Russian Tradition Research Articles

ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЕ УСТРОЙСТВО СОВРЕМЕННОЙ РОССИИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ ИСТОРИИ ЕЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОСТИ

The article considers in a historical context one of the components of modern Russian statehood – the state structure in the form of connection between the center and the territories (at the end of the 20th – the first quarter of the 21st century). Pre-revolutionary Russia was a unitary state, which did not exclude the presence of national administrative units, for example, the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Finland, the presence of elements of political autonomy in some of them, and features in the organization of government bodies. As is known, numerous Soviet constitutions proclaimed the RSFSR, and then the USSR, as federal states, which in fact they were not. All the features inherent in federal states were neutralized by the actions of the highest authorities in the person of the leadership of the ruling party. The state structure of modern Russia, being federal, in some cases differs from the principles generally accepted in world practice. Asymmetry, preservation of the national principle and the use of the matryoshka type in the construction of several federal subjects, etc. are both part of Russian traditions and a tribute to the past, which cannot be ignored. The increased centralization in the relationship between the federal center and the constituent entities of the federation can be explained by the need to concentrate all the forces and means of the state in the context of a special military operation.

Драгоценный убор уральских икон (страницы творчества художницы Лидии Блохиной)

The research is relevant due to the fact that the artwork of Lidia Blokhina, demonstrating the outstanding pieces of church art of the Urals, has not been within the scope of scientific interests until now. The paper aims to introduce the unknown to science works of L. Blokhina on the creation of precious icons framings, to determine the uniqueness of her work as an artistic phenomenon in the church life of the Urals. The paper examines the artwork of L. Blokhina, analyzing her holy icon framings as an area of contemporary church art which carry on aspects of the Ancient Russian tradition while featuring regional (Ural) techniques of gemstone processing. We consider the artistic characteristics of the works of L. Blokhina, based on the synthesis of folk embroidery techniques, the elements of ancient Russian «golden» embroidery patterns, the Ural stone processing technique and the creation of «embossed» icons. Our stylistic, artistic and technical analysis of the works defined them as unique iconic art works, and resulted in introduction of unknown art works designed for church service in scien

О научном творчестве Н.С. Гуляницкой

The article is devoted to the anniversary date — 95th anniversary of the outstanding scientist, professor of the Gnessin Russian Academy of Music, Doctor of Art History Natalia Sergeevna Gulyanitskaya. Gulyanitskaya is a prominent figure in modern musical science, whose works are well-known in Russia and abroad, for thirty years she headed Department of Music Theory of Gnessin Russian Academy of Music, for twenty years she headed the Dissertation Council of the Academy. As a scientific adviser N. S. Gulyanitskaya trained dozens of young scientists (candidates of art criticism). The article deals with Gulyanitskaya’ major monographic works and textbooks in such thematic areas as modern harmony, Russian sacred music, modern composition, and the methodology of modern musicology. In each of these branches of musicology, this scientist made a huge scientific contribution, laying the fundamental foundations for further research. The article gives a broad idea about the books of this famous scientist, published in the famous publishing houses in the period from the late 1970s to today. «Introduction to Music Harmony» (1984), «Modern Harmony: A Series of Lectures on the Course of Harmony for Students of Music Universities» (1977), Harmony and Rationalization Methods in the Music of 50s (Interpretation and Criticism) (1982) –– books by N. S. Gulyanitskaya devoted to the harmony in the music of the XXth century. «Russian “Harmonic Singing”» (XIXth Century) is the first study in Post-Soviet science that studies the Russian tradition of liturgical singing of the XIX century. «Poetics of Musical Composition: Theoretical Aspects of Russian Sacred Music of the 20th Century» (2002) – work by N. S. Gulyanitskaya, which presents the sacred music of the beginning and end of the twentieth century. «Russian Music: the Formation of the Tonal System, XI-XX centuries» (2005) examines tonal organization in works if various styles and genres, including spiritual ones. «Music Science Methods» (2009) is a pioneering study on the methodology of modern music science. «Musical Composition: modernism, postmodernism (history, theory, practice)» (2014) and «About Modern Composition» (2019) are devoted to the study of contemporary art of musical composition.

