Training Tasks Research Articles

Intensity Thresholds for External Workload Demands in Basketball: Is Individualization Based on Playing Positions Necessary?

Currently, basketball teams use inertial devices for monitoring external and internal workload demands during training and competitions. However, the intensity thresholds preset by device manufacturers are generic and not adapted for specific sports (e.g., basketball) and players' positions (e.g., guards, forwards, and centers). Using universal intensity thresholds may lead to failure in accurately capturing the true external load faced by players in different positions. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify external load demands based on playing positions and establish different intensity thresholds based on match demands in order to have specific reference values for teams belonging to the highest competitive level of Spanish basketball. Professional male players (n = 68) from the Spanish ACB league were monitored during preseason official games. Three specific positions were used to group the players: guards, forwards, and centers. Speed, accelerations, decelerations, impacts/min, and player load/min were collected via inertial devices. Two-step clustering and k-means clustering categorized load metrics into intensity zones for guards, forwards, and centers. Guards covered more distance at high speeds (12.72-17.50 km/h) than forwards and centers (p < 0.001). Centers experienced the most impacts/min (p < 0.001). Guards exhibited greater accelerations/decelerations, albeit mostly low magnitude (p < 0.001). K-means clustering allowed the setting of five zones revealing additional thresholds. All positions showed differences in threshold values (p < 0.001). The findings provide insights into potential disparities in the external load during competition and help establish position-specific intensity thresholds for optimal monitoring in basketball. These data are highly applicable to the design of training tasks at the highest competitive level.

Optical Myography-Based Sensing Methodology of Application of Random Loads to Muscles during Hand-Gripping Training.

Hand-gripping training is important for improving the fundamental functions of human physical activity. Bernstein's idea of "repetition without repetition" suggests that motor control function should be trained under changing states. The randomness level of load should be visualized for self-administered screening when repeating various training tasks under changing states. This study aims to develop a sensing methodology of random loads applied to both the agonist and antagonist skeletal muscles when performing physical tasks. We assumed that the time-variability and periodicity of the applied load appear in the time-series feature of muscle deformation data. In the experiment, 14 participants conducted the gripping tasks with a gripper, ball, balloon, Palm clenching, and paper. Crumpling pieces of paper (paper exercise) involves randomness because the resistance force of the paper changes depending on the shape and layers of the paper. Optical myography during gripping tasks was measured, and time-series features were analyzed. As a result, our system could detect the random movement of muscles during training.

The feasibility of the adapted H-GRASP program for perceived and actual daily-life upper limb activity in the chronic phase post-stroke

(Purpose: Assessing feasibility and initial impact of the Home-Graded Repetitive Arm Supplementary Program combined with in-home accelerometer-based feedback (AH-GRASP) on perceived and actual daily-life upper limb (UL) activity in stroke survivors during the chronic phase with good UL motor function but low perceived daily-life activity. Material and methods: A 4-week intervention program (4 contact hours, 48 h self-practice) encompassing task-oriented training, behavioral techniques, phone-based support, monitoring, and weekly feedback sessions using wrist-worn accelerometery was implemented using a pre-post double baseline repeated measures design. Feasibility, clinical assessments, patient-reported outcomes, and accelerometer data were investigated. Results: Of the 34 individuals approached, nineteen were included (recruitment rate 56%). Two dropped out, one due to increased UL pain (retention rate 89%). Seven (41%) achieved the prescribed exercise target (120 min/day, six days/week). Positive patient experiences and improvements in UL capacity, self-efficacy, and contribution of the affected UL to overall activity (p < 0.05, small to large effect sizes) were observed. Additionally, seven participants (41%) surpassed the minimal clinically important difference in perceived UL activity.Conclusions: A home-based UL exercise program with accelerometer-based feedback holds promise for enhancing perceived and actual daily-life UL activity for our subgroup of chronic stroke survivors.

