Flight Crew Training Research Articles

Unveiling Virtual Reality Overheads and Their Potential Impact on Flightcrew Training

Unveiling Virtual Reality Overheads and Their Potential Impact on Flightcrew Training

Формирование навыков командной деятельности и их объективная количественная оценка на основе квантовых представлений

<p>Presented are mathematical and software tools providing the formation and objective quantitative assessment of teamwork skills based on quantum representations. These tools utilize the formal representations of subjects' activities through probability matrices of transitions between the performed elementary operations. Analysis of the subjects' activities is based on comparisons of these matrices for a pattern of actions under study with relevant matrices for patterns of empirical data representing various variants of the subjects' work. When evaluating the teamwork skills, these comparisons are performed according to the "Triangle Scheme", which involves comparing the coordinated actions of the subjects performed in pairs and individually. For this purpose, the quantum spectral analysis is used, which provides effective quantitative comparisons of the hidden periodicities of performing typical elementary operations and their quantities in the spectral metric. The tools for the formation and assessment of teamwork skills are implemented in the form of both a flight simulator with the separation of control channels between pilots and a modified computer game "Sea Battle", which allows to evaluate the dynamics of partners’ communication and cooperation by analyzing their moves as well as tips transmitted to each other. The presented approach to the formation and assessment of teamwork skills is quite universal and can be used in various applications areas, including the assessment and training of flight crews, operators of complex technical systems, students of various levels and other target groups.</p>

A novel approach to runway overrun risk assessment using FRAM and flight data monitoring

AbstractRunway overruns (ROs) are the result of an aircraft rolling beyond the end of a runway, which is one of the accident’s types that most frequently occurs on aviation. The risk of an RO arises from the synergistic effect among its precursors, such as unstable approaches, long touchdowns and inadequate use of deceleration devices. To analyse this complex socio-technical system, the current work proposes a customised functional resonance analysis method, called FRAM-FDM, as traditional techniques of risk and safety assessment do not identify the interactions and couplings between the various functional aspects of the system itself, especially regarding human and organisational components. Basically, FRAM-FDM is the coupling of a traditional FRAM with flight data monitoring (FDM) techniques, used here to quantify the variabilities of the flight crew performance while executing the required activity (i.e. the landing). In this proposal, these variabilities (i.e. the FRAM functions aspects) are aggregated by the addend of a logistic regression, resulting in a model to evaluate the flare operations and the brake application profile effect on the remaining distance to the end of the runway, used as a reference to classify the landing as acceptable or not. The present application of the FRAM-FDM assesses the operational risk of a sample fleet in overrunning the runway during landing, highlighting the brake pedal application profile as the most relevant contributor. The model improves the knowledge about the system behaviour, being useful to direct flight crew training.

Mechanical strength of the aircraft control chains in certain unusual cases

The paper focuses on certain specific occurrences involving sports aircraft and their mechanical flight control chains. Usually the flight controls and their control chains are subject of thorough checking procedures, but frequently such details are not observed or are easily ignored during the maintenance and airframe checking processes. The authors aim to provide information enabling proper training of flight crews, technical, and design staff/ personnel, allowing the avoidance of severe occurrences/ events caused by failures of the mechanical control chains. The analysis focuses on lighter aircraft, such as sports aircraft, which have full mechanical control chains.

Training Effectiveness Evaluation: Frameworks and Considerations for Flightcrew Training Review & Approval

The use of systematic training effectiveness evaluation (TEE) in flightcrew training provides training practitioners with methods to assess the validity and efficacy of specific curricula or training methods for set goals and objectives and deeper insight into the processes and systems used. As discussed in our extended abstract, there are various frameworks used to assess training effectiveness, but there have been few systematic comparisons of these TEE frameworks and little consensus as to which frameworks should be applied for the evaluation of modern training configurations. This poster will overview lessons learned from our comparison of various traditional, factors-based, and systematic frameworks and their respective qualities and limitations. We will provide a series of practical suggestions for the flightcrew training community and outline a baseline of the outcomes and factors to be considered when conducting a TEE in the flightcrew training domain, highlighting future directions for TEE research and practice.

