Traditional Synthesis Research Articles

Visible-Light-Driven Oxidation of Benzene to Phenol with O2 over Photoinduced Oxygen-Vacancy-Rich WO3.

Direct photocatalytic conversion of benzene to phenol with O2 is a green alternative to the traditional synthesis. The key is to find an effective photocatalyst to do the trick. Defect engineering of semiconductors with oxygen vacancies (OVs) is an emerging strategy for catalyst fabrication. OVs can trap electrons to promote charge separation and serving as adsorption sites for O2 activation. However,randomly distribution of OVs on the semiconductor surface often results in mismatching the charge carrier dynamics under irradiation, thus failing to fulfill the unique advantages of OVs for photoredox functions. Herein, we demonstrate that abundant OVs can be facilely generated and precisely located adjacent to the reductive sites on reducible oxide semiconductors such as tungsten oxide (WO3) via a simple photochemistry strategy. Such photoinduced OVs are well suited for photocatalytic benzene oxidation with O2 as they readily capture photogenerated electrons from the reductive sites of WO3 to activate adsorbed O2. 18O-labeling experiments further confirm that the OVs also facilitate the integration of oxygen atoms from O2 into phenol, revealing in detail the pathway for photocatalytic benzene hydroxylation. This study demonstrates that the photochemistry approach is an appealing strategy for the synthesis of high-performance OVs-rich photocatalysts for solar-induced chemical conversion.

Production of Magnesium Dilactate through Lactic Acid Fermentation with Magnesium Carbonate.

Magnesium dilactate is increasingly sought after for its applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and dietary supplement industries due to its essential role in various physiological processes. This study explores a sustainable method for synthesizing magnesium dilactate through lactic acid fermentation using tomato juice, coupling the neutralization of lactic acid with hydrated magnesium carbonate hydroxide. Utilizing the lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus plantarum, fermentation was optimized in a 50% diluted MRS medium supplemented with glucose and tomato juice supplemented with glucose, yielding a maximum lactate concentration of 107 g/L. Notably, fermentation in diluted media proved more effective than in undiluted tomato juice, highlighting the inhibitory effects of certain organic compounds and the physical nature of the original tomato juice. Post-fermentation, magnesium lactate was crystallized, achieving high recovery rates of up to 95.9%. Characterization of the product through X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy confirmed its crystalline purity. This research underscores the viability of tomato juice as a fermentation substrate, promoting the valorization of agricultural by-products while providing an eco-friendly alternative to traditional chemical synthesis methods for magnesium dilactate production.

Pyrazole Paradigms: Unveiling Synthetic Pathways and Unraveling Anti-Cancer Potential.

This review investigates the synthetic methods and anti-cancer activities of pyrazole compounds. Various synthetic approaches, including traditional organic synthesis and microwaveassisted synthesis, have been used to change the pyrazole core structure, resulting in new compounds with improved pharmacological properties. The paper also covers the mechanisms of action that underpin pyrazole derivatives' anti-cancer characteristics, focusing on interactions with major molecular targets implicated in cancer growth and proliferation. SAR insights help to rationally develop novel anti-cancer drugs. In conclusion, the review emphasizes the versatility of pyrazole derivatives as scaffolds for the discovery and development of new anti-cancer medicines. By understanding synthesis routes and unravelling anti-cancer potential, this study hopes to encourage new research endeavours focused on leveraging the therapeutic advantages of pyrazole paradigms in the fight against cancer.

Ixora Coccinea Extract for Biosynthesis of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Precursor for Organic Electronics

This study explores the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) as a precursor for the electron transport layer in organic electronics. Traditional physical and chemical synthesis methods are not environmentally friendly or economical, due to the use of toxic chemicals and high energy. However, biosynthesis offers a low-cost, eco-friendly alternative. The synthesized NPs were characterized using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction technique, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-red microscopy, electron dispersive X-ray, and UV-visible spectroscopy with a four-point probe equipped with Keithley2400 source meter. Results showed high crystallinity and a band gap energy of 4.02 eV. Electrical properties show sheet resistance, resistivity and conductivity as 67.22 x 106 Ω, 1.71 x 106 Ωm-1 and 0.585 x-6 Sm-1 respectively which were promising, with better photovoltaic characteristics than pure titanium dioxide. These properties suggest potential applications as an electron transport layer for solar cell technology.