What makes tablet‐based learning effective? A study of the role of real‐time adaptive feedback

This study investigated the added value of real‐time adaptive feedback on seventh graders' performances in tablet‐based geometry learning. To isolate the effects of the medium (ie, tablet) from those of the feedback, three groups were compared: paper‐and‐pencil, pen‐based tablet without feedback and pen‐based tablet with feedback. The feedback was provided by a tutoring system based on an artificial intelligence that automatically interpreted students' pen strokes on the screen. A total of 85 French students drew three geometric shapes, either on paper or on a tablet, and then performed a transfer task on paper. Results showed that using a tablet without feedback did not improve learning but seemed to enhance interest in the task compared to the paper‐and‐pencil group. Students in the tablet with feedback group performed significantly better than the other two groups on learning, as well as on transfer. This study was the first to combine media comparison and added‐value approaches to test the effects on students' geometry performances of using a new educational app on a pen‐based tablet in a naturalistic classroom environment. Results showed that it was not the medium used but the intelligent tutoring system‐based feedback that improved students' performance. Our data therefore indicate that artificial intelligence is a promising way of providing learners with real‐time adaptive feedback in order to improve their performances. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Previous meta‐analyses have investigated the effects of tablet‐based learning. Tablet computers have been proven to increase students' motivation. Yet, the influence of tablet computers on learning outcomes remains inconclusive. Other studies show that certain features of environments, such as feedback, have positive effects on learning. What this paper adds Most of the previous studies adopted a media comparison approach (paper‐ vs. tablet‐based instruction). We combine this approach with an added‐value approach by adding or not real‐time AI‐based feedback. Results showed that tablet use increased children's interest but not their learning outcomes. Feedback improved children's performance in a training task and a later transfer paper task. Implications for practice and/or policy Tablet computers can promote students' interest in the task during geometry instruction. App features play a critical role in improving students' learning. Specifically, IA‐based adaptive feedback helps children to perform better on a geometry task.

The effect of single and dual task training on the intracortical inhibition in healthy young adults

Introduction&#x0D; The evidence for changes in intracortical inhibition when executing two tasks simultaneously (i.e., dual tasking) is ambiguous as decreased (Corp et al., 2014) and increased (Corp et al., 2016) inhibition were reported. One way to bring more light into this question is to tests the effect of a single task training (STT) and a dual task training (DTT) on the short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) during a single balancing task and two different dual tasks in healthy young adults.&#x0D; Methods&#x0D; Twenty-nine healthy young adults were randomly separated into two groups participating in STT (n = 15) or DTT (n = 14) consisting of 6 training sessions within 3 weeks. Before and after the training, a single task (balancing on a rocker board) was performed at two resistance levels (easy and hard). Additionally to the single task, either a cognitive (2-back number recall) or a motor (balancing a ball on a hand-held tray) dual task was executed simultaneously. During execution of these three tasks, SICI was measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation over the motor cortical area representing the right tibialis anterior.&#x0D; Results&#x0D; Training improvements in balance performance were group and task-specific over time (p = .018). While the STT group improved more in the single balance task (12.3% vs. 6.6% DTT), the DTT group had more sway reductions in the motor dual task condition (13.7% vs. 4.5% STT). Similar statistical outcome (p = .034) was observed for the dual task costs (DTC). There was a tendence for SICI (p = .075), mainly indicating higher increase in SICI for the DTT group in the motor dual task (16.0% vs. 5.8% STT). During the execution of the single balance task, the group-specific adaptations in SICI were less pronounced (13.7% DTT vs. 16.2% STT). When analyzing the SICI dual task difference (Δ) from single to dual task, SICI is altered group and task specific (p = .011). The DTT group could increase the dual task difference in SICI in the dual motor condition (Δ 3.2%), whereas the STT group had a decrease (Δ -9.6%).&#x0D; Discussion/Conclusion&#x0D; The results of this study show that DTT causes gains in balance performance and increases in SICI when the secondary task is also a motor task, but not when the second task is a cognitive one. STT is particularly beneficial in the single task. It is therefore assumed that intracortical inhibition is important during the simultaneous performance of two motor tasks, while intracortical inhibition was not modulated in a group-specific manner by the additional cognitive task.&#x0D; References&#x0D; Corp, D. T., Lum, J. A. G., Tooley, G. A., &amp; Pearce, A. J. (2014). Corticospinal activity during dual tasking: A systematic review and meta-analysis of TMS literature from 1995 to 2013. Neuroscience &amp; Biobehavioral Reviews, 43, 74-87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.017&#x0D; Corp, D. T., Rogers, M. A., Youssef, G. J., &amp; Pearce, A. J. (2016). The effect of dual-task difficulty on the inhibition of the motor cortex. Experimental Brain Research, 234, 443-452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-015-4479-2

