Russian Tradition Research Articles

К истории монастыря Гандантегченлин

Introduction. The article summarizes the history of the Gandantegchinlen Monastery (Mongolia). Goals. It aims at revealing the latter’s place and role in the history of Buddhism nationwide. Insights into the history and functioning structures of the Gandantegchinlen Monastery reveal certain historical links between Buddhist centers of Mongolia and Buryatia. Being a stronghold of Buddhist education, Gandantegchenlin has made (and still does) its essential impacts on the shaping and development of religious and philosophical educational systems among Mongolic peoples — and contributed to the dissemination of Tibetan Buddhist culture. Methods. The study employs tools of factor analysis (characterizing the place and role in historical reality), the historical/genetic and retrospective research methods. Results. The retrospective analysis reveals key stages in the development of the monastery — from its earliest activities, closure, and restoration in the 1940s–1960s to present days witnessing a gradual revival of Buddhist traditions in Russia and Mongolia.

POLISH-LATIN MACARONIC MIXTURE AND ‘SLAVONIC-RUTHENIAN’ LANGUAGE

The paper focuses on the genesis of Ukrainian-Church Slavonic hybrid language, popular at the end of the 17th and during the 18th century among Ukrainian writers. Usually, this new love for the Church Slavonic, which led to the emergence of a hybrid literary form, is explained by two factors: piety to the Church Slavonic and the influence of Russian tradition, where the practice of mixing Church Slavonic with the vernacular was stable and almost unalterable. According to the paper’s author, the use of Church Slavonic as a religious and cultural marker, which had status advantages, was not a major and independent factor in the development of this practice. Th e poor knowledge of Church Slavonic in society and the lack of efforts to learn it, even among priests, undermine the notion that the sacralization of this language could lead to the creation of hybrid forms by itself. Th e Russian influence was not crucial as well, which is confirmed, in particular, by the proliferation of similar language use in the Right Bank Ukraine, free from tendencies of russification. The so-called ‘slovianoruska mova’ (Slavonic-Ruthenian language) was stimulated above all by the Latin-Polish macaronic mix, which, due to the local tradition of using such a language, and, importantly, through education, has been established in the public consciousness as a norm. The rhetoric courses and the practice of delivering occasional orations in Polish ensured the development of the trend. Therefore, both in Ukraine under Russian rule and in the Right Bank Ukraine within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the creation of hybrid Ukrainian-Church Slavonic texts was just another way of actualizing one’s mental habit, produced by the regular use of the Polish-Latin language mixture.

Factory Forecourts: Peculiarities in Construction and Cultural and Historical Semantics during Industrialisation

This article analyses the architectural complexes of industrial forecourts that emerged in the USSR between the late 1920s and early 1940s and their cultural and symbolic role. The author evaluates the phenomenon of the pre-factory entrance area in a global context, showing that the organisation of the contact zone between the factory and the city had been used in the Russian tradition of the eighteenth – early nineteenth centuries and, more recently, in the US and Western Europe in the early twentieth century. The author analyses 45 cases of Soviet urban planning during industrialisation and distinguishes three main types of contact zones, i. e. arterial, junction, and isolated. The rarest variety of the junction type is a welldeveloped factory forecourt, which comprises different facilities of administrative, social, and cultural infrastructure, and, in addition, possesses special symbolic and memorial significance. Only six out of 45 meet this definition, namely, in Makeevka, Saratov, Volgograd, Magnitogorsk, Yekaterinburg, and Novokuznetsk. Considering these cases, the author demonstrates that it was the landscape of these squares that stimulated the formation of cultural mythology, with the emergence of cultural artifacts, like the tank monument in the square of the Volgograd Tractor Plant or A. P. Bannikov’s mausoleum in the square of the Ural Heavy Machine-Building Plant. In four cases (Volgograd, Magnitogorsk, Yekaterinburg, Novokuznetsk), these factory forecourts were turned into places for rallies and meetings and became elements of the visual standard of representation for these locations, and acquired the status of places of historical memory. These townplanning ensembles, which manifest threefold architectural, social, and symbolic uniqueness, ought to be considered extremely valuable, therefore requiring a cautious policy of cultural heritage preservation, which is especially important in the context of partial deindustrialisation of Russian cities.