Microwave-assisted Synthesis of Benzimidazole Derivatives: A Green and Effective Approach

Benzimidazole derivatives are pivotal in medicinal chemistry due to their diverse therapeutic applications. Traditional synthesis methods often require catalysts and long reaction times, which can be inefficient and environmentally unfriendly. Hence, there is a growing need for more efficient and eco-friendly synthetic methodologies. A newly devised and efficacious synthetic methodology has been established for the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives, employing microwave assistance without the requirement for a catalyst. This method facilitated the synthesis of fifteen derivatives with notable efficiency, characterized by significantly reduced reaction times ranging from 5 to 10 minutes and impressive yields ranging from 94% to 98%. The identity and purity of the synthesized benzimidazole derivatives were meticulously verified through a comprehensive analysis, encompassing a comparison of their physicochemical properties and spectral characteristics with authenticated reference data. This method represents a significant advancement in the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives, offering a rapid and high-yielding alternative to traditional synthetic routes.

Adoption of self-exothermic reaction for synthesis of multifunctional carbon quantum dots: Applications to vincristine sensing and cell imaging

This work introduces an extremely easy method for preparing luminescent carbon dots (CDs) at ambient temperature using 1,2-naphthoquinone sulphonate and ethylenediamine as precursors via self-exothermic reaction without energy input. The as-obtained CDs have a high quantum yield (34.1 %), a production yield of 21.2 %, and a small size diameter (3.44 nm). Various techniques (NMR, TEM, EDX-mapping, XPS, XRD, FT-IR, fluorescence, and UV–visible spectroscopy) were used to characterize the prepared CDs. The CDs exhibited an excitation-independent emission with λex of 275 nm, demonstrating their homogeneity and high purity. The anticancer drug vincristine (VCR) quantitively quenched the fluorescent signal of the synthesized CDs, allowing their application as the first fluorescent nano-sensor to determine VCR. The quenching effect was linear within the range of 0.2–5.0 μg mL−1, enabling the determination of VCR in vials, plasma, and for content uniformity testing with a detection limit of 0.06 μg mL−1. Moreover, the synthesized CDs were employed as a bio-sensing platform to detect VCR in cancer cells owing to their good selectivity, excellent biocompatibility, minimal cytotoxicity, and high stability. The fabrication of CDs with excellent properties at room temperature under mild conditions paves the way for new advancements in the room temperature synthesis of CDs and offers a highly efficient alternative to traditional synthesis approaches.

Free-standing cubic gauche nitrogen stable at 760 K under ambient pressure.

Cubic gauche nitrogen (cg-N) has received wide attention for its exceptionally high energy density and environmental friendliness. However, traditional synthesis methods for cg-N predominantly rely on high-pressure techniques or the utilization of nanoconfined effects using highly toxic and sensitive sodium azide as precursor, which substantially restrict its practical application. On the basis of the first-principles simulations, we found that adsorption of potassium on the cg-N surface exhibits superior stabilization compared to sodium. Then, we chose safer potassium azide as precursor for synthesizing cg-N. Through plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition treatment, the free-standing cg-N was successfully synthesized without the need for high-pressure and nanoconfined effects. It demonstrated excellent thermal stability up to 760 K, and then rapid and intense thermal decomposition occurred, exhibiting typical thermal decomposition behaviors of high-energy-density materials. The explosion parameters were also measured using laser-induced plasma spectroscopy. Our work has substantially promoted the practical application of cg-N as HEDMs.

Active learning assisted piezoelectric materials synthesis on the basis of composite decision-making

The synthesis and development of novel materials for soft electronics, health monitoring, etc., have become a research hotspot. Traditional laboratory synthesis is significantly time-and-resource-consuming. Machine learning therefore becomes an ideal approach for expediting experimental process, constructing a virtual and automated closed-loop material synthesis and evaluation approach. In this work, we combined piezoelectric materials’ synthesis with machine learning to achieve automatic design optimization. 300 samples with different material recipes were used to train the initial active learning model. Thereafter, more samples were fabricated based on the recommended feasible recipes for each learning loop and then proceeded to the next round of learning. Through 10 active learning loops, 105 piezoelectric samples were stagewise fabricated. Moreover, a reverse design model based on Bayesian optimization is demonstrated, and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and p values revealed the rules for the synthesis of piezoelectric materials. Finally, according to the setup model, we fabricate optimized piezoelectric materials, and demonstrate the application in cycling monitoring. We anticipate this work establishes an essential approach to accelerate the development of new materials.