Fundamentals for formalizing the problem of information analysis architectures of intelligent training systems

Formulation of the problem. An analysis of the construction of information systems was carried out and the requirements for the appearance of intelligent training systems were determined. Model support for the analysis of an intelligent training system (ITS) is based on the use of modeling methods, their integration with existing methods and tools, providing dynamic modeling of the functional and structural properties of its information architecture. Target. To propose a new approach to formalizing the process of developing an ITS information architecture. Results. From the analysis of the content of educational and training tasks, general patterns have been identified that make it possible to apply system-forming principles to represent ITS, which comprehensively characterize the information process of modeling its information architecture based on the functional (F), structural (S) and information (I) aspects . The principles represent hierarchical categories, each of which reflects one of the levels of information interaction of models that make up the functional, structural and information levels of the interprogram interface, taking into account their level-by-level interaction. Each aspect of the consideration of models is characterized by content that generally reflects one of the aspects of the modeling object. In general, the principles reflect the paradigm of three-level information interaction of information objects, which uses for analysis existing approaches to modeling information architecture in the interests of implementing the invariant process of ITS functioning in relation to its pragmatic field. Information interaction between information objects represents the implementation of functional, structural and information relationships between objects and in their structure. Information relations in an ITS are determined by the presence of open ISF interfaces among information objects that form its information structure. The integrated model of these structures is a dynamic model of ITS, since informational and structural properties determine the conditions, and functional properties determine the nature of possible actions. Since the interaction levels are hierarchically coupled, the dynamic ITS model has a hierarchical structure. The implementation of interaction of information objects through ISF interfaces determines the transition of ITS to simulated states. The ITS information architecture model is presented in the form of a modular-cluster network structure. It is based on the principle of stratification of ITS into functional information models that implement the introduced aspects of the analysis of information interaction with grouping into clusters, reflecting the functional and structural properties of its information architecture. Practical significance. The functional and structural properties of the ITS information architecture were formalized on a variety of models (modules), their interfaces and information relationships, ensuring the development of a formal formulation of the problem of analyzing the ITS information architecture.

The effectiveness of Go/No-Go and Stop-Signal training in reducing food consumption and choice: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The Go/No-Go and Stop-Signal tasks have been used to reduce excess food intake via repeated pairing of food cues with response inhibition. A meta analysis of 32 studies was conducted to determine whether, and under which conditions, the Go/No-Go and Stop-Signal training tasks are effective in reducing food consumption or choice. Moderators included task parameters (e.g., number of sessions, stop signal), sample differences (e.g., age, weight), and the measure of food consumption or choice. Overall, there was a small effect for Go/No-Go and Stop-Signal training in reducing food consumption or choice, g = −0.21, CI95 = [-0.31, −0.11], p < .001, with this holding individually only for a single session of the Go/No-Go Task, g = −0.31, CI95 = [-0.45, −0.18], p < .001. Comprehensive investigation of the impact of varying moderators indicated that the effect for Go/No-Go training was robust. Nevertheless, there was significant variation in the specific parameters of the task. Overall, the present meta-analysis extends previous findings by providing comprehensive evidence that the Go/No-Go Task is effective in reducing food consumption and choice, as well as providing optimal parameter recommendations for the task.

On parrots, delay of gratification, executive function, and how sometimes we do the best we can.

