Traffic Crime Research Articles

Accountability for Motorized Vehicle Owners Used By Children in Traffic Accidents (Case Study on Supreme Court Decision Number 1029 K / Pid.Sus / 2015)

The formulation of the problem in this study are: 1) parts of criminal liability of the owner of a motorized vehicle whose vehicle was used in a traffic accident Case Study of the Decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1029 K / Pid.Sus / 2015? And 2) how is the legal protection of children as perpetrators in traffic accidents Case Study of the Supreme Court's Decision No. 1029 K / Pid.Sus / 2015?The method used by researchers is juridical sociological legal approach and the specifications in this study are descriptive analytical. The sources and types of data in this study are primary data obtained from interview field studies. And secondary data obtained from literature studies relating to the theory of criminal liability and legal protection.Based on the results of that study The criminal liability of the owner of a motorized vehicle whose vehicle is used in a traffic accident by a child is not held accountable even if only as an inclusion, the child who commits a traffic violation or a traffic crime is the sole offender, even if the motorized vehicle used by permission of an adult, both his parents or other vehicle owners. The legal protection of children as perpetrators in traffic accidents has not been fulfilled as in the Supreme Court Decree No. 1029 K / Pid.Sus / 2015, the vehicle owner who surrendered his vehicle (car) was only made a witness in a traffic accident that resulted in a victim died, and the child became the sole culprit.Keywords: Liability; Criminal; Motorized Vehicles; Children.

PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN PIDANA ORANG TUA TERHADAP ANAK SEBAGAI PELAKU TINDAK PIDANA LALU LINTAS

Tujuan penulisan artikel ini yakni untuk mengetahui pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap anak sebagai pelaku tindak pidana lalu lintas dan untuk mengetahui orang tua dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban pidana terhadap tindak pidana lalu lintas yang dilakukan oleh anaknya. Metode penelitian dalam artikel ini penulis menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif, hal ini dimaksudkan agar peneliti sejauh mungkin dapat mengetahui apa yang menjadi alat ukur dalam membahas penelitian ini, sehingga dapat mencari setitik kebenaran tujuan dalam penelitian ini. Pendekatan yang digunakan yakni berupa pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil dari penelitian ini penulis uraikan berupa pertanggungjawaban pidana anak sebagai pelaku tindak pidana lalu lintas mengharuskan terpenuhinya syarat adanya pertanggungjawaban pidana seorang anak, namun hendaknya tetap memperhatikan perkembangan psikologi jiwa anak. Hal ini menjadi masukan penulis terkait penegasan model pertanggungjawaban anak dalam tindak pidana lalu lintas.

Toplum Odaklı Trafik Polisliğinin Kırmızı Işık İhlalleri Üzerindeki Etkisi

Community oriented policing is a philosophy that underlines the requirement of citizens' involvement in crime prevention activities. One of the major traffic crime was red light running in Karakopru town of Sanliurfa Province of Turkey. Because of the inadequate enforcement resources, however, police department couldn’t succeed to prevent red light violations. The police department, hence, initiated a community red light watch program to decrease the violations. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effect of the community red light watch program, which was performed by the honorary traffic inspectors. To assess the effect of this program, we employed a pre/post-implementation design. For the current study, the camera records of the five program sites, two non-program sites, and two control sites were utilized. Findings of this study revealed that red light violations did not decrease at the beginning period; however, six months after the program commenced the violations decrease overall 27% at program sites. Friedman test analyze results suggested a Chi-square value of 7,600 which was significant (p<.05) for the program sites. The program did not yield a significant violation change for non-program and control sites. The results suggest that community-oriented policing programs can be implemented in traffic enforcement area successfully. However, to prevent traffic violations the programs need to be supported with tactics of deterrence theory, and other policing strategies.