Ion exchange in semiconductor magic-size clusters.

As a crucial post-synthesis method, ion exchange allows for precise control over the composition, interface, and morphology of nanocrystals at the atomic scale, achieving material properties that are difficult to obtain with traditional synthesis techniques. In nanomaterial science, semiconductor magic-size clusters (MSCs), with their atomic-level precision and unique quantum confinement effects, serve as a bridge between molecules and nanocrystals. Despite this, research on ion exchange in MSCs is still in its infancy. This review introduces the principles of ion exchange and reactions in colloidal nanocrystals and MSCs, analyzing the importance and challenges of ion exchange in studying MSCs. This paper begins with a focus on the current research progress of cation and anion exchange in II-VI and III-V semiconductor MSCs. Then, the common methods for characterizing MSCs during the ion exchange process are discussed. Finally, the article envisions future research directions based on MSCs' ion exchange. Research on MSCs' ion exchange not only aids in designing MSCs with complex functionalities, but also plays an essential role in elucidating the ion exchange mechanisms in nanocrystals, providing new insights for the innovative design and synthesis of nanomaterials.

Engineering a Bifunctional Fusion Purine/Pyrimidine Nucleoside Phosphorylase for the Production of Nucleoside Analogs.

Nucleoside phosphorylases (NPs) are pivotal enzymes in the salvage pathway, catalyzing the reversible phosphorolysis of nucleosides to produce nucleobases and α-D-ribose 1-phosphate. Due to their efficiency in catalyzing nucleoside synthesis from purine or pyrimidine bases, these enzymes hold significant industrial importance in the production of nucleoside-based drugs. Given that the thermodynamic equilibrium for purine NPs (PNPs) is favorable for nucleoside synthesis-unlike pyrimidine NPs (PyNPs, UP, and TP)-multi-enzymatic systems combining PNPs with PyNPs, UPs, or TPs are commonly employed in the synthesis of nucleoside analogs. In this study, we report the first development of two engineered bifunctional fusion enzymes, created through the genetic fusion of purine nucleoside phosphorylase I (PNP I) and thymidine phosphorylase (TP) from Thermus thermophilus. These fusion constructs, PNP I/TP-His and TP/PNP I-His, provide an innovative one-pot, single-step alternative to traditional multi-enzymatic synthesis approaches. Interestingly, both fusion enzymes retain phosphorolytic activity for both purine and pyrimidine nucleosides, demonstrating significant activity at elevated temperatures (60-90 °C) and within a pH range of 6-8. Additionally, both enzymes exhibit high thermal stability, maintaining approximately 80-100% of their activity when incubated at 60-80 °C over extended periods. Furthermore, the transglycosylation capabilities of the fusion enzymes were explored, demonstrating successful catalysis between purine (2'-deoxy)ribonucleosides and pyrimidine bases, and vice versa. To optimize reaction conditions, the effects of pH and temperature on transglycosylation activity were systematically examined. Finally, as a proof of concept, these fusion enzymes were successfully employed in the synthesis of various purine and pyrimidine ribonucleoside and 2'-deoxyribonucleoside analogs, underscoring their potential as versatile biocatalysts in nucleoside-based drug synthesis.

Prussian White/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite as Cathode Material to Enhance the Electrochemical Performance of Sodium-Ion Battery.

Prussian white (PW) is considered a promising cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. However, challenges, such as lattice defects and poor conductivity limit its application. Herein, the composite materials of manganese-iron based Prussian white and reduced graphene oxide (PW/rGO) were synthesized via a one-step in situ synthesis method with sodium citrate, which was employed both as a chelating agent to control the reaction rate during the coprecipitation process of PW synthesis and as a reducing agent for GO. The low precipitation speed helps minimize lattice defects, while rGO enhances electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the one-step in situ synthesis method is simpler and more efficient than the traditional synthesis method. Compared with pure PW, the PW/rGO composites exhibit significantly improved electrochemical properties. Cycling performance tests indicated that the PW/rGO-10 sample exhibited the highest initial discharge capacity and the best cyclic stability. The PW/rGO-10 has an initial discharge capacity of 128 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C (1 C = 170 mA g-1), and retains 49.53% capacity retention after 100 cycles, while the PW only delivers 112 mAh g-1 with a capacity retention of 17.79% after 100 cycles. Moreover, PW/rGO-10 also shows better rate performance and higher sodium ion diffusion coefficient (DNa+) than the PW sample. Therefore, the incorporation of rGO not only enhances the electrical conductivity but also promotes the rapid diffusion of sodium ions, effectively improving the electrochemical performance of the composite as a cathode material for sodium-ion batteries.