Departments of operative surgery and regional anatomy are the significant Russian tradition in the higher medical education: history, problems, ways of decision

Departments of operative surgery and regional anatomy are the significant Russian tradition in the higher medical education: history, problems, ways of decision

Изображение слона в издании «Символы и эмблемата» 1705 года

The article examines images of elephants, reproduced several times on various emblems from the book "Symbols and Emblemata", published in 1705 in Amsterdam by decree of Tsar Peter I. The author compares the details of the emblematic engravings, compares them with the accompanying inscriptions. The image of the first emblem from the book of 1705 and the engravings from its main source – the edition of the emblems of Daniel De La Fey of 1691 is also compared. The quality of the two editions is compared. Attention is paid to the images of the elephant and the semantic interpretation of this image in the Old Russian tradition, primarily in the "Physiolog", in comparison with the transformation of the image in Peter's time. Icons and miniatures containing the image of this animal are mentioned. The symbolic likenesses of the elephant found in the Old Russian tradition and taken from the translation of the Greek “Physiolog” are particularly noted. The earliest monument is marked - the relief of St. George's Cathedral in Yuriev Polsky. There is also a later monument of the century – the painted gates of the middle of the XVIII century from the Rostov Kremlin, which have not survived to the present day and are known from photographs of the 1910s by S.M. Prokudin-Gorsky. The images of elephants (as well as other images) on them are taken from the book of 1705.

Alternative Book Publishing: The Terminology Evolution

The article aims to clarify the content of the concept of “alternative book publishing” taking into account the historical retrospective, as well as to consider the formation of the terminology used in studying the development of this phenomenon in Russia. An analysis of scientific literature shows that the definition of “alternative” began to be used by Russian scientists in relation to printed works and publishing activities in the post-Soviet period against the background of the cardinal socio-political transformations taking place in the country. The term “alternative press” came into scientific usage to define the late 1980s—1990s press that was not controlled by the state, was in opposition and expressed public dissent. The researchers who introduced this term into the scientific community described it as a phenomenon of the transition period. In the first post-Soviet decade, the concept of “alternative book publishing” appeared and became widely used to refer to non-state, independent book publishing of the new stage of Russian history. However, according to the author, this term is also applicable to earlier historical periods, since publishing activities, alternative to the state book publishing, have a deep tradition in Russia. This paper offers an interpretation of the concept of “alternative book publishing” in relation to different stages of national history. The author traces the formation of the terms that characterize this phenomenon and reveals their content in different historical periods.

Михаил Меньшиков и Яков Полонский: история взаимоотношений

Due to the close attention of many researchers to the crisis period, a turning point for the Russian society of the late 19th – early 20th centuries, at the present stage of the humanities, it has become necessary to study in detail the biography and comprehend the creative heritage of the outstanding Russian journalist and critic M.O. Menshikov (1850–1918). The author provides previously unknown insights into the life and work of the popular publicist – the relationship with Ya.P. Polonsky. Based on the extensive material of Menshikov`s articles and diary, as well as his correspondence with Ya.P. Polonsky and the works of the poet, the point that Polonsky, in 1891–1898, contributed to Menshikov's gradual shift to conservative ideas, is conceptually substantiated. The Russian poet, with his letters, remarks during communication, advice, reaction to the texts of the publicist influenced his worldview and spiritual growth, contributed to the formation of conservative ideals in his work. Menshikov defended the European liberal ideals in the rather controversial article “Two Truths” (1893) written about Polonsky’s poem “Dogs”, but in his obituary dedicated to the poet (1898) he appeared as the heir to the conservative Russian tradition.

Psychological and pedagogical understanding of the reform and development of higher education

Introduction. The article substantiates the idea of a psychological and pedagogical understanding of the reform and development of higher education, and departure from the Bologna Process. The international project «Fundamental University Education» put forward by Russia is revealed.Purpose setting. Understanding the logic and methodology of education as a social institution that performs the function of including an individual in the culture of a given society and introducing him to it, allows us to comprehend and get closer to understanding training and education as a process of transforming external knowledge into internal, spiritual, forming and shaping a person.Methods and methodology of the study. In accordance with the objectives of the study, the following general scientific methods were used: theoretical analysis of the literature, longitudinal and cross-sectional experimental research, verification, modeling, and qualitative analysis of the reforming.Results. In Russia the educational space is formed under the influence of processes associated with the development of information transformations in all spheres of life. Therefore, informatization becomes one of the factors causing significant changes in social institutions, in particular in the educational system. In the framework of higher education in personnel training, priority should be given to the creation of the foundation of the system and structure of education, the priority of which is methodologically important long-lived and invariant knowledge that contributes to a holistic perception of the scientific picture of the world, the intellectual flourishing of the individual and its adaptation to rapidly changing conditions.Conclusion. In the development of the Russian society, the strategy of civilizational development is changing, there is a search for new values. We believed and continue to believe that it is inappropriate to abandon the Russian levels of training of professional personnel. The absence of the most important stage, the training of specialists, has caused significant harm to our youth in finding employment, because graduates of bachelor’s and master’s degree do not have a specialty, but only higher education in a certain area, which does not make it possible to professionally perform work. The departure from the Bologna System will allow us to return to the best Russian traditions aimed at the development of all levels of education.

