluations of Donald Trump and Joseph Biden both prior to (Study 1), and in the month following (Study 2), the 2020 U.S. presidential election. At both time points, Democrats and Republicans rated their own party's candidate similarly on the three trait dimensions and overall favorability. They differed, however, in evaluations of the other party's candidate. Republicans viewed Biden more positively both overall and on the trait dimensions than Democrats viewed Trump. Favorability ratings and trait perceptions for one's own party candidate were comparable pre‐ and postelection but were more negative postelection for the opposite party's candidate. RWA predicted favorability toward Trump, above and beyond political affiliation and sociodemographic factors, at both time points in addition to MS preelection and SDO postelection; RWA negatively predicted favorability toward Biden pre‐ but not postelection. Moreover, RWA predicted a vote for Trump versus Biden above and beyond political affiliation, highlighting the importance of considering sociopolitical attitudes in political decision‐making.

The myth of the universal millennial: comparing millennials’ perceptions of luxury across six countries

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to challenge the popular belief among luxury practitioners and researchers that millennials are a homogeneous and disruptive generation of consumers which is redefining luxury according to its terms.Design/methodology/approachThis study first presents comparisons of luxury perception among 1,450 actual luxury consumers between the ages of 18 and 34 years in six main luxury markets, eastern and western, mature and emerging (United States, China, Japan, Germany, France and Brazil). Within each country, millennials' perception of luxury is then compared to the perception held by previous generations (Gen X, baby boomers and seniors).FindingsThe results clearly demonstrate that millennials' definition of luxury is not internationally homogeneous; millennials do not hold a global vision that transcends frontiers. Furthermore, comparisons of luxury perceptions among nonmillennials from the same countries reveal that millennials match their national culture more than a cohesive age culture.Research limitations/implicationsThis research has two main limitations linked to the limited number of surveyed countries, along with a limited sample size of millennials per country. Nonetheless, the results give additional support to the glocalization hypothesis. Yet, as millennials represent 44% of personal luxury goods purchases, they catch attention from both luxury sellers and researchers. Evidence indicates the notion of a “millennial luxury consumer” could be still an empty label.Practical implicationsThe extensive use of the “millennial” label across countries implies generational homogeneity across borders, whereas reality is more diverse. Also despite the fact that luxury brands are highly globalized, the perception of what defines luxury – the hierarchy of its most salient attributes – does vary per country, thus needs specific attention.Originality/valueThe current findings reveal that millennials from the six surveyed countries do not share the same perceptions of luxury traits. Moreover, millennials' definition of luxury mirrors the definition held by nonmillennials from their own country, suggesting a strong cultural influence in each country.

他者接近に対する運動知覚と自閉症スペクトラム特性との関係

他者接近に対する運動知覚と自閉症スペクトラム特性との関係

Illness Perception, Personality Traits and Obsessions in Healthcare Employees After Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)

Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between illness perception, avoidance behavior, perception of obsession and personality traits in healthcare workers after the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: An online survey was conducted with 652 healthcare professionals in May 2020 to assess their perceptions of obsession and related factors. Sociodemographic data form, COVID-19 Disease Perception Scale, COVID-19 Avoidance Attitudes Scale, Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Questionnaire and Eysenck Personality Questionnaire were used in the study. Results: Significant predictors of COVID-19-related contagiousness perception were young age (β=-0.235, p<0.001), low psychoticism (β=-0.091, p=0.018), and high cleansing obsessions (β=0.127, p=0.004). It has been found that individuals with high extroverted personality traits (β=0.123, p=0.002) and more intense ruminative thoughts (β=0.117, p=0.003) have more cognitive avoidance from COVID-19, and those in the young age group (β=-0.184, p<0.001) with high education level (β=0.128, p=0.001) and intensive cleaning obsessions (β=0.090, p=0.030) have a behavioral avoidance attitude from COVID-19. Conclusion: In the course of the COVID 19 pandemic, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms may be a response to protecting yourself and others from the virus. Our data support the suggestion that public health advice during pandemics should include mental health campaigns aimed at reducing the psychological effects of pandemics.