Palladium nanoparticles incorporated biogenic modified graphitic carbon nitride as an electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation reaction

This research explores palladium (Pd) nanoparticles supported on graphitic carbonitride (g-C3N4) as a cost-effective and CO tolerant catalyst towards electrocatalytic methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). The study delves into the green synthesis strategy, employing phytochemicals as reducing, capping and stabilizing agents. This approach aligns with environmentally friendly practices, steering away from hazardous chemicals and solvents commonly used in traditional synthesis methods. The synthesis involves the dispersion of Pd nanoparticles supported on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) modified by banana leaf extract [PdNPs@g-C3N4-BLE]. The obtained nanocatalyst is characterized using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Further, the synthesized PdNPs@g-C3N4-BLE is utilized as electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) in basic medium (1 M KOH). PdNPs@g-C3N4-BLE shows satisfactory activity towards MOR with an onset potential of 0.834 V and current density of 6.795 mA/cm2 at 1.0 V.

High-efficiency RbASiF6:Mn4+ (A = K, Cs) phosphors obtained by one-step green synthesis method

Red-emitting Mn4+-doped fluoride phosphors are recognized as promising materials for high-performance warm white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). However, the extensive use of toxic hydrofluoric acid in traditional synthesis methods hinders their development and commercialization. Furthermore, the traditional solid-phase method often has cumbersome sintering steps, high temperature, long holding time, and certain safety hazards, so it is very necessary to develop a green synthesis method with simple steps and low energy consumption. In this study, a low-temperature solid-state method is proposed to synthesize RbASiF6:Mn4+ (A = K, Cs) phosphors by one step. Optimal emission intensities were observed at Mn4+ concentrations of 1.2 % in RbKSiF6 and 2.1 % in RbCsSiF6. These phosphors demonstrated high thermal stability. At 423 K, the photoluminescence intensities of RbKSiF6:1.2 %Mn4+ and RbCsSiF6:2.1 %Mn4+ reached 114 % and 87 % of their respective values at room temperature. Meanwhile, the chromaticity shifts were almost negligible, and high color purity was achieved for both phosphors. The electro-optical performance of WLED devices utilizing these phosphors, in combination with YAG:Ce3+ and GaN chips, showed high color rendering indices (CRI) and low correlated color temperatures (CCT) across varying currents. Specifically, under a driving current of 20 mA, the device incorporating RbKSiF6:1.2 %Mn4+ exhibited a CRI of 94 and a CCT of 3732 K, with a luminous efficacy of 61 lm/W. These findings highlight the potential of green-synthesized RASFM phosphors in advancing the application of warm WLEDs.

Molten Salt-Assisted Synthesis of Catalysts for Energy Conversion.

A breakthrough in manufacturing procedures often enables people to obtain the desired functional materials. For the field of energy conversion, designing and constructing catalysts with high cost-effectiveness is urgently needed for commercial requirements. Herein, the molten salt-assisted synthesis (MSAS) strategy is emphasized, which combines the advantages of traditional solid and liquid phase synthesis of catalysts. It not only provides sufficient kinetic accessibility, but effectively controls the size, morphology, and crystal plane features of the product, thus possessing promising application prospects. Specifically, the selection and role of the molten salt system, as well as the mechanism of molten salt assistance are analyzed in depth. Then, the creation of the catalyst by the MSAS and the electrochemical energy conversion related application are introduced in detail. Finally, the key problems and countermeasures faced in breakthroughs are discussed and look forward to the future. Undoubtedly, this systematical review and insights here will promote the comprehensive understanding of the MSAS and further stimulate the generation of new and high efficiency catalysts.