Using AI Tools to Develop Training Materials for Aviation: Ethical, Technical, and Practical Concerns

A key potential advantage of modern training technologies relates to the ability to use them to automate aspects of training. Although in the early stages of adoption within the aviation industry, artificial intelligence (AI) tools and methods have many promises for training design, development, delivery, and assessment. We applied the use-case technology-mapping framework (UCTM) to identify and analyze how automation and AI technologies may be used within the flightcrew training design pipeline, integrating perspectives from relevant literature, informal discussions with stakeholders, and workshops with domain experts. Our preliminary findings highlight current/near-future applications of AI methods and tools in the training design pipeline. Here, we discuss ethical/legal, technical, and practical considerations for flightcrew training. We urge practitioners and researchers in the aviation human factors community to engage in this discussion and to conduct empirical research that will allow for a positive use of the technology across applications, including in aviation training. Practical Takeaways/Applications. • We present a wide range of potential use cases of AI in flightcrew training. • We discuss the ethical/legal, technical, and practical implications of automation and AI. • This information may inform future training processes and practices in the aviation domain.

Flightcrew Procedures Experimental Training: Simulation Testbed Design, Development, & Interactive Demonstration

In this interactive demonstration, participants will have the opportunity to use the UCF-developed Flight Procedures Experimental Training (FlightPET) research simulation testbed to complete an exterior preflight inspection of a multiengine transport category aircraft. FlightPET may be implemented using virtual reality (VR) or conventional desktop displays. FlightPET was developed to support research on modern training practices in the air carrier industry and was designed to help identify which combinations of display technologies and training approaches should be used for specific flightcrew-relevant topics, in what contexts, and how to leverage these configurations to create outcomes comparable to conventional training methods. In this paper, we document the iterative development of the FlightPET simulation testbed and discuss facets of the systematic instructional systems design (ISD) process in which human factors (HF) may be integrated to support the development of VR simulation systems for flightcrew training.

The development of the helicopter non-technical skills (HeliNOTS) behavioural marker systems

Behavioural marker systems (observational frameworks geared towards the assessment of non-technical skills by way of behavioural markers) exist across a variety of high-risk occupations, however, no identifiable system currently exists developed from rotary operative data. In this study, discussion groups (n = 9) were undertaken with subject matter experts (n = 20)—including pilots and technical crew operating across search and rescue and offshore transport environments—with the objective of identifying role-specific behavioural markers. Systems were reviewed on an iterative basis by the academic team and received final reviews by additional subject matter experts (n = 6). Two behavioural marker systems were constructed: HeliNOTS (O) for offshore transport pilots and HeliNOTS (SAR) for search and rescue crews; each with domain-specific behavioural markers. Both represent a significant step towards a nuanced approach to training and assessment of helicopter flight crews’ non-technical skills and are the first publicly available systems tailored to these distinct mission types. Practitioner summary: There is no publicly available behavioural marker system based on data from rotary operatives. Across this study, two prototype systems were developed: HeliNOTS (SAR) for helicopter search and rescue, and HeliNOTS (O) for helicopter offshore transport. Both HeliNOTS systems represent a nuanced approach towards rotary CRM training and assessment.

Alert! The Appearance of Moded Input Devices in the Modern Airliner Cockpit

The automation in the flight deck of a modern airliner has grown in functionality over the past several decades, improving safety and operational efficiency. As the sophistication of automation has increased, some traditional input devices in the cockpit, such as throttle levers, yokes, and switches, have unobtrusively changed the way they work. Instead of operating the same way at all times, the behavior of these input devices has become context-sensitive (i.e., “moded”). It is well known in human factors design that nonsalient moded input devices require increased cognitive workload and can result in a startle, surprise, and confusion. An analysis of modern airliner cockpits identified three types of moded input devices: 1) disabled, 2) alternative behavior, and 3) command override. The implications of these results on cockpit design, certification, and flight crew training are discussed.