Аутоподобный тип адаптации, феноменология процесса развития и адаптации человека, имеющего расстройства аутистического спектра

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is one of the most common developmental disorders. It includes impaired socialization and communication, stereotypical behaviors, cognitive abnormalities, and a wide range of sensory features. While most experts now agree that the social impairments seen in ASD are caused by cognitive deficits, including deficits in cognitive processing of sensory information, there is yet no generally accepted theory to explain the causes of ASD and the nature of the relationship between the deficits in the sensory, cognitive, and social domains. This paper addresses the advances in understanding the sensory-cognitive traits defining an autistic perception, particularly at early age, and presents a model of autistic adaptation (AA) suggesting that social deficits, rigid behavioral patterns, and self-stimulation can be conceived as a consequence of a suboptimal adaptation strategy brought forth by a need to cope with sensory hypersensitivity and to make the outside world a less chaotic and more predictable place. As a result of this adaptation, most children with ASD at an early age (up to 1.5-2 years) form a system of protection against external sensory stimuli perceived as excessively intense at a subjective level; this protection system includes behavioral responses aimed at limiting incoming sensory information and increasing predictability of sensations received by actively searching for the more uniform and predictable external stimuli, avoiding social interaction, narrowing activity range, and following rigid behavior patterns. Special attention is paid to a well-documented tendency of children with ASD to use peripheral vision instead of central vision (lateral glances) and to refrain from behaviors aimed on integration of auditory and visual information; these sensory behaviors, though helpful in preventing sensory overflow, lead to an even more fragmented perception of an outside world characteristic for an autistic personality. Sensory self-stimulation (stimming) is also perceived as a specific adaptive mechanism that provides a child with ASD with predictable and controllable sensations and is aimed at reducing anxiety associated with the intense and unpredictable flow of external sensory information. Further attempts to better understand the specific behaviors and perceptual traits associated with autistic adaptation may lead to development of more effective intervention programs for children with ASD. A broad range of sensory integration therapies are sought that aim to establish new behavioral responses and perception strategies helping to integrate the sensory information, cope with sensory overflow, and enable us to explore the world in a more positive and efficient way.

Intrinsic and extrinsic attributes related to the influence of growing altitude on consumer acceptability and sensory perception of fresh apple.

Growing altitude might have an effect on the quality of fresh apple and therefore on the perception of sensory attributes and on acceptance by consumers. On the other hand, extrinsic information provided to the consumer might affect consumer acceptability and sensory perception of the fruit's main quality traits. The main objective of this work was to study the effect of the growing altitude on the physico-chemical attributes (soluble solid content (SSC), flesh firmness, fruit weight (g), and titratable acidity (TA)), consumer acceptability, and perception of the main sensory attributes (sweetness, acidity and texture) of two reference apple cultivars ('Golden D.' and 'Reineta') by using a panel of 195 consumers. A secondary objective was to study whether extrinsic information about cultivar and growing place have an effect on the consumer perception and acceptance of fresh apple. Significant effects on physico-chemical and sensory attributes were found for 'Golden D.' and 'Reineta' apple cultivars due to the growing altitude, and they were perceived by consumers. Moreover, extrinsic information about the cultivar and the growing site influenced consumers' sensory perceptions significantly. This work demonstrated that differences between apple fruit grown at different altitudes can be perceived by consumers. We demonstrated the importance of providing consumers with information about the cultivar and the growing place to increase their acceptance and support local produce. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Judging What Others Enjoy: Desirability and Observability of Interests

Interests guide major life decisions such as choosing a career path, yet little is known about the subjective characteristics of individual differences in interests. Prior research on personality traits has demonstrated that subjective trait perceptions influence the validity and reliability of personality assessments. The current work expands the study of these subjective characteristics to individual differences in interests. Desirability and observability were assessed among 13 constructs: person orientation, thing orientation, RIASEC career interests, and Big Five traits. Judgments of interest dimensions varied considerably, with socially-related interests rated more desirable than thing-related interests. Some career-related interests were low in observability, and thus may be susceptible to being overlooked or categorized inaccurately. The patterns observed in interest characteristics were comparable to patterns in career choice hit rates, occupational prestige, and self-other convergence. The findings advance knowledge of differences between interest dimensions and suggest that subjective perceptions should be considered in interest assessment.