ANALISIS PELAKSANAAN ELECTRONIC TRAFFIC LAW ENFORCEMENT DALAM UPAYA PENEGAKAN HUKUM LALU LINTAS (STUDI KASUS POLRESTABES MAKASSAR)

This study aims to determine how the implementation of E-TLE (Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement) by using CCVT in the settlement of traffic crime cases. To see the inhibiting factors and the application of the E-TLE (Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement) system in Makassar City. This research was conducted at the Polrestabes Makassar with the help of data from the South Sulawesi Police and Makassar Police Sub-Directorate for Gakkum. By using field research methods and literature. The results showed that the existence of the E-TLE program in Makassar City provided learning to the community to be more obedient to traffic rules, especially in the presence of very large facts in creating security, order, smooth traffic that can change the road marking community. The implementation of the electronic system has been well implemented by all institutions involved in the E-TLE program of the police, especially traffic, the Makassar city government, the Makassar District Attorney, Bank Rakyat Indonesia, and PT. Indonesian post.

TINDAKAN KEPOLISIAN RESOR LABUHANBATU DALAM PENANGANAN PELANGGARAN LALU LINTAS

This research aims at finding out the causes of traffic violations in the jurisdiction of ​​Labuhanbatu Resort Police, the criminal liability of traffic violators that resulted in deaths in traffic accidents, overcoming traffic violations in the jurisdiction of Labuhanbatu Resort Police.This research is descriptive analytical, using normative juridical and sociological juridical research, which refers to the existence of analytical research to obtain concrete truths that occur in society.The results of the study show that the factors causing traffic accidents are usually classified as identical to the elements of the transportation system, namely road users, drivers and pedestrians, vehicles, roads and the environment, or a combination of two or more elements. The criminal liability of traffic violators which results in deaths in traffic accidents, in addition to imprisonment, confinement, or fines, traffic criminals can be subjected to additional criminal sanctions in the form of revocation of a driver's license or compensation caused by traffic crime.

고령사회에 따른 고령운전자의 교통범죄와 대책

고령사회에 따른 고령운전자의 교통범죄와 대책

Factors Affecting Successful Community Service Order for Traffic Crime Offenders

Factors Affecting Successful Community Service Order for Traffic Crime Offenders

Effects of elementary school neighbourhood environment on children’s play activities: a case study of GaeMyong elementary school neighbourhood

ABSTRACTAlthough play activity is essential for children, opportunities for play is decreasing due to changes in life patterns. Urban neighbourhoods should be part of the provision of space where children can play freely and should help children play as part of their daily routine. This study analysed the elementary school neighbourhood environment features influencing the play activity of children. Study results showed that traffic safety, crime safety, walking environment, and community consciousness influenced the activity of children. It was also found that children tended to play adventurously, such as climbing up to a high position on a handrail or jungle gym and walking atop high places. This study will help to promote the play activity of children through improving an elementary school neighbourhood environment by focusing on the features that affect children’s play activity.

The statistical analysis of road traffic in cities of Poland

Abstract The main purpose of the study was a statistical analysis of of road safety in voivodeship cities of Poland. Spatio-temporal data contained, inter alia, in the Regional Data Bank and in the Police reports available on the Internet was used to conduct this study. In the study a zero unitarization method proposed by Kukula was used. This method allowed to characterize the cities in Poland according the traffic offences and indicate those of them which are distinguished by the best level of road traffic safety. In the analysis the number of traffic offences registered by the Police, the number of fatalities in road accidents and the detection rate of perpetrators of offences were included. The value added of considerations presented in this article is the analysis and evaluation of available statistical data on traffic crime as well as the use of multi-dimensional statistical analysis in the study regarding the determination of the road traffic safety level in voivodeship cities of the country. The taxonomic development measure based on the zero normalization applied in this paper enabled to order voivodeship cities in Poland by the level of traffic crime.

The Quality and the Complete Evidence Securing during the Traffic Crime Scene Investigation and its Relevance for Evidence Completion during the Traffic Accidents

Main purpose of this paper is to point out the problems considering the modern scientific usage of methods, ways and approaches, including the crime investigation of traffic accidents-collisions. We want to show the basic need of experienced traffic crime detective, his/her deep knowledge of the whole issue - the process of the traffic accident perpetrating as a complex process with the direct impact on the traffic crime detective work, which could be used in the process of the clearance the case, the video-record output created by program PC CRASH as the virtual element of legal evidence, enabling deeper knowledge of the whole process.