Engaging executive functions provides an individual with the means to engage in cognitive control by adjusting to the environment and processing information in a way that leads to optimal outcomes. There are some claims that explicit training on certain executive functioning abilities provides benefits beyond the training tasks, but other studies indicate that this may not be true or may be limited based on age and other factors. This same mixed pattern has been reported with nonhuman species, where training or even experience in one specific area, like inhibition, sometimes leads to positive transfer in new but similar tasks that presumably also require executive functions. Pepperberg and Hartsfield (2024) sought to determine whether experience in previous tasks that required different executive functions impacted how well three African grey parrots: Griffin, Pepper, and Franco could perform in a new assessment of delayed gratification. Griffin showed a clear and consistent capacity to wait through a delay for a quantitatively better reward. This suggested that the previous experience with the tokens aided improvement in the quantitative delay of gratification task with food items as the options to choose between. The other two parrots, Pepper and Franco, never completed the intended sequence of phases in their study. Unfortunately, the testing conditions dictated by COVID restrictions were such that these two subjects appeared to exhibit stress in doing the task, and so no further testing was conducted with them. This article is an example of what can happen when two intelligent species (people and parrots) are put in difficult circumstances (a global pandemic unlike anything any of us has ever been through), and yet both species attempted to continue to engage in science. The effects of COVID-19 will remain an integral factor in comparative psychology for some time to come, and I suspect there are many other half-completed experiments that suffered because of the pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Comparison of Task-Oriented and Bobath-Based Trunk Training on Balance, Functional abilities and Walking in Ischemic Stroke Patients

Aim: To determine the outcome of task oriented and bobath based trunk training on balance in ischemic stroke patients Study design: Randomized controlled trial Place and duration: Physical Therapy department, Younas health care Hospital Shahdara Methodology: Sixty-six patients rewarding the inclusion and exclusion criteria were assigned in two groups, Group 1 and Group 2. Group 1 was given conventional treatment + Task oriented trunk and Group 2 was given receive Convention treatment + Bobath based trunk training. Participants in both groups were joined in a 12-week physiotherapy session that seen three days a weekly for one sixty minute respectively day. They stayed examined at starting point and after the 12-week mark. Berg Balance Scale and Trunk impairment scale were used as outcome measures. Results: The adjustment score of BBS was 8.93 (6.32-11.54) that helps in investigational set (P&lt;0.001). Furthermore, variation score of the Trunk Impairment Scale between the groups was 3.34 (1.48-4.91). It also helps the Task-oriented group with (P&lt;0.001). However, task-oriented approach is more effective. Conclusion: Exercises performed with task-oriented approach are more effective to improve balance and functions of the patients with ischemic stroke as associated to patients who were treated with Bobath approach. Besides, better improvement has been found on purposeful balance suggesting the surplus effects with task-oriented exercise. Keywords: Stroke, Bobath, Task-oriented, Balance

MMDataLoader: Reusing Preprocessed Data Among Concurrent Model Training Tasks

MMDataLoader: Reusing Preprocessed Data Among Concurrent Model Training Tasks

The influence of the perceived requirements of the next match and motivation on the mental fatigue of soccer players.

The high cognitive and/or emotional demands of competition can lead to a state of mental fatigue which has shown to be detrimental to soccer performance. However, there is a need to further understand the true mental demands of soccer players. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of motivation and the perceived requirements of the next match on mental fatigue perceived by soccer players over the passing of a season. The combined effect of both variables on the perception of mental fatigue, as well as the influence of the time of the season on perceived mental fatigue, were also analyzed. Twenty-six semi-professional Spanish male players (M = 26.31 ± 5.18 years) participated in the present study, conducted during the 2020-2021 season. Perceived mental fatigue and motivation were measured at each training session. The perceived requirements of the next match were also measured in each of the competitive weeks. Linear mixed models were run with R Studio to examine the influence of motivation and the perceived difficulty of the next match on perceived mental fatigue, the combined effect of both variables on perceived mental fatigue, and the influence of the passing of the season on perceived mental fatigue. The results showed a negative and significant influence of motivation on perceived mental fatigue (p < 0.001) and a positive and significant influence of the perceived requirements of the next match on perceived mental fatigue (p < 0.001). Regarding the combined effect, there was a positive and significant effect (p < 0.01) of the perceived difficulty of the next match on the relation between motivation and perceived mental fatigue. A negative influence of season passage on perceived mental fatigue levels was found (p < 0.001). We recommended coaches to consider using the most motivating training tasks when higher next-match requirements are perceived and to be careful with avoidance strategies for mental fatigue, especially at the beginning of the season.