Heterologous Dimension of the Other Sociality in the Cognitive Space of Uncertainty.

Contemporary society is presented as a model of other sociality demanding extraordinary methods of research in the cognitive space of uncertainty. This article aims at analyzing a heterologous paradigm of postnon-classical social philosophical discourse and how it applies to the socio-philosophical context of modernity by using cognitive and heuristic capabilities of social heterology which explain the uncertainty principle of social cognition in other sociality. The diversity of the other sociality is characterized by structural non-linearity, disequilibrium, rupture, decentralism, and lack of a unified systematic principle. In their research, authors highlighted the two different approaches to analyzing the social structure: the classical ontological and post-non-classical heterologous one. Philosophical and scientific sources of European and Russian traditions were used to suggest new revolutionary post-non-classical methods and social paradigms emphasizing the heterogeneous pattern of contemporary, unexpected and even unpredictable society. Transition to social heterogeneity is attributed to the uncertainty principle in extraordinary processes of social self-development. The authors’ position is that the heterologous dimension of sociality approaches the complete understanding of social life’s contradictions of a modern human not only in a cognitive perspective but also in a practical one to define humanistic social policy.

Bakhtin as a Bearer of the Russian Tradition: On the Current Status of the Reception of Bakhtin’s Thought in China

This article aims to study the current status of the reception of Bakhtin’s thought in China. The choice of this period is explained by the fact that in recent decades Chinese researchers have begun to search for the origins of Bakhtin’s thought. While some have insisted on a Western origin of Bakhtin’s theories, most Chinese scholars have linked Bakhtin’s thought with the Slavic tradition and the Russian Orthodox Church, in particular, with the concept of “sobornost”. This opened up new opportunities for further research. In this article, the author gives an overview of the research on the relationship between Bakhtin’s thought and the Russian tradition, noting that Chinese scholars’ research in this area is focused on various aspects: some discuss the influence of the idea of “sobornost” on the creative consciousness of Dostoevsky, the structure of literary works and Bakhtin’s polyphonic thought; others write about the phenomenon of “carnival” as a Russian phenomenon in Bakhtin; while others talk about Christian anthropology and psychology in Bakhtin’s works, or make a comparative analysis of Bakhtin’s thought and Western philosophy. This article shows how M.M. Bakhtin was perceived from another perspective and cultural tradition, which enriched his ideas with new meanings and connotations. Based on the analysis, the author comes to the conclusion that the concept of “sobornost” has similarities with collectivism, which has historically developed as a traditional value of the Chinese people. Therefore, Chinese scholars easily understood the concept of “sobornost”.

Health of Catherine the Great and her contribution to the development of medicine

Catherine the Great is widely known to the public as one of the most outstanding personalities in world history. Voltaire wrote about her that "her life is a rare example of self-formation, obtained through deep education and strict discipline". Historians almost unanimously agree that while the primordially Russian ruler Peter I wanted to instill everything foreign in Russia, the foreigner Catherine, in turn, dreamed of reviving Russian traditions. And she succeeded in many ways. It should be noted that, while not having good health, Catherine observed the most severe self-discipline: she got up early in the morning no later than 5 o’clock, washed her face with ice-cold water, drank a cup of coffee for breakfast and got to work. Despite the fact that the empress was a zealous fan of recreational events and entertainment, she also went to bed at the same time - no later than 22.30. Having progressive views on many aspects of life, Catherine did not bypass her attention to medicine - which is worth the mere fact that during the smallpox epidemic Catherine was the first to inoculate herself and gave permission to inoculate her son. Despite the presence of a significant number of chronic diseases and comorbidities (according to historians), Catherine lived a stormy and quite active life, dying of apoplexy at the age of 67, which was quite a serious life term for that time.

Философия русского западничества — как ее преподавать сегодня?