Handicraft workshop of the Shenkur Holy Trinity maiden monastery of the 18th century

The article is devoted to previously unknown works of pictorial embroidery of the synodal period. The artworks represent the local cultural center of the Russian North and are published for the first time. In the first half and the middle of the 18th century, a unique gold-embroidery workshop, which reached a high artistic level, was formed in the Shenkur Holy Trinity Convent on the Vaga river. The creation of liturgical fabrics in the monastery was carried out not only by nuns, but also by so-called “belitsy”, women who lived in monastic cells without being tonsured, as well as residents of the city of Shenkursk. Mother Superior Euphemia (1727- 1749) and her sister Xenia were famous craftswomen, they embroidered on multi-colored fabrics with gold, silver and silk threads. Shrouds of Christ, intercessions of the Holy Virgin and epigonations made in the Shenkur Monastery are featured in several museum collections, mainly in the North. The handicraft workshop existed in the monastery for only a short period of time: from the beginning of the 18th century until the closing of the monastery in 1764. The Vaga craftswomen created their works on the basis of the ancient Russian gold embroidery tradition. The identification and attribution of liturgical fabrics enabled one to uncover distinctive features of Shenkur products: idiosyncratic technologies, rare iconography and peculiar style dating back to the art of the Baroque era. Liturgical clothing and epigonations made by the Vaga craftswomen were ordered and purchased for the bishops' councils of Arkhangelsk and Kholmogory, they are present in the collections of Nikolo-Korelsky, Antoniev-Siya and Solovetsky monasteries. Correspondingly, Shenkur church textiles and fabrics were used in the churches of the Vologda diocese. The article offers an unprecedented systematization of a completely new unexplored layer of museum objects. A number of conclusions are drawn on account of unknown written and visual sources found in museums and archives of the country. The second half of the nineteenth century saw the revival of women's handicraft in the Shenkursky Monastery. The article is illustrated by works found in the museum collections of the Arkhangelsk region, primarily the Arkhangelsk Museum of Local Lore. The scope of the study includes a completely new significant range of cultural monuments belonging to North Russian tradition. The results can be widely used in identifying and attributing works of pictorial embroidery.

Черты дурака и балагура в образе персонажа комедии А. Ф. Писемского «Ипохондрик»

The creative work of A. F. Pisemsky continues the tradition of Old Russian laughter; in particular, the Old Russian type of laughter is embodied in the features of a fool and a jester, which are peculiar to a character of the comedy “The Hypochondriac”. A. F. Pisemsky’s continuation of the Old Russian tradition of depicting the images of a fool and a jester in the comedy “The Hypochondriac” is manifested in discovering the truth, disregarding etiquette formulas, demonstrating intelligence when “fooling around”, directing laughter at oneself, addressing inanimate phenomena as living beings, rhyming speech, interpreting the specifics of the tall tale genre. One trait of a fool is interpreted in A. F. Pisemsky’s comedy in a peculiar way: a fool is not physically weak but, on the contrary, strong. Thus, A. F. Pisemsky in general follows the Old Russian tradition of depicting a fool and a jester in the comedy “The Hypochondriac”. The purpose of the research is to determine the features of a fool and a jester in the image of a character from A. F. Pisemsky’s comedy “The Hypochondriac” that ensure the continuity of the tradition of the Old Russian type of laughter. Scientific novelty lies in the following: A. F. Pisemsky’s drama is the least studied aspect of the writer’s creative heritage. In particular, his comedies have not been considered with a focus on the creative dialogue with the national tradition of laughter. As a result, the researcher has determined the continuation of the Old Russian tradition of laughter embodied in the features of a fool and a jester by A. F. Pisemsky using the comedy “The Hypochondriac” as an example.