The impact of game day on crime on a university police department: application of the civilizing process to sport-related law enforcement

ABSTRACT Sport has been associated with antisocial behavior and increases in crime on game days in and around sports venues. College sport in the United States is especially linked with an increase in alcohol-related behavior. As part of the civilizing process, Elias and Dunning posit that sport has become a space in which individuals engage in the Quest for Excitement, where behavior normally considered antisocial is accepted. The purpose of this study was to consider whether university sport events, which are often associated with ritualistic behavior and alcohol consumption, impact law enforcement activity on game day near university-owned stadiums. The results indicate that citations for alcohol were strongly impacted by in-state rivalry and conference games, and also influenced by increased temperature and game start time. Traffic offenses were associated with conference and in-state rivalry games. There were no significant predictors of battery citations. Analyses support the suggestion that the college sporting events analyzed impact alcohol-related misconduct and traffic crime. Conclusions suggest extension of the Quest for Excitement to include alcohol consumption behavior by fans.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ПОНЯТИЯ ОПЬЯНЕНИЯ ПРИЗНАНО НЕКОНСТИТУЦИОННЫМ

The article considers the questions of the constitutionality of note 2 to article 264 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which, at the initiative of the Presidium of the Ivanovo regional court, became the subject of review by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The court came to the conclusion that the legal definition of intoxication is inconsistent with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, violates a number of principles of the criminal law. The authors show the legal positions of these courts, given scientific findings, prepared by them at the request of appropriate officials. Having studied this particular case, the authors make an attempt to show the state of the Russian criminal legislation, characterized by the violation of its consistency (both internal and external), including the inconsistent penal policy in the field of combating crime in general and traffic crime in particular, poor legislative technique. In connection with the recognition of the definition of intoxication articulated in note 2 to article 264 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation unconstitutional, the authors propose a legislative solution, aimed at the establishment and account of this fact both in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and law enforcement practice.

Necessity to Research the Evolution of Meta-Cognitive Aspects of Individual Drivers in Emergencies

The author conducts a statistical analysis of current data on road traffic crime. It is established that a high number of committed accidents have a devastating impact not only on the economic component of the country, but also on the level of child road traffic injuries. Despite the trend of reducing the number of road accidents and number of the injured, the level of accidents in the country remains high. That is why eliminating the risks of road traffic injuries, according to the author, should be based not only on public efforts, but also on a stable legislative framework. It is established that the man is a complex self-regulating system able, depending on the situation, to use their innerr resources in a flexible manner to achieve the desired result and avoid the danger. One of the keys to reliability is professional training. Therefore, in the implementation of preventive measures it is necessary to take into account the specifics of negligent crimes and the identity of the driver. The analysis of the main socio-demographic characteristics of prisoners enabled the author to form a portrait of a traffic offender personality. The author suggests that if to single out the most important factors of influence in the life of the driver responsible for the accident, it will be possible to purposefully form the correct environment for the development of a law-abiding citizen through the elimination of negative elements. The development of a new approach in the penal policy, associated with the study of the psychological characteristics of the individual vehicle drivers and also with the study of problems of evolution of the meta-cognitive system, formed under the influence of the social environment, requires to research the ability of the driver to analyze their own thinking strategies and to manage their cognitive activities, particularly in stressful situations, when every second counts for the assessment of the situation. Thereby having determined the need for further research from the standpoint of the evolution of meta-cognitive aspects of the criminal personality formed under the influence of the external environment in dangerous situations, the author concludes that the extension of such theoretical knowledge will allow scientists to develop new coping strategies that would be a surefire means of control by the driver himself in stressful situations.

ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВА, ПОДЛЕЖАЩИЕ УСТАНОВЛЕНИЮ ПО ДЕЛАМ О ДОРОЖНО-ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯХ

ОБСТОЯТЕЛЬСТВА, ПОДЛЕЖАЩИЕ УСТАНОВЛЕНИЮ ПО ДЕЛАМ О ДОРОЖНО-ТРАНСПОРТНЫХ ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯХ

A Study on the Civil and Criminal Liability of Traffic Crime

A Study on the Civil and Criminal Liability of Traffic Crime

Distance to parks and non-residential destinations influences physical activity of older people, but crime doesn't: a cross-sectional study in a southern European city.