State of the Art Synthesis of Ag-ZnO-Based Nanomaterials by Atmospheric Pressure Microplasma Techniques

Atmospheric pressure microplasma is a simple, cost-effective, efficient, and eco-friendly procedure, which is superior to the traditional nanomaterials synthesis techniques. It generates high yields and allows for a controlled growth rate and morphology of nanomaterials. The silver (Ag) nanomaterials, with their unique physical and chemical properties, exhibit outstanding antibacterial and antifungal properties. Similarly, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials, known for their low toxicity and relatively lower cost, find wide applications in wound repair, bone healing, and antibacterial and anticancer applications. The use of core–shell nanomaterials in certain situations where some nanoparticles can cause serious harm to host tissues or organs is a testament to their potential. A benign material is coated over the core to reduce toxicity in these cases. This review compares the numerous configurations of microplasma systems used for synthesizing nanomaterials and their use in producing Ag, ZnO, and their core–shell (Ag-ZnO) nanomaterials for biomedical applications. The summary also includes the effect of control parameters, including cathode diameter, gas flow rate, precursor concentration, voltage, and current, on the nanomaterial’s characteristics and applications. In addition, it provides a research gap in the synthesis of Ag, ZnO, and core–shell nanomaterials by this technique, as well as the development and limitations of this technique and the use of these nanoparticles for biomedical applications.

Investigation on the multi-scale interactions in gas–liquid jet bubbling reactor

Due to the unreliability of the mechanical seal of the mechanical stirring reactor in traditional carbonyl synthesis reactions, a gas–liquid jet bubbling reactor has been developed that is a new type of hydraulic stirring. A cold model device was constructed to address the complex flow field characteristics of a gas–liquid jet bubbling reactor, and a gas–liquid phase testing method was established to obtain the gas–liquid phase flow parameters in the cold model device. A mathematical model of a cold model device was established based on computational fluid dynamics. The reliability and accuracy of the calculation model were verified by combining experimental data of the cold model device, and the gas–liquid two-phase flow characteristics of an industrial grade reactor were obtained. The multiscale characteristics of gas–liquid two-phase signals in industrial reactors and the multiscale gas–liquid two-phase interactions were analyzed by combining wavelet analysis, power spectrum analysis, and fractal analysis. Based on the multiscale gas–liquid interaction mechanism model of gas–liquid interaction, the liquid phase interaction in d1-d6 inside the reactor was increased. The gas–liquid mass transfer process was enhanced, and the liquid level fluctuation and temperature difference of industrial grade reactors were significantly reduced.

Impact of metal precursor and molar ratios on adsorption and separation of CO2 and CH4 by SOD-ZIF-67 prepared using green solvent-free synthesis

The subclass of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) known as SOD-ZIF-67 (Sodalite Co (mIm)2, with mIm = 2-methylimidazole) has demonstrated exceptional performance in carbon dioxide (CO2) adsorption and separation. Traditional synthesis methods for SOD-ZIF-67 are often time-consuming and require significant quantities of organic solvents. This study introduces an enhanced, eco-friendly, solvent-free method for synthesizing SOD-ZIF-67. In this approach, SOD-ZIF-67 is produced within 1 h by mechanically grinding a cobalt (Co) metal precursor with an organic linker (mIm), eliminating the need for solvents. The properties of the synthesized SOD-ZIF-67 samples were confirmed through various characterization techniques. Thermal stability tests indicated that the synthesized SOD-ZIF-67 could endure temperatures up to 673 K. Among the samples prepared with different molar ratios, the SOD-ZIF-67 sample with a Co to HmIm molar ratio of 2:1 (denoted as Z-2) demonstrated the highest BET surface area and pore volume, measuring 1923 m2/g and 0.72 cm3/g, respectively. Z-2 exhibited uniform and narrow ultramicropores measuring 0.54 nm, and demonstrated a CO2 adsorption capacity of 91.52 mg (CO2)/g (2.08 mmol/g) at 298 K and 100 kPa. The material showed high selectivity for CO2 over N2 and CH4, with selectivities of 20.44 for CO2/N2 (0.15:0.85) and 4.28 for CO2/CH4 (0.5:0.5). Additionally, breakthrough experiments with CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 mixtures validated its dynamic separation efficiency, underscoring Z-2′s suitability for selective CO2 capture from flue gases and natural gas purification.

Electrocatalysis in MOF Films for Flexible Electrochemical Sensing: A Comprehensive Review.