An ecological approach for skill development and performance in soccer goalkeeper training: Empirical evidence and coaching applications

ABSTRACT Ecological approaches in sport consider that athletes adapt to properties of the task and the surrounding environment. Thus, task and environment are key constraints of performance. Yet, the influence of task and environmental constraints on athletes’ performance needs empirical examination, especially in sport-specific contexts such as soccer goalkeeping. This study aimed to examine if and how task and environmental constraints influenced goalkeepers (GKs’) performances. We monitored performance coefficients of two professional female GKs across 13 training tasks that varied based on 9 constraints, referring to both interactions among athletes and properties of the surrounding landscape. Results showed that constraints explain ~ 47% of the observed variability in GKs’ performances. Numerical complexity (i.e., the potential interactions between athletes) showed a major influence on performance, which indicates that number of interactions among athletes may constrain GKs’ perceived opportunities for action. Field dimensions and landscape representativity (including elements such as penalty area(s), target goal(s) and constraints for shooting) showed positive relationships with performance, supporting that training designs retaining closer proximity to the game may benefit GKs’ performances. Overall, results supported that athlete-environment couplings could be understood as a multifactorial model and hence, a combination of task constraints are necessary for designing effective learning environments.

Skin patch based makeup finish assessment technique by deep neural network.

Skin color and texture play a significant role in influencing impressions. To understand the influence of skin appearance and to develop better makeup products, objective evaluation methods for makeup finish have been explored. This study aims to apply machine learning technology, specifically deep neural network (DNN), to accurately analyze and evaluate delicate and complex cosmetic skin textures. "Skin patch datasets" were extracted from facial images and used to train a DNN model. The advantages of using skin patches include retaining fine texture, eliminating false correlations from non-skin features, and enabling visualization of the inferred results for the entire face. The DNN was trained in two ways: a classification task to classify skin attributes and a regression task to predict the visual assessment of experts. The trained DNNs were applied for the evaluation of actual makeup conditions. In the classification task training, skin patch-based classifiers for age range, presence or absence of base makeup, formulation type (powder/liquid) of the applied base makeup, and immediate/while after makeup application were developed. The trained DNNs on regression task showed high prediction accuracy for the experts' visual assessment. Application of DNN to the evaluation of actual makeup conditions clearly showed appropriate evaluation results in line with the appearance of the makeup finish. The proposed method of using DNNs trained on skin patches effectively evaluates makeup finish. This approach has potential applications in visual science research and cosmetics development. Further studies can explore the analysis of different skin conditions and the development of personalized cosmetics.

Forging Productive Human-Robot Partnerships Through Task Training

Productive human-robot partnerships are vital to successful integration of assistive robots into everyday life. Although prior research has explored techniques to facilitate collaboration during human-robot interaction, the work described here aims to forge productive partnerships prior to human-robot interaction, drawing upon team-building activities’ aid in establishing effective human teams. Through a 2 (group membership: ingroup and outgroup) ×3 (robot error: main task errors, side task errors, and no errors) online study ( N=62 ), we demonstrate that (1) a non-social pre-task exercise can help form ingroup relationships; (2) an ingroup robot is perceived as a better, more committed teammate than an outgroup robot (despite the two behaving identically); and (3) participants are more tolerant of negative outcomes when working with an ingroup robot. We discuss how pre-task exercises may serve as an active task failure mitigation strategy.

СУЩНОСТНЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОЙ ПОДГОТОВКИ В ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫХ УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯХ МИНИСТЕРСТВА ВНУТРЕННИХ ДЕЛ РЕСПУБЛИКИ БЕЛАРУСЬ

The article examines the process of professional training of cadets studying in departmental educational institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Belarus specializing in operational investigative activities. The key definitions of vocational training are presented from various points of view. The primary requirements for the professional training of future employees of operational units are disclosed. The main tasks of professional training are formulated, the implementation of which in the educational process will contribute to its effectiveness in the process of obtaining education by students. The author's definition of professional training and the main type of professional preparedness is given – service training with its fundamental components: special, tactical, fire, physical, drill, personal and professional safety of employees.

Effects of Task-Oriented and Strength Training on Upper Limb Recovery in Hemiplegic Stroke Patients

Effects of Task-Oriented and Strength Training on Upper Limb Recovery in Hemiplegic Stroke Patients

Transfer of strategic task components across unique tasks that share some common structures.