BackgroundPhysical activity (PA) has numerous health benefits, but older adults live mostly sedentary lifestyles. The physical and social neighborhood environment may encourage/dissuade PA. In particular, neighborhood crime may lead to feeling unsafe and affect older adults’ willingness to be physically active. Yet, research on this topic is still inconclusive. Older population, probably the age group most influenced by the neighborhood environment, has been understudied, especially in Southern Europe. In this study, we aimed to analyze the association between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) in older adults and objective crime, alongside other neighborhood characteristics.MethodsWe obtained data from a population-based cohort from Porto (2005–2008) to assess LTPA. Only adults aged 65 years or more were included (n = 532). A Geographic Information System was used to measure neighborhood characteristics. Neighborhood crime was expressed as crime rates by category (incivilities, criminal offenses with and without violence and traffic crime). Neighborhood characteristics such as socioeconomic deprivation, land gradient, street density, transportation network, distance to parks, non-residential destinations and sport spaces were also included. Generalized Additive Models were fitted to estimate the association between neighborhood characteristics and the participation (being active vs. inactive) and frequency (min/day) of LTPA.ResultsForty-six percent of the men and 61 % of the women did not engage in any kind of LTPA. Among the active participants, men spent on average 50.5 (35.2 Standard Deviation, SD) min/day in LTPA, whereas the average among women was 36.9 (35.1 SD) min/day (p < 0.001).Neighborhood crime was unrelated to the participation in, or frequency of, LTPA. On the other hand, two neighborhood characteristics – distance to the nearest park (β = −0.0262, p = 0.029) and to the nearest non-residential destination (β = −0.0735, p = 0.019) – were associated with time spent on LTPA, but only among active older women. No neighborhood characteristic was related to participation in LTPA.ConclusionsFrom a public health point of view, the provision of parks and non-residential destinations (shops, schools, cultural and worship places) might contribute to elevate PA levels of already active older women. On the other hand, in this setting, crime was not a big issue.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1879-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Adult ADHD: an area lacking in clinical research?

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by damage of neurodevelopment, manifested in the form of excessive inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity, as well as a lack of emotional self-control and motivation [1]. It is a chronic disorder of childhood onset and one of the most common psychiatric disorders worldwide within this stage of life (5–6%) [2]. During the last 40 years we have seen that a significant proportion of the affected children continue displaying symptoms throughout adulthood. Several inter national epidemiological studies, carried out in different cultures and socioeconomic environments, have shown that ADHD is one of the most common disorders in adults and is estimated to affect between 2–5% of the general adult population [1]. Studies on adults with ADHD have shown that its presence is associated with a significant impairment on academic achievement, work adjustment, interpersonal relationships, drug use, greater frequency of traffic accidents and crime problems [1,3]. Nowadays, evolutionary studies are available with over 30 years of monitoring [4,5]. Moreover, many genetic and neuroimaging studies have been performed that show differences between adults diagnosed with ADHD and those without. Regarding genetic research, differences have been found in the serotonergic and dopaminergic system, neurotrophic factors, the SNARE complex and the gene latrophilin-3, among others [6]. Similarly, neuroimaging studies have shown brain abnormalities at the structural, functional and connectivity level [7]. These findings have been mainly observed in the inferior frontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal, as well as striatal regions, anterior cingulate and cerebellar parietotemporales [7,8]. The diagnosis of ADHD in adults has been reflected in international diagnostic classifications since DSM-III, in 1980, which reported that the disorder can persist into adulthood for some of the affected children. The new version, DSM-V, makes even more explicit references to the progression of ADHD into adulthood, adapting the current criteria to the disorder’s evolutionary reality [3]. At present, there are reliable psychometric instruments for diagnostic assessment of ADHD in adults, as in other psychiatric disorders for this population, such as bipolar disorder or schizophrenia [1,3]. Therefore, from the current research, ADHD in adults has good evidence based on epidemiological, genetic, neuroimaging, clinical characteristics, psychosocial impairments and diagnostic instruments. Despite the data presented above, ADHD remains an underdiagnosed disorder in adults worldwide [1,3,9,10]. This situation is common to other psychiatric disorders beginning in childhood, such as autism. As a result, there is an undertreatment of ADHD in adulthood, which has major societal and personal costs [11]. “...attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is one of the most common disorders in adults and is estimated to affect between 2–5% of the general adult population.”