Flexible electrochemical sensors can adhere to any bendable surface with conformal contact, enabling continuous data monitoring without compromising the surface's dynamics. Among various materials that have been explored for flexible electronics, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) exhibit dynamic responses to physical and chemical signals, offering new opportunities for flexible electrochemical sensing technologies. This review aims to explore the role of electrocatalysis in MOF films specifically designed for flexible electrochemical sensing applications, with a focus on their design, fabrication techniques, and applications. We systematically categorize the design and fabrication techniques used in preparing MOF films, including in situ growth, layer-by-layer assembly, and polymer-assisted strategies. The implications of MOF-based flexible electrochemical sensors are examined in the context of wearable devices, environmental monitoring, and healthcare diagnostics. Future research is anticipated to shift from traditional microcrystalline powder synthesis to MOF thin-film deposition, which is expected to not only enhance the performance of MOFs in flexible electronics but also improve sensing efficiency and reliability, paving the way for more robust and versatile sensor technologies.

Royal Jelly–Mediated Silver Nanoparticles Show Promising Anticancer Effect on HeLa and A549 Cells Through Modulation of the VEGFa/PI3K/Akt/MMP‐2 Pathway

ABSTRACTIn recent years, nanotechnology has revolutionized various sectors, particularly in nanomedicine, where nanomaterials are used for diagnosis, monitoring, control, prevention, and treatment. Among these, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) stand out due to their remarkable antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties. Traditional chemical synthesis of AgNPs poses significant environmental and health risks. This study introduces a novel, eco‐friendly synthesis method using royal jelly (RJ), a nutrient‐rich secretion from honeybees, to produce AgNPs with potent anticancer effects. Our research provides a detailed investigation into RJ‐mediated AgNPs’ modulation of the VEGFa/PI3K/Akt/MMP‐2 pathway in HeLa and A549 cancer cell lines. AgNP characterization was performed by applying UV–Vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in combination with selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Cell signaling system components were determined by ELISA analysis. The cells were subjected to staining with hematoxylin and eosin to visualize the treatment’s effects. This study focuses on the green synthesis of AgNPs using RJ and its bioactivity against cancer cells. It provides a detailed characterization of the nanoparticles and examines their effects on cancer cells, specifically HeLa cervical cancer and A549 lung cancer cell lines. Green synthesized AgNPs demonstrate significant cytotoxic effects against HeLa and A549 cancer cell lines. The underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to their anticancer activity were elucidated. Our findings revealed a significant decrease in arginase activity upon exposure to AgNPs, accompanied by reductions in PI3K and phosphorylated and total Akt levels, indicative of pathway inhibition. Additionally, RJAgNP demonstrated a capacity to reduce nitric oxide levels and suppress angiogenesis‐related factors like VEGF and MMP‐2 and inflammation‐related factors like TNF‐α and COX‐2, thus impeding angiogenesis and metastasis. Moreover, our results shed light on the involvement of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) in mediating apoptotic pathways, as evidenced by the increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and the corresponding decrease in Akt levels, ultimately promoting death in cancer cells. Our study contributes significantly to the field of nanomedicine and cancer therapy by introducing the use of green synthesis AgNPs using RJ and providing in‐depth insights into their molecular mechanisms of anticancer action. Our research findings demonstrate the anticancer potential of RJ‐AgNPs by targeting the VEGFa/PI3K/Akt/MMP‐2 pathway and modulation of ROS/RNS in cancer cells.

WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY USING BIOSYNTHESIZED NANOPARTICLES

Biosynthesized nanoparticles are a viable and sustainable approach for treating wastewater. They provide an environmentally acceptable alternative to traditional chemical synthesis processes. This review examines explicitly the production, use, and environmental consequences of nanoparticles created by biological methods, such as plant-mediated and microbial synthesis. The main aim of the review is to conduct a thorough assessment of the existing research on biosynthesized nanoparticles, focusing on identifying significant patterns, progress, and areas of knowledge lacking in the literature. The review consolidates results from current investigations, emphasizing the efficacy of these nanoparticles in eliminating organic pollutants, heavy metals, and other impurities from wastewater. The study also investigates the better characteristics of biosynthesized nanoparticles, including their reduced size, increased stability, and improved photoluminescence. These traits enhance their effectiveness in environmental cleanup. Nevertheless, the study highlights notable deficiencies in the existing body of research regarding the enduring ecological consequences and feasibility of implementing these environmentally friendly synthesis techniques on a large scale in industrial settings. The analysis continues by highlighting the necessity of consistent synthesis techniques and advocating for additional research on biosynthesized nanoparticles' scalability and long-term impacts. These findings emphasize the capability of biosynthesized nanoparticles to improve wastewater treatment technologies and support sustainable environmental management. They also emphasize the significance of ongoing multidisciplinary research in this rapidly developing field.