Values of the svyatogorsk cultural tradition

Based on the axiological analysis of the works of Neil Sorsky and Innokenty Komelsky, the values of the Svyatogorsk (Athos) cultural tradition in Russia are highlighted. Its specific values are self-preservation, new beginning, middle way, sociable life, inner work.

В защиту смысла и его логики

Being a supporter of the “Logic of Smysl” approach (LS), the author is highlighting four its main aspects in assurance that they can increase the number of such supporters. First, it responds to the searches being carried out in European culture and to serious and multi­faceted criticism of academic philosophy. So, it has the potential to overcome this crisis on the path to discovering Smysl as a real “thing” (res), as well as to overcome the notori­ous and bored dichotomy of analytical and hermeneutic approaches. Secondly, the philos­ophy proceeding from the LS starts from the very beginnings of thinking, from the meta­physical idea of ​​Wholeness-Smysl, comes to socio-political implications, thus following the Russian traditions of integral, whole knowledge. Thirdly, LS, preserving the problem of consciousness as a problem, fundamental and peculiar to modernity, can become a complex of new researches, leading cognitive science to the study of other ways of thinking of the world. Fourthly, the author sees in LS an ethical project: as a goal it is reviving and re-interpreting the well-known Russian philosophy ideal of all-humanity, taking into account the real otherness of the Other and using the material of philosophical Oriental studies – it is the ideal of friendship and brotherhood.

Удовлетворенность трудом персонала медицинских учреждений: теория и практика социологического изучения (на примере территориальной поликлиники Областного клинического кардиологического диспансера Саратовской области)

The article, based on the results of a sociological study (a sample survey of employees of the territorial polyclinic of the Regional Clinical Cardiology Dispensary within the framework of monitoring the quality of work, in March-April 2022), reveals the main trends in professional satisfaction assessments by employees of the polyclinic. Theoretical and methodological conceptualization of the concept of professional satisfaction enabled to develop a working definition of the management and indicator scheme under study. Professional satisfaction is an employee’s attitude that manifests itself as a set of assessments in the context of compliance/inconsistency of the results and conditions of activity with expectations, which are caused by a number of social, organizational and personal factors identified through indicators of the quality of working conditions, leadership style, professional development, relationships in the team, etc. In the modern Russian tradition, job satisfaction continues to be studied as a concept integrating a complex of various factors. Their classification varies, but remains within the framework of the basic scheme: social, personal and organizational. The level of satisfaction with various aspects of the labor process can be represented by three levels: high, medium and low. The first one includes: personal interest in the case, the psychological climate in the team, working hours, relationships with management, the possibility of professional development and career growth. In the second group: the opportunity to implement their professional skills and technical equipment of the workplace are of great importance. In the third group with the lowest level of assessments: the level of wages and the availability of social benefits are presented. The dynamics of changes during the last 2 years according to the above parameters was not revealed. Most employees rarely experience physical or mental fatigue at their workplaces. More than 70% of the employees surveyed rated the workload at the workplace as normal. The psychological climate in the team is comfortable for most employees. Working in the usual mode is the main professional strategy of the polyclinic staff. A fifth of the polled employees of the polyclinic think about changing their place of work in the future. The dominant motive of professional mobility is the material factor.

Аристотель: исторические образы философа в русской литературе (XVIII – начало XX вв.)

In this article, I analyze some fragments from scientific, philosophical, journalistic and literary works of Russian authors of the 18th – early 20th centuries, containing references to the personality of Aristotle. Based on them, I attempt to reconstruct some of the traditional historical images of the philosopher in Russian culture (“sage”, “scientist”, “universal man”, “genius”, “ideal philosopher”). I determine the semantic content of each historical image, its features, and transformation while tracing their relationship with the ancient Russian tradition. I conclude that the images of Aristotle as a “sage” and “scientist” have deep historic roots while the rest of the images began to take form in the 18th century and later. The paper is supplemented by a complete bibliographic list of the studied works.