Keadilan Restoratif dan Korban Pelanggaran HAM (Sebuah Telaah Awal)

Various violations on human right happening in Indonesia today have never been completely solved. Victims of human right violations (direct or indirect victims) find it difficult to access justice through the existing criminal law today. Difficulties in proving the violations committed by the actors make it harder for the justice to be in the victim’s side. For any reasons, the violations of human rights should be brought into the court. It is surely not easy to do so as the retributive justice applied so far has not been able to solve the existing problems and to give fairness to the victims. Restorative justice is therefore considered as a potential way out for a justice to take place for the crime actors, victims and society in general. In various types of criminal actions such as domestic violence, law –violatingchildren and traffic crime, the restorative justice has been successfully applied and it is now under evaluation in human right related cases. This is done in order to find out the effectiveness of this restorative justice in solving those cases. This writing aims to find out opportunities for the restorative justice implementation in solving human right violations in Indonesia. Keywords: Human Right violation victims, restorative justice, rehabilitation.

What non-alcohol drugs are used by drinking drivers in Sweden? Toxicological results from ten years of forensic blood samples

Introduction and MethodUsing a forensic toxicology database (TOXBASE), the toxicological results from 10years of forensic blood samples from people arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol and/or other drugs were reviewed. ResultsAlcohol was the only drug identified in blood in N=35,704 cases at a median blood-alcohol concentration (BAC) of 1.63mg/g. The mean age (±SD) of these offenders was 40±15years and 89% were male. The median BAC was lower (1.30mg/g) in drivers who had consumed alcohol and used a prescription drug before driving (N=1,251). The mean age of this group of traffic offenders was 38±13years and 85% were male. Both the median BAC (0.97mg/g) and the mean age were lowest (36±11years, 92% male) in N=3,153 drivers who had consumed alcohol and used illicit drugs before driving. Cannabis, amphetamine, cocaine and morphine (metabolite of heroin) were the commonest illicit drugs identified in blood samples. Sedative-hypnotics (benzodiazepines) were the major prescription drugs co-ingested with alcohol. Poly-drug use was a common finding in these traffic delinquents, although individuals who only drank alcohol had a higher median BAC and were also several years older than drinking drivers combining alcohol with other drugs before driving. Impact on IndustryZero-tolerance legislation did not deter hard-core offenders. In future there should be more focus on treatment for alcohol and substance abuse disorder rather than conventional punishments for this type of traffic crime.

City structure, obesity, and environmental justice: An integrated analysis of physical and social barriers to walkable streets and park access

Local parks and walkable neighborhoods are commonly cited as elements of the urban environment that promote physical activity and reduce obesity risk. When those vulnerable to obesity-related diseases live in neighborhoods without these qualities, it works against environmental justice goals that aim for a fair distribution of amenities. We use geographic information systems (GIS) to evaluate the relationship between the distribution of populations vulnerable to obesity and proximity to parks and walkable street networks in Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Though previous studies have used GIS to assess the distribution of access to opportunities for physical activity, none have analyzed access to both parks and walkable resources at once. Neither have they included data that reflects findings on a smaller scale indicating that perceptions of resource quality, safety, and cultural relevance also affect physical activity levels. We include these safety and quality factors in our study through statistical data on traffic fatalities, crime rates and park size. We find that, counter to predictions, subpopulations generally considered vulnerable to obesity (and environmental injustices more generally) are more likely to live in walkable neighborhoods and have better walking access to neighborhood parks than other groups in Phoenix. However, crime is highest in walkable neighborhoods with large Latino/a and African-American populations and parks are smaller in areas populated by Latino/as. Given the higher prevalence of obesity and related diseases in lower income and minority populations in Phoenix, the results suggest that benefits of built environments may be offset by social characteristics. Our most consistent finding indicates a strong negative relationship between the percentage of the population under 18 years of age living in an area and the likelihood that the structure of the built environment supports physical activity. Children under 18 are significantly underrepresented in regions deemed highly walkable and those with access to parks.