The problem of the rejection of Western influence in favour of the preservation of Russian traditions is examined using the example of the philosophy of Russian Westernism, which is taught in the general philosophy course at universities. The article shows the fundamental difference between the two types of Westernism — Russian Westernism and modern pseudo-Westernism.

St. Nicolas the Miracle-Worker in Oral Tradition of Ust-Tsilma

The study aims to conduct a general analysis of folklore tales about St. Nicolas the Miracle-Worker in one of Northern Russian traditions, namely, that of Komi Republic Ust-Tsilma Region (Pechora river). The study is based on field records from the Folklore archive of Syktyvkar State University, collected by University researchers since the 1980s. A late 18th-century local story from a mid-19th-century Ust-Tsilma manuscript century is used in the analysis of one of the plots. Popular characteristics of the Saint and his various abilities (protection of home and domestic animals, assistance during a voyage, in the forest, on the water, etc.) are revealed in prayers, legendary narratives, beliefs and rituals. The miraculous appearances of St. Nicolas icons are examined separately. These vague legends matter because of their local historical context. The importance of St. Nicolas holidays in spring and autumn in Ust-Tsilma popular calendar is noted. The attempted analysis sets a long-term goal — to compose an index of the key motifs in the St. Nicolas legends of Ust-Tsilma. This task will allow to systematize the voluminous and diverse information in order to compare it with similar items from different localities for a deeper examination of this uniquely profound image of the saint in the tradition in question

On Two Viewpoints on the Dramaturgical Conflict Structure: from Hegel’s Aesthetics to the Identity of the Formalists

In Russian humanitarian knowledge, the understanding of the nature of the dramaturgical conflict was influenced by aesthetic ideas about beauty, harmony, the sublime, and the ideal, formulated by Hegel in the Lectures on Aesthetics. In line with classical concepts, the conflict is understood as a necessary condition for maintaining the compositional unity of the work and the action development, leading to the final equilibrium state of all its elements after the separation of the participants in the collision to the maximum distance. In addition to the aesthetic understanding of the conflict as the basis for the harmonic organisation of the text, an idea of the conflict as the primary condition for the development of all systems was formed. This direction is also based on the Hegelian doctrine, which, however, is not connected with his aesthetic views on art but with The Phenomenology of Spirit, explaining historical patterns and the dialectical processes of the formation of the cognising subject, embarked on the path of struggle for recognition and turned out to be an instrument for bringing the spirit to oneself. In the context of the doctrine of the absolute spirit, the concept of conflict is the bases for personality development (Freud, Vygotsky), life cycles (E.Erickson), and textual organisms (M.Bakhtin), where the collision of two forces of the emerging subject of cognition leads a stable state of the system to irreversible changes, a transition to a new quality, to a higher stage of development in the case of a productive resolution of contradictions and the emergence of a new formation that is different from the two participants in the confrontation. Throughout the 20th century, Russian humanitarian thought developed mainly under the influence of the aesthetic paradigm, as evidenced by the definitions of the dramatic conflict offered by literary theorists. Such a history has its reasons, which lie in the plane of understanding the official ideology, art and culture, reflecting the historical meaning of the revolutionary achievements of a classless and, therefore, conflict-free society, which achieved the dialectical removal of all contradictions in the main historical event. However, the Hegelian understanding of the modification of textual organisation due to a catastrophic event, a shift, underlies a theory that has not been fully mastered by the Russian tradition but which has outlined a new way of perceiving and understanding the nature of a dramatic conflict as a change in identity due to irreversible actions and a further change in the structure of the subject-text. This is Shklovsky's theory of estrangement, which expressed the essence of formal poetics but was forced out to the periphery and, for compelling historical reasons, did not receive further development in the theory of art.

«В Церкви должно воскреснуть пророчество»: фигура пророка в русской мысли рубежа XIX–XX вв.