Flexible, adaptive behaviour depends on the application of prior learning to novel contexts (transfer). Transfer can take many forms, but the focus of the present study was on "task schemas"-learning strategies that guide the earliest stages of engaging in a novel task. The central aim was to examine the architecture of task schemas and determine whether strategic task components can expedite learning novel tasks that share some structural components with the training tasks. Groups of participants across two experiments were exposed to different training regimes centred around multiple unique tasks that shared some/all/none of the structural task components (the kinds of stimuli, classifications, and/or responses) but none of the surface features (the specific stimuli, classifications, and/or responses) with the test task (a dot-pattern classification task). Initial test performance was improved (to a degree) in all groups relative to a control group whose training did not include any of the structural components relevant to the test task. The strongest evidence of transfer was found in the motoric, perceptual + categorization, and full schema training groups. This observation indicates that training with some (or all) strategic task components expedited learning of a novel task that shared those components. That is, task schemas were found to be componential and were able to expedite learning a novel task where similar (learning) strategies could be applied to specific elements of the test task.

Analysis of the motor behaviour of people without specific dance training in improvisation tasks: Influence of mirror and partner

ABSTRACT This study aims to analyse the influence of the mirror and/or partner constraints on the motor creativity of women without specific training in dance during improvisation tasks, in order to contribute to the knowledge of creativity in the field of sports science and movement-based practices. We studied the exploratory behaviour and emerging movement patterns of 12 women who performed four improvisations under the following situations: individual without mirror; individual with mirror; partner without mirror; and partner with mirror. The dynamic overlap q d (t) was calculated to identify the exploratory dynamics composed of the exploratory amplitude and the rate of change between movement configurations. To determine emerging movement patterns, a principal component analysis was carried out by ad hoc routines prepared. A mixed linear model was performed to find out the influence of the different constraints on the exploratory behaviour. The results indicate that the presence of the mirror seems to provoke a decrease in the exploratory behaviour. In addition, partner improvisation favoured coupling and imitation dynamics among the participants. Likewise, the most recurrent emergent movement pattern was walking while moving the arms. It would be advisable to take the influence of these constraints into consideration depending on the improvisation purpose and the experience level of female participants.

Учет специфических особенностей преподавания иностранных языков в практике общеобразовательной школы

The main purpose of the study is to consider the specific features of teaching foreign languages in the practice of secondary schools. We are talking about three main components of language communication. When mastering many sign-forming means of a foreign language (not only written, but also sound), their description may be useful; as a result of mastering a group of structures, it is sometimes advisable to give a descriptive summary of what has been mastered. The unavoidable problems may include: a relatively small number of weekly hours and the total time allocated to learning a foreign language in the school curriculum; the workload of students in many other academic disciplines; a relatively large number of students in the classroom. An obvious and unavoidable difficulty is also the lack of an oral language environment for students. Although when using the digital environment and the capabilities of the Internet, the latter circumstance is quite easily eliminated. Successful overcoming of all these difficulties and obstacles (and the available experience suggests that they can be overcome) requires the fulfillment of two conditions:&#x0D; 1) the general training task should be very limited and possibly more specific;&#x0D; 2) only the most effective (in school conditions) teaching methods and techniques should be used.

Efficient asynchronous federated learning with sparsification and quantization

SummaryWhile data is distributed in multiple edge devices, federated learning (FL) is attracting more and more attention to collaboratively train a machine learning model without transferring raw data. FL generally exploits a parameter server and a large number of edge devices during the whole process of the model training, while several devices are selected in each round. However, straggler devices may slow down the training process or even make the system crash during training. Meanwhile, other idle edge devices remain unused. As the bandwidth between the devices and the server is relatively low, the communication of intermediate data becomes a bottleneck. In this article, we propose time‐efficient asynchronous federated learning with sparsification and quantization, that is, TEASQ‐Fed. TEASQ‐Fed can fully exploit edge devices to asynchronously participate in the training process by actively applying for tasks. We utilize control parameters to choose an appropriate number of parallel edge devices, which simultaneously execute the training tasks. In addition, we introduce a caching mechanism and weighted averaging with respect to model staleness to further improve the accuracy. Furthermore, we propose a sparsification and quantitation approach to compress the intermediate data to accelerate the training. The experimental results reveal that TEASQ‐Fed improves the accuracy (up to 16.67% higher) while accelerating the convergence of model training (up to twice faster).