Master’s Student 3++: Portrait and New Requests

The exclusion of Russia from the Bologna process led to large-scale discussions in society about the future of the Russian magistracy. The implementation of master’s education raised questions throughout 29 years of its existence. Society has developed a perception of magistracy as a problem area of higher education. Thus, when the question arose about the advisability of developing a master’s programs after Russia’s exit from the European Higher Education Area, the majority formed their opinion: no magistracy – no problems. However, objective data allow us to see the situation in the different perspective.The paper presents the result of a study of the qualitative and quantitative composition of students of the domestic master’s programs from 2012 to 2020. Based on the analysis, the main trends in changing the profile of Russian master’s students have been identified. The tasks relevant to the development of the institute of the Russian magistracy are outlined with a focus on a portrait of today’s master’s student.The analysis shows that the magistracy has firmly occupied the niche formed in recent years for the training and retraining of specialists. It has become an independent institution of higher education with its own goals, objectives, resources and, most importantly, with its own contingent. The magistracy has a small inertia in response to the emerging challenges of society. Because of that the magistracy increases its demand every year. At the same time, its self-sufficiency rises.The magistracy has been long and hard embedded into the Russian traditions of education. Finally, it has found its place. The factors considered in the study allow us to speak about the high potential for the Russian magistracy development.The data and conclusions presented in the study can serve as the basis for a scientific discussion about the future of domestic education.

Concepts SPIRIT and SOUL in Linguo-Semiotics of Theatricl Art

The study is devoted to the problem of the correlation of linguistic and extralinguistic operations in the creative workshop of an outstanding linguistic persona, the successor of the realistic traditions of Russian and world theater, the great reformer of theatrical art, actor, director, teacher, theatrical thinker K.S. Stanislavsky. We chose the iconic sign-words of his “system” - spirit and soul - for analysis in all the versatility of their meaning considered in compliance with the semiotic and semantic theory of L.A. Novikov. The study searches for the code content of words in the system and provides the practice of their use by K.S. Stanislavsky, conditioned, firstly, by censorship (an extralinguistic factor), secondly, by the lexicographic practice, and thirdly, by the author’s attitude to the value of the word-sign in the process of its sigmatic actual use. The analysis of the semantic structure of the words spirit and soul (as well as some of their derivatives) in the semiotics of theatrical language is based on the description of these constants as words of the cultural code, as signs of the Russian mentality based on the theory of external, internal sign and the meaning which makes it possible to correlate the word and image. In the paper we pay much attention to the characterization of the lexemes spirit and soul as pragmemes from the point of the value core contained in them. The paper describes the occurring and development of evaluative connotations in the lexemes spirit and soul as part of the concepts developing; the study makes attempts to prove the preferred use in the complex genre of presentation of the “system” by K.S. Stanislavsky. The study is based on a large empirical material collected from the works of K.S. Stanislavsky - “My life in art”, “The work of an actor on himself” (with various additions and various developments of the subject), which illustrates the multidimensionality and multilayeredness of the concepts of spirit and soul , as well as illustrates the values of the phraseological environment, their symbolic nature in the system of theatrical language, and therefore, the language of theatrical art, their relationship and, on the contrary, “rejection” from each other.

Сражение при Судьбищах в июне 1555 года в оценках русских летописцев и историописателей XVI–XVII вв.

Research objectives: An analysis of Russian narrative sources in the 16th–17th centuries about the Battle of Sudbishchi; the identification and explanation of different assessments of the results of the battle in chronicles, publications, and other historical works of the Moscow State in the era. Research materials: Official, regional, and private chronicles of the 16th–17th centuries, publications (works of Ivan the Terrible and Andrei Kurbsky), and later historical compilations of the Old Russian tradition. Results and novelty of the research: In the Russian narrative sources of the 16th–17th centuries, the results of the battle between the Crimean Khan Devlet Giray I and the Tsar’s voivode, Ivan Bolshoy Sheremetev, at Sudbishchi received different appraisals. In the second half of the 16th century, the official governmental discourse considered this event to be an total, though costly, victory of Russian arms. The unofficial compositions of this period, in contrast, contained information about significant human losses and in general about the defeat of the Russian army. This was due not so much to the activity of state propaganda as to the inability of regional scribes to assess the global strategic consequences of the battle that were known to court chroniclers. Predominantly, the compilative character of the 17th century chronicles contributed to the affirmation of the governmental view of the battle among the Russian scribes. The first Russian historians of 18th–19th centuries accep­ted it, and through their mediation, a number of our contemporary researchers likewise shared their view. The Appendix of the article contains publications of three previously unknown accounts about the Battle of Sudbishchi from unpublished chronicles.