The article focuses on the development of ideas about the prophet in Russia in the late 19th – the early 20th century. In the European discourse the understanding of the prophet as the bearer of the personal principle in religion most fully described by M. Weber. Since in Russian religious philosophy the conceptualization of the prophetic function appears in the works of V. Solovyov, the first part of the article is devoted to the analysis of the idea of a prophet in the theocratic concept of this thinker. Specific features of the system proposed by the Russian philosopher are characterized, where the prophet was considered as a link of the “triad” along with the priesthood and the kingdom. The constant characteristics of the prophet as the third principle of power in the Solovyov system are formulated. The second part of the article is devoted to the reception of Solovyov’s ideas in Russian theology and religious philosophy of the beginning of the 20th century. The discussions about the hierarchy and the intellectuals as carriers of the prophetic principle that arose at the Religious-Philosophical Meetings, and the positions on this issue of V. Ternavtsev and D. Merezhkovsky are characterized. The development of the idea of a prophet in the context of the discussion of the problem of power in the Church in the academic theology of M. Tareev, V. Troitsky, P. Florensky is traced. The interpretation of the Soloviev triad by S. Bulgakov and A. Kartashev, as well as criticism of the views of the latter by Merezhkovsky’s circle, is analyzed. It is noted that the participants in the discussions considered the prophetic principle as integrated into the church community or opposed to the church hierarchy. In conclusion, the development of the discourse about the prophet in the Russian tradition of the designated period is summed up, parallels with the search for Western explorers are noted. The article concludes that the common problem for Russian and European thinkers of the early 20th century is the distinction between priestly and prophetic principles in the religious community.

Du libre et du lié dans les références doctrinales et nominales de Jakobson et de Troubetzkoy

Pierre CAUSSAT, University of Paris-X Nanterre : « On the Doctrines Referred to in Jakobson's and Trubetzkoy's Work : Bound or Unbound references »
 One of the peculiarities characteristic of R. Jakobson's work is the numerous doctrinal quotations derived from Russian culture, as well as from Western culture. In fact, their apparent eclecticism is implicitly based on a well-defined «axiom of choice» : the presence – or absence ­– in the doctrines referred to of principles of order, symmetry and system. This axiom is strongly linked with the most constant stock of the «Russian tradition» liable, in every field, to sort out and claim its own.

The Educational Aspect of Ensuring the Safety of Children from the Liberated Territories

Social security is one of the guarantees of development of the contemporary society. The term “social security” has recently become broadly used in psychological, pedagogical and social contexts, when the issues of human and society protection joined the priority tasks of science and practice. The relevance of providing the social security of childhood is actualized at the level of national state policy and is recognized as an important tool in solving the foreign policy issues. The article actualizes the attention on the problem of social security of children from liberated territories of Ukraine (Lugansk People’s Republic and Donetsk People’s Republic) in the aspect of implementing educational projects for schoolchildren with a view of learning the Russian traditions and customs, which makes it possible to review the life values and attitude to our country. In July and August 2022, Yaroslavl State Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushinskiy took part organization and implementation of “University Sessions”, initiated by the Ministry of Enlightenment of the Russian Federation within the frameworks of a federal project. The program implied a number of events of educational, cultural-historical, sportive, leisure and career guidance character. The University accepted three sessions with total of 109 children of both genders aged 12 to 17 y.o.

Russia Abroad: 100 Years After the "Philosophical Steamer"

The article provides a historical and philosophical analysis of the deportation of many Russian intellectuals abroad in 1922. It is known that such a vicious deed on the part of the Soviet authorities, in fact, turned out to be an act that saved many Russian intellectuals either from starvation or from repression and death in the camps. It is also widely known that the cultural activities of Russian emigrants after their arrival in the West were varied and intense. The article also emphasizes that expulsion and its significance for the destinies of the country and the emigrants themselves remained a "blank spot" for a long time. It was only in the 1990s that research into the events of the 1922 exile, both in Russia and abroad, started to change. The author draws attention to the fact that the very nature of examination of the expulsion of the Russian intelligentsia has also changed over the years. At the beginning of studies in the 1990s, it was purely archival works aimed at recovering emigrants' cultural heritage and returning "forgotten" names. Over the last decade, we may observe a more critical reading of this heritage, supposing a more precise reconstruction of facts and contexts and a broader analysis of the significance of events in the history of the early 1920s. The study of the various cultural activities of the Russian migr intelligentsia allows us to strike a conversation on Russian philosophy, its peculiarity and originality, the mutual influences of the Russian and European philosophical traditions, and the meaning and significance of Soviet philosophy relevant again.