Interaction of Aeronautical Decision-Making and Organizational Safety-II in the Context of Airline Transport Pilot Training

This paper discusses safety issues related to the accident involving a Colgan Air, Inc., Bombardier DHC-8-400, N200WQ, operating as Continental Connection flight 3407 with focus on strategies to prevent flight crew monitoring failures. The issue is to foster the proper training of pilots for better decision making aligned with the organization’s safety philosophy as safety capacity. The primary objective of this research is to understand further the synergetic interaction between Aeronautical Decision-Making skills and organizational Safety-II. Although retributive justice has long been accepted in the aviation industry, its effectiveness is refutable. Procedures are static tools incapable of sustaining Safety. Mere improvement in compliance creates a bureaucratic work environment permissible to hold workers against regulations. Applied New Safety concepts and restorative justice are discussed. Whilst safety capacity is detached from work as imagined, the active interaction between people and the rules is at focus. The Colgan Air flight 3407 is analyzed concerning flight crew training. Recommendations derived from the investigator are scrutinized in cross-reference with the Civil Aviation Regulator's outputs in Europe and the United States. A systemic deficiency in civilian pilot training is exposed. The research method is bibliographic and qualitative. As a result, the imminent need to subside cadets with a formal learning structure to enhance their capacity to analyze, create and evaluate outside forecasted protocols in complex, high-risk environments are discussed. Finally, these dynamics are revised at their inter-reliability as safety capacity.

A Systematic Review of Best Practices for UAS Data Collection in Forestry-Related Applications

Recent advancements in unmanned aerial systems and GPS technology, allowing for centimeter precision without ground-based surveys, have been groundbreaking for applications in the field of forestry. As this technology becomes integrated into forest management approaches, it is important to consider the implementation of proper safety and data collection strategies. The creation of such documentation is beneficial, because it allows for those aspiring to create a UAS program to learn from others’ experiences, without bearing the consequences of past blunders associated with the development of these practices. When establishing a UAS program, it is pertinent to deeply research the necessary equipment, create documentation that establishes operational norms, and develop standards for in-field operations. Regarding multispectral vs. RGB sensor payloads, the sensor selection should be based upon what type of information is desired from the imagery acquired. It is also important to consider the methods for obtaining the most precise geolocation linked to the aerial imagery collected by the sensor. While selecting the proper UAS platform and sensor are key to establishing a UAS operation, other logistical strategies, such as flight crew training and operational planning, are equally important. Following the acquisition of proper equipment, further preparations must be made in order to ensure safe and efficient operations. The creation of crew resource management and safety management system documentation is an integral part of any successful UAS program. Standard operating procedure documents for individual tasks and undertakings are also a necessity. Standardized practices for the scheduling, communication, and management of the UAS fleet must also be formulated. Once field operations are set in motion, the continuous improvement of the documentation and best practices is paramount.

Descriptive analysis of air rage incidents aboard international commercial flights, 2000–2020

Air rage has the potential to threaten the safety of flight crew and passengers. We aimed to describe the occurrence of serious air rage incidents based on a recognised scale of severity, their associated factors and outcomes. A web-based content analysis of written media reports relating to air rage incidents occurring between 2000 and 2020 was conducted. Multiple variables were extracted, including year, flight details, age and nationality of passengers, involvement of flight crew, stage of air journey, flight diversions, presence of intoxication, psychiatric history or fear of flying. A total of 270 passengers were involved in this series of air rage incidents, with 76.2% (n = 204) male. The most frequent age group for unruly passengers was 30–39 years (n = 61). Precipitating factors included alcohol consumption (55.7%, n = 127) and nicotine withdrawal (9.2%, n = 21). Flight diversions were necessitated in 35.5% (n = 81) of cases. The majority (52.6%, n = 120) of air rage incidents were categorised as level 2 on a 4-point scale of severity. The findings of this study will be of interest to the aviation industry and to air passengers and crew. Further research is needed to elucidate the precipitants of air rage. Flight crew training should incorporate early recognition and de-escalation of air rage.