Conservation terms used in the area of separation of easel painting and transferring it to a new base.

The research is devoted to the problems of using a large number of special terms in the conservation lexicon, in particular in the field of the separation of easel painting where there is a significant need to use a large number of special terms to denote technological processes, used conservation materials, tools, etc. The conservation industry in Ukraine developed under the significant influence of Russian tradition, so now conservators widely use loan translations from Russia in their terminology. Also today, as a result of open borders and European integration, including the conservation industry, Polonisms and English loan translations are increasingly found in the lexicon of conservators. Difficulties in translating specialized terms remain a source of insufficient and ambiguous understanding between conservators, and especially between conservation centers in different countries. As a result, these phenomena negatively affect communication and lead to misunderstandings and chaos. In the article a comparison of the conservation terms used in literary sources in Ukrainian, Polish, Russian, and English is made. The definition of these terms is given taking into account the methodology of the separation process and technological features of their application, as well as the specifics and traditions of the use of special terminology in the lexicon of Ukrainian specialists. Both principal, basic terms of the separation process, and those used at different stages of separation, from the initial stages of preparing the separation process of easel painting to the transfer of separated painting to a new basis are analyzed under this principle. The emphasis is placed on the importance of publishing and high-quality translation of the results of scientific and practical activities of Ukrainian artists-conservators for the popularization and development of the conservation industry, as well as the significant need to define, organize and verify existing terms and concepts in the field of conservation and the subsequent creation of an appropriate dictionary or a glossary of terms for the conservation of artworks. The project of the terminological dictionary in the field of separation and transfer to a new basis of easel painting is formed in the appendices.

Traditional Cuisine of the Nekrasov Cossacks

The article is a comparative historical cross-cultural study of the traditional cuisine of the Nekrasov Cossacks – a group of Russian Old Believers known for their rich migration experience. Since the basis of the food system is fish, Nekrasovite’s cuisine has many fish dishes, and at the same time the high status of cereal dishes remains. In the recipe and methods of preparation, the preservation of old Russian traditions is noticeable. In supplements to the main ration, one can see the influence of South European and Turkic cultures.
 The purpose of this study is to identify the marking qualities of culinary traditions in the field of the historical dynamics of the cultural identity of the Nekrasov community.
 The study shows that in the field of culinary traditions, numerous evidences of the historical path of this unique ethnosocial group have been accumulated. Despite the relative preservation of the ritual sphere, in the everyday and festive cooking of the Nekrasov Cossacks, multiple borrowings from the Danube and Mediterranean cuisine associated with complex processes of discrete inculturation have been revealed. New borrowings in the central zone of culture are explained by the fact that, with multiple migrations, it becomes more and more difficult for migrants to differentiate “their own” and “foreign” in such minute details as required by tradition, since in addition to the main cultural and genetic metropolis, a certain set of places of origin is formed in their minds.

Проблема кризиса идеалов в политической фило­софии С.Л. Франка (к 100-летию «философского парохода»)

The subject of the article is the problem of the crisis of ideals generated by the European Enlightenment and the Modern era, as interpreted by Russian thinkers of the first third of the 20th century. Building on the conception of Semyon Frank, the author analyzes the relationship between the socio-political ideals of the Enlightenment in the Russian version and false “idols” that led Russia and Europe to an unprecedented escalation of evil in the early 20th century, is analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the assumption that the ideals of democracy as a true power of the people, as a result of uncritical imple­mentation, lead to revolutionary violence and further reproduction of tyranny. Two ver­sions of democracy are considered: according to Frank, one of them is genuine, based on the idea of disinterested service to the truth, and the second is “false”, oriented to­wards a totalitarian utopia, fundamentally hostile to freedom. The author also analyzes Frank’s views on the phenomenon of the “idol of culture”, which is based on the idea of linear progress. According to Frank, linear progress cannot prevent Russia and Europe from falling into barbarism. Moreover, it even significantly contributed to that break­down. It is concluded that Frank as a Christian philosopher and political thinker became one of the relatively few (along with, for example, Fyodor Stepun and Vladimir Weidle), but all the more significant conductors of the Russian cultural tradition in Europe and the European cultural tradition in Russia: that is, a genuine personification of the phe­nomenon of a “Russian European”.