О соизмеримости несоизмеримого

Today the world lives in a unique historical situation. There are transformations of earthly space and time on the way of collecting numerous tempo worlds of ethnic groups and cultures. The global crisis and environmental catastrophic risks are relentlessly forcing people to unite to solve common problems. Thoughtless attitude to the biosphere, waste of the planet's resources, pollution of the environment are menacing symptoms of the threat of self-destruction of mankind. Only the unification of peoples and an unshakable sense of geosolidarity can resist. The support in the confrontation between technologization and aggressive geopolitics is seen in traditionalism, in the spiritual origins of the traditions of different peoples. The study of non-Western philosophies, attempts to penetrate cultures with different ethnic codes form multiple new trends in the world intellectual space of philosophy. For epistemology, the dialogue of cultures has given rise to a number of methodological problems. What can be the criteria for comparative studies if incommensurable conceptual systems and different worldviews are compared? Science, focused on the knowledge of the external world, relies on intelligence or "embodied consciousness." The empirical mind as an analyzer of feelings in the Indian tradition is not considered independent. The article discusses correlations in the methodological strategies of spiritual thought in the Indian and Old Russian traditions, as well as correlations with the methodologies of non-classical science. The author shows that any abilities in hierarchical ontologies with extreme levels can be thought of only as a part of the whole. Integrity at the ultimate ontological level potentially contains the qualities of subsequent differentiation (emanates). The concept of the mind as dependent is characteristic of spiritual practices, which can be seen in the texts of the Explanatory Palaia and texts of Indian teachings. Comparative analysis of the problem of the nature of intelligence is of interest in connection with discussions on artificial intelligence. An obstacle to the perception of holistic methodologies is the dualistic language in the European tradition (opposition of matter and consciousness, matter and spirit, brain and consciousness). The criteria for the commensurability of different cultural-semiotic systems are developed in the course of the dialogue of cultures.

Светские и религиозные аспекты современной культуры: социально-философский и теологический анализ

In the presented study, the relationship between the Church and the culture of the peoples being nourished is examined from the standpoint of theological and socio-philosophical analysis. It is revealed that the centuries-old mutual influence of church and national-cultural traditions has led to the fact that the understanding of the national culture by its bearer is impossible without referring to the Christian faith as the basis of this culture. The perception of aesthetic patterns, communicative values and ethical principles occurs through the understanding of religious culture. It is substantiated that culture cannot abandon its religious content without losing its elevating and enlightening impact on the individual. The restoration of a full-fledged transmission of Christian (Orthodox) spiritual experience is a fundamental condition for overcoming the crisis of spiritual tradition in Russia. At the same time, “transmission” implies not only the transmission of the experience of Christian life from generation to generation, but also the familiarization of our contemporaries, hitherto alien to Orthodoxy, to it. The hypothesis of the dialectical unity of the religious and secular nature of culture is analyzed. It is substantiated that a necessary condition for restoring the mechanisms for transferring the spiritual experience of Christian life is the formation of a system of cultural and educational activities of the Russian Orthodox Church, in which the transfer of traditional spiritual experience is inextricably linked with the transfer of the spiritual experience of Russian culture.

Теологическое образование как базовый фактор социализации и формирования ценностных ориентиров в условиях динамично изменяющегося общества

In a dynamically changing society, the problem of the formation of value attitudes and the preservation of traditions is one of the main and paramount issues for the construction of social relations. State policy aimed at constructive interaction of various institutions responsible for socialization is a guarantee of the stability of social relations themselves. Considering education as the main institution of socialization, it is necessary to determine the difficulties and opportunities in the formation of value orientations of the younger generation and modern youth. The article reflects the position that theological education is the basis on which creation is possible. It is spiritual values that are of key importance for the formation of the consciousness of society, for strengthening the foundations of statehood, patriotism and personal qualities of each person. The need to return to spiritual values results from the current state of society, the dynamics of its development, which often leads to the departure from traditions, the rethinking of cultural awareness and identity. Spirituality is a solid foundation on which Russian identity and traditions are created and preserved. Therefore, theological education should be considered not just as possible, but as a necessary way to preserve the traditions and moral foundations of modern society.