Team effectiveness evaluation and virtual reality scenario mapping model for helicopter emergency rescue

The application of helicopter emergency rescue is becoming increasingly widespread, but the flight crew training in this area is still difficult due to high cost and risk. Nevertheless, with the development of Virtual Reality (VR) technology, virtual simulation has become a significant role in crew training of helicopter rescue. During the implementation of VR-based training, how to transform complex real tasks into VR scenarios and how to evaluate the performance of crew are of great importance. To address these issues, a novel VR-based R-E-A-D (Report, Evaluate, Agree, Do) evaluation model for training is proposed, which is suitable for complex missions with multiple tasks, multiple scenarios, and multiple people. Then, a mapping method of VR scenarios is put forward, which can transform the real tasks into virtual scenarios to serve the virtual simulation training. Finally, an experiment is carried out to verify the feasibility of the evaluation method and virtual scenario mapping method.

The Effects of Empowering Leadership on In-Role and Extra-Role Behav ior focus on the mediating role of Psychological Ownership

본 연구에서는 임파워링 리더십이 조직 구성원의 역할 내 행동과 역할 외 행동에 미치는 영향과, 그 과정에서 조직 구성원들이 인지하는 심리적 주인의식의 매개효과를 살펴보았다. 임파워링 리더십과 심리적 주인의식, 그리고 역할행동들에 대한 선행연구를 바탕으로 연구모형과 가설을 설정하고, 연구모형을 검증하기 위하여 국내외 FSC(Full Service Carrier)항공사 기내승무원 250명을 대상으로 설문지를 배포하여, 최종적으로 235부의 유효설문지로 연구모형과 가설을 검증하였다. 실증 분석 결과, 임파워링 리더십이 조직 구성원의 심리적 주인의식과 역할 내 행동과 역할 외 행동에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으며, 심리적 주인의식 또한 역할 내 행동과 역할 외 행동 모두에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것이 확인 되었다. 동시에 임파워링 리더십과 역할 외 행동의 관계에서 심리적 주인의식의 부분적 매개기능의 역할도 확인되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 임파워링 리더십과 역할행동의 관계를 규명하는데 있어 역할 내 행동과 역할 외 행동을 분리하여 그 영향력을 설명하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다. 또한 임파워링 리더십이 심리적 주인의식을 매개로 하여 조직 구성원의 역할 내 행동, 역할 외 행동에 미치는 과정에 대한 이론적 설명 및 실증적 증거를 제시함으로써 시사점을 가진다. 실무적으로는 기내 사무장의 임파워링 리더십과 그에 따른 기내 승무원들의 역할 내 행동과 역할 외 행동, 또 그 사이에서 심리적 주인의식이 미치는 영향에 대해 검증하여 항공사 기내 승무원 조직의 효과적인 운영과 교육훈련의 필요성을 제시하고자 한다.Many modern companies, including airlines, are working hard to respond to rapidly changing management environment and to make sustainable development. The recent aviation industry is also in a highly competitive state, with the introduction of high-tech aircraft, various routes, and aviation alliances. The most important resource of an airline s resources is its human resources, and it is no exaggeration to say that the success of an airline depends on the efficient use of its human resources. Therefore, it is important to motivate important human resources to contribute to the achievement of the airline s goals, Leadership is a key factor in the process of making use of physical elements to perform a given task. The purpose of this study is to understand the relationship between the empowering leadership of the airline crew and the psychological ownership, In-role and Extra-role behavior, to review the basis of the airline flight crew training and to present a better human management strategy for the airline s flight crew organization. To achieve this goal, the hypothesis and research model were established based on existing research on the variables, questionnaires were distributed to flight attendants on Korea s Full Service Carrier (FSC) and foreign FSC airline international routes, and the questionnaires were distributed to the subjects and the 235 valid questionnaires were finally collected from the distributed questionnaires. The collected questionnaires were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 statistical package. The basic characteristics of the samples were identified through frequency analysis, the factors analysis was performed to verify the validity of the questions in the survey, and the reliability analysis was performed to verify the reliability. Correlation analysis was performed to determine the relationship between variables, and finally multiple regression was performed to confirm the hypothesis. The findings from this study are summarized as follows. First, it has been revealed that the empowering leadership has an positive effect on psychological ownership. Second, Empowering leadership has a positive effect on both In -role and Extra-role behaviors. Third, it has been established that psychological ownership has a positive effect on both In-role and Extra-role behaviors. Following these findings, academic and practical implications were presented, and limitations on the findings and further research tasks were discussed.