Neural responses to facial attractiveness in the judgments of moral goodness and moral beauty.

The judgments of moral goodness and moral beauty objectively refer to the perception and evaluation of moral traits, which are generally influenced by facial attractiveness. For centuries, people have equated beauty with the possession of positive qualities, but it is not clear whether the association between beauty and positive qualities exerts a similarly implicit influence on people's responses to moral goodness and moral beauty, how it affects those responses, and what is the neural basis for such an effect. The present study is the first to examine the neural responses to facial attractiveness in the judgments of moral goodness and moral beauty. We found that beautiful faces in both moral judgments activated the left ventral occipitotemporal cortices sensitive to the geometric configuration of the faces, demonstrating that both moral goodness and moral beauty required the automatic visual analysis of geometrical configuration of attractive faces. In addition, compared to beautiful faces during moral goodness judgment, beautiful faces during moral beauty judgment induced unique activity in the ventral medial prefrontal cortex and midline cortical structures involved in the emotional-valenced information about attractive faces. The opposite comparison elicited specific activity in the left superior temporal cortex and premotor area, which play a critical role in the recognition of facial identity. Our results demonstrated that the neural responses to facial attractiveness in the process of higher order moral decision-makings exhibit both task-general and task-specific characteristics. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the essence of the relationship between morality and aesthetics.

Listeners' Perceptions of Speaker Personality Traits Based on Speech.

Voice and speech are rich with information about a speaker's personality and other features of identity. This study seeks to determine the extent to which listeners agree about speakers' social, physical, and personality attributes. Two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, listeners rated a group of speakers who were unbalanced for sex and personality traits. The second experiment elaborated on the first by ensuring the speaker set was balanced for sex and personality traits. Both experiments played standard speech samples from speakers who provided personality information via the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire-Brief Form. Groups of listeners rated each speaker on the same personality traits and other features of identity. Responses were analyzed for listener agreement. For both experiments, listeners showed consistently high levels of agreement on the personality attributes of a speaker. For certain speakers, listener agreement on some personality traits was as high as 92% and 97% in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Furthermore, a range of agreement across personality subscales was observed across speakers such that some were agreed-upon across all personality ratings and others were agreed-upon only for a few personality traits. When it comes to judging personality traits and other features of identity, most listeners might not be "correct" about speakers' traits and attributes, but they broadly agree about how the listener sounds. Some speakers send more salient voice and speech cues that drive agreement about their personality, whereas others speak in a manner that precludes consensus. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.16906990.

Factors affecting the application of scientific knowledge in a STEAM contest: the correlates between collective efficacy, cohesiveness, and prosociality

ABSTRACT Background The linkage between group members’ characteristics, group cohesiveness, knowledge application, and competitive performance has rarely been studied. Purpose This study aimed to explore the correlations among individual characteristics (i.e. prosociality), collective mind (i.e. collective efficacy and cohesiveness), and how these variables affect scientific knowledge application. Sample This study examined a STEAM (science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics) competition, called the GreenMech contest, which required four members in a group to assemble all parts into many configurations for a ball to run and trigger the next junctures. Design and methods The competition groups assembled their configurations in the morning, with judges assessing their efforts in the afternoon. The bulk of the scoring index in the assessment focused on groups’ scientific knowledge application in the overall design. In addition to this assessment, this study additionally used questionnaire surveys for participants to self-rate their perceptions of those individual traits and collective states. Results Prosociality is positively related to collective efficacy and cohesiveness, while collective efficacy is positively related to cohesiveness. Moreover, these two types of collective mind were both positively related to the application of scientific knowledge. Conclusion The findings suggest that team members with a higher level of prosociality may provide collective efficacy and cohesiveness, which in turn can facilitate their achievement of competition goals by increasing their application of scientific knowledge in a STEAM contest.