Old Believers’ singing manuscripts from the collection of the Andrey Rublev Museum at the Avvakum jubilee exhibition at the Museum of Russian Icon

The article is an expanded description of three 18th — 19th c. Old Believers’ origin chanting manuscripts from the collection of the Andrey Rublev Museum demonstrated at the anniversary Avvakum exhibition at the Museum of Russian Icon. These manuscripts — “Holidays”, “Octoechos and Obikhod” and “Trezvony” represent two branches of the Old Believers — accepting priesthood (popovtsy) and priestless (bespopovtsy) which in regards to singing books affects the editions of the text: so called “true-speech” and “separate-speech”. The author speaks about the contents of the books, their repertoire and its musical characteristics, specific singing concepts and terms found in them. The manuscript of the Pomor “Trezvons” is examined in more detail including the сomprehensive list of services containinig a large number of Russian saints feasts the features of rites with a short and a complete composition of chants genres.To illustrate the unique artistic design of the manuscripts the article publishes photographs of various colored handdrawn headpieces, frames, drop caps, flowers on the page margins, a miniature of the seated St. John of Damascus and a sample of hook notation.From the Appendix of Guslitsy “Obikhod” of 1809 is given a musical example of the chant “The monk is coming from the monastery” which represents a translation of the hook znamenny notation into the modern one. It is designated in the manuscript as “Examples of odes” and is an example of a non-liturgical educational genre, where each new line is sung to the motive of one of the eight odes of the znamenny chant. To make it easier to memorize the melodies a subtext was invented, telling a story reminiscent to a folk song or a spiritual verse. So, in the Old Believers singing books the ancient Russian tradition of monophonic znamenny singing in which an archaic melody, considered sacred and not made by hands is combined with folk elements of paralyturgical genres and decorative design of manuscripts and persists.

Sobornost as a metaphysical category in the religious personalism of V.S. Solovyov, archpriest Sergiy Bulgakov and archimandrite Sophrony (Sakharov)

Introduction. The article examines collegiality as a category of metaphysics in the religious and philosophical systems of V.S. Solovyov, prot. Sergei Bulgakov and archim. Sophrony (Sakharov). The analysis of the category of collegiality is carried out through the prism of personalism, as a basic concept for the metaphysical thinking of these authors.Materials and Methods. The research material for the proposed article is monographs and scientific works of Russian researchers devoted to the problems of ecclesiology, sophiology and personalism. In this article, the methods of comparative analysis, historical and philosophical synthesis, generalization, abstraction and interpretation were used.Results. The main problem posed in this article is the process of reception of the category of collegiality in Russian religious personalism. Sobornost is a term coined in the Slavophil tradition to express the concept of "unity in a plurality." In the metaphysics of total-unity and in neo-patristic synthesis, this category was perceived because it solved one of the basic questions: how are the personality correlated as the One, and the multitude, as the All-unity? This solution was formally different (for sophiology and neopatristic theology), but structurally identical. Sobornost, as unity in the multitude, realized in the Church, has as its prototype the Trinity of God. At the same time, the study states that collegiality was one of the main categories in which the general Sophian personalism of the Russian philosophical tradition was expressed. Sophia in this case means the nature of the Church, open to hypostasis, and through this hypostasis creates the possibility of Theosis of man. The research focuses on three personalities of the Russian intellectual tradition: the philosopher V.S. Soloviev and theologians Archpriest Sergei Bulgakov and Archimandrite Sophrony (Sakharov).V.S. Soloviev, as the founder of the Russian metaphysics of All-Unity, uses the concept of God-manhood as a metaphysician of conciliarity, transmitting a personalistic impulse to subsequent philosophers. Late nightingale moves away from theistic personalism towards immanetism, but his disciples, among whom was Archpriest. Sergei Bulgakov, connect the category of conciliarity and the concept of God-manhood in sophiological ecclesiology. In this case, prot. Sergei Bulgakov substantiates his cathedral personalism on the basis of a trinitarian anthropological model. The tradition of neo-patristic synthesis, which is analyzed using the example of archimandrite Sophrony (Sakharov), refuses sophiological terminology, preserving the basic intuitions developed in Russian religious philosophy, returning them to the traditional theological field of meanings.Discussion and Conclusion. In the Slavophil tradition, collegiality is understood historiosophically, in the metaphysics of All-Unity - sophiologically, and in the neopatristic synthesis - ecclesiologically. In the philosophy of the Silver Age and theology, personalism becomes one of the main themes, which leads to the transformation of the category of collegiality towards polyhypostasis as the main property of the nature of the Church. At the same time, we see the transformation of a certain basic personal intuition of collegiality, which comes from the church tradition and returns to it, enriched with philosophical meanings.