Testing Tools and Evaluation of the Efficiency of UAV Personnel Training According to Kirkpatrick Model

Abstract An important field in the process of unmanned aerial vehicles operation (UAV) is the system of training operators and technicians. The article presents methods for measuring and evaluating the effectiveness of training systems using the Kirkpatrick model. This model has been used in the study of the flight crew training system and presents the possibility of its use in the training of unmanned aircraft personnel. The study presents tools and methodology for measuring training effects at individual levels of the Kirkpatrick model.

Підвищення безпеки польотів при проведенні авіаційно-хімічних робіт

У статті представлено аналіз причин серйозного інциденту, що стався при проведенні авіаційно-хімічних робіт на літаку АН-2. Мета роботи: дослідити причини зіткнення літаків з лініями електропередач під час виконання авіаційно-хімічних робіт та розробити засоби профілактики. Методи: з використанням моделі SHEL, рекомендованої ІКАО, встановлено основну та додаткові причини зіткнення літака з лінією електропередач. Результати: стаття містить результати аналізу даних розслідувань авіаційних подій та інцидентів з цивільними повітряними суднами, що сталися в Україні на протязі 2013 – 2016 років. На протязі цього періоду сталися п’ять зіткнень літальних апаратів з лініями електропередач, два з них зі смертельними наслідками. Оскільки подібні випадки мають непоодинокий характер, авторами розроблено відповідні попереджувальні заходи. Обговорення результатів: профілактика авіаційних подій під час польотів на малих висотах полягає у впровадженні досвіду ІКАО, а саме програм підготовки льотного екіпажу: оптимізації роботи екіпажу в кабіні (CRM) та льотної підготовки в умовах, наближених до реальних (LOFT). Запропоновано внесення до програм підготовки пілотів малих авіакомпаній питань, що стосуються реальних авіаційних подій та інцидентів, а також використання авіасимуляторів для тренування пілотів. В якості запобіжного заходу пропонується маркування проводів ліній електропередач пластиковими кулями згідно з міжнародною практикою.

Management of in-flight medical emergencies: are senior medical students prepared to respond to this community need?

IntroductionIn-flight medical emergencies on commercial aircraft are common in both domestic and international flights. We hypothesized that fourth-year medical students feel inadequately prepared to lend assistance during in-flight medical emergencies. This multicenter study of two U.S. medical schools obtains a baseline assessment of knowledge and confidence in managing in-flight medical emergencies.MethodsA 25-question survey was administered to fourth-year medical students at two United States medical schools. Questions included baseline knowledge of in-flight medicine (10 questions) and perceived ability to respond to in-flight medical emergencies.Results229 participants completed the survey (75% response rate). The average score on the fund of knowledge questions was 64%. Responses to the 5-point Likert scale questions indicated that, on average, students did not feel confident or competent responding to an in-flight medical emergency. Participants on average also disagreed with statements that they had adequate understanding of supplies, flight crew training, and ground-based management.ConclusionThis multicenter survey indicates that fourth-year medical students do not feel adequately prepared to respond to in-flight medical emergencies and may have sub-optimal knowledge. This study provides an initial step in identifying a deficiency in current medical education.

Selected information on flight simulators - main requirements, categories and their development, production and using for flight crew training in the both Slovak Republic and Czech Republic conditions

The objective of this paper is to present the selected information concerning the flight simulators. After some information from the general and historical point of views, the authors are focusing on main requirements for the flight simulators and their categorisation from different aspects, including outline of principal international documents published by ICAO, EASA (covering JAR regulation) and FAA referring to and/or dealing with the use of Flight Simulators Training Devices (FSTD) and technical and operational requirements in this area for aeroplanes. The concluding chapters of the paper introduce appropriate information on the development and manufacturing organizations in the flight simulators area and the using of this equipment in the both Slovak Republic and Czech Republic.

The relationship between current regulatory documents and mathematical methods of formalization of flight crew training

Existing world’s normative documents for pilot training are analyzed. Decisions for mathematic formalization of normative documents’ demands are proposed for next pilot training processes optimization.

Should simulator use become mandatory in endoscopy training?

Should simulator use become mandatory in endoscopy training?