Метафоризация лексики, принадлежащей концептуальным сферам ИНДУСТРИЯ и КОМПЬЮТЕРНЫЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИИ (на материале английского биологического научно-популярного дискурса)

The article considers how the conceptual metaphor functions in biological popular science English discourse. The purpose of this paper is to reveal the correlation between the target domain represented by all branches of Biology (biological popular science discourse) and the INDUSTRY and INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY source domains by examining a plethora of metaphoric expressions constituting them. By using continuous sampling method, as well as methods of conceptual and component analysis, the author considers metaphorical expressions which constitute the source domains. This paper analyses the lexical units from English and American popular science articles on Biology in order to identify the conceptual grounds which underlie the conceptual mappings between the target and source domains. In this paper we combine the approaches of Russian and Western linguistic traditions (Chudinov, Lakoff). The modern approach to metaphor, developed in the beginning of the 20th century and combining the embodied and communicative approaches (B. Hampe), is also examined. The works of the Russian linguists dedicated to the linguistic picture of the world (V. Maslova, N. Zanegina) are covered as well. The data (2 410 metaphorical expressions) confirm that the majority of the secondary meanings developed by the lexemes under analysis show a sharp contrast with their primary (basic) meanings. The obtained results prove that the metaphoric expressions belonging to the INDUSTRY domain seem to be less frequent in comparison to the INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY source domain, which allows to build up a detailed thesaurus and a large number of contexts. Furthermore, the results help to discover that the most common target domains to describe this type of discourse happen to be cells, fungi, plants and some genetic material. This can be explained by the close attention to the most imperceptible processes that happen on the molecular level.

Metaphor of a House/Home as the Way to Represent a National Symbol of Earth in Russian Linguistic Culture

Considering symbols of culture makes it possible to see the world around us as our ancestors did it. This world is recorded in persistent cognitive models anchored in native speakers’ language consciousness. One of these models is a stereotypical metaphorical image of «Earth – house/home». The house / home is a well-known mythologem that is fundamental in the cultures of almost all peoples living on Earth. According to the study, the mythologema Earth – house in Russian linguistic culture is a fragment in the structure of the macroconcept «Earth». The analysed mythologem is embodied in the language in the form of house metaphors implementing the subject code in Russian linguistic culture. Several clusters can be distinguished among them. The first cluster comprises metaphors forming cognitive signs of parts in the house (a «roof», «walls», «corners», a «ceiling», a «key»). The second one includes metaphors forming signs of domestic utensils (a «pot», a «table», a
 «blanket»). The third one is represented by tenants of the house (a «father», a «mother», a «person»). The fourth cluster includes cognitive signs of the house shape
 (a «circle» – a tent, a «square» – a symbol of the Russian five-walled house). The fifth cluster is characterized by the signs of Russian traditions (hospitality). The sixth one is formed by the signs of living at home-land and leaving it. The material for study is taken from the Russian National Corpus (www.ruscorpora.ru). The main methods of research are descriptive and conceptual.