Traditional Production Methods Research Articles

Effect of Extraction and Preservation Methods on the Microbiological and Physicochemical Quality of Pentadesma butyracea Butter Produced in a Traditional Area in Benin

P.butyracea butter, produced by different traditional methods, is often stored for further use in different types of packaging which may affect its quality. The present work aims to evaluate the effect of the production method and the type of packaging used on the physicochemical and microbiological quality of butter during storage. The extraction of Pentadesma butter was first carried out through production monitoring in three repetitions by three different butter producers according to the two most used traditional production methods. Then, butter from production was stored for three months in four types of packaging (aluminium bowls, calabashes, baskets, and black polyethylene bags) in the production environment. The microbiological and physicochemical quality of the stored butter was assessed at 0, 30, 60, and 90 days using normative reference methods. The production method and the type of packaging used had a significant effect on the variation of free fatty acid content (1.54 ± 0.07%–2.6 ± 0.2%), peroxide value (0.96 ± 0.09°meq·O2/Kg–3.9 ± 0.7°meq·O2/Kg), and colour of the butter during storage. In contrast, only the type of packaging material influenced the microbiological characteristics of the butter during storage. After three months of storage, the yeast and mould load was out of the standard range in all packages, i.e., 2.53 ± 0.4 log°CFU/g, 2.9 ± 0.2 log°CFU/g, 4.67 ± 0.2 log°CFU/g, and 1.4 ± 0.2 log°CFU/g for aluminium bowls, calabashes, baskets, and black polyethylene bags, respectively. The aerobic mesophilic germ load was within the standard in black polyethylene bags (3.22 ± 0.08 log°CFU/g), in contrast to the other packages (4.23 ± 0.08 log°CFU/g–6.45 ± 0.13 log°CFU/g). This shows that black polyethylene bags are the best packaging to guarantee the quality of butter. It is important to continue this investigation by storing butter for a longer period of time with more appropriate packaging.

Actuators and Sensors for Application in Agricultural Robots: A Review

In recent years, with the rapid development of science and technology, agricultural robots have gradually begun to replace humans, to complete various agricultural operations, changing traditional agricultural production methods. Not only is the labor input reduced, but also the production efficiency can be improved, which invariably contributes to the development of smart agriculture. This paper reviews the core technologies used for agricultural robots in non-structural environments. In addition, we review the technological progress of drive systems, control strategies, end-effectors, robotic arms, environmental perception, and other related systems. This research shows that in a non-structured agricultural environment, using cameras and light detection and ranging (LiDAR), as well as ultrasonic and satellite navigation equipment, and by integrating sensing, transmission, control, and operation, different types of actuators can be innovatively designed and developed to drive the advance of agricultural robots, to meet the delicate and complex requirements of agricultural products as operational objects, such that better productivity and standardization of agriculture can be achieved. In summary, agricultural production is developing toward a data-driven, standardized, and unmanned approach, with smart agriculture supported by actuator-driven-based agricultural robots. This paper concludes with a summary of the main existing technologies and challenges in the development of actuators for applications in agricultural robots, and the outlook regarding the primary development directions of agricultural robots in the near future.

Occurrence and Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Strains along the Production Chain of Raw Milk Cheeses in Poland.

Cheeses produced from unpasteurized milk by traditional production methods may contain many groups of microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of S. aureus in the artisanal cheese production chain from unpasteurized milk. We investigated the prevalence of S. aureus strains isolated from various stages of artisanal cheese of unpasteurized milk production from farms in the northeastern and southern parts of Poland and characterized them. Characterization included antimicrobial susceptibility by microbroth dilution and biofilm formation by in vitro assay. Among all strains, the presence of enterotoxigenic genes and genes involved with biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance were screened by PCR-based methods. A total of 180 samples were examined. A high percentage of strains were resistant to penicillin (54/58.1%) and tobramycin (32/34.4%). Some tested isolates also showed resistance to the macrolide class of antibiotics: azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin at 17/18.3%, 15/16.1%, and 21/22.6%, respectively. Among tested isolates, we also found phenotypic resistance to oxacillin (9/9.7%) and cefoxitin (12/12.9%). The blaZ gene encoding penicillin resistance was the most common gene encoding antibiotic resistance among the tested strains. All isolates showing phenotypic resistance to cefoxitin possessed the mecA gene. The study also evaluated the prevalence of biofilm-associated genes, with eno the most frequently associated gene. Eighty-nine out of 93 S. aureus isolates (95.7%) possessed at least one enterotoxin-encoding gene. The results of this study showed that production of raw milk cheeses may be a source of antibiotic resistance and virulent S. aureus. Our results suggest that artisanal cheese producers should better control production hygiene.

Collaborative production and predictive maintenance scheduling for flexible flow shop with stochastic interruptions and monitoring data

Flexible flow shop problem (FFSP) has been extensively researched in recent years. However, machine deterioration and stochastic production interruptions noticeably affect the regular job process in practice, incurring great cost. It is significant to incorporate the condition-based predictive maintenance scheduling and the production modification for interruptions with traditional FFSP. Nevertheless, this issue is rarely investigated in the existing FFSP studies. To solve the FFSP with maintenance and stochastic interruptions (FFSP-MSI), this paper proposes a collaborative optimization policy of production and maintenance (COPPM) by considering stochastic interruptions and monitoring data utilization for total cost reduction. For maintenance scheduling, a real-time prognosis updating method is leveraged based on monitoring data to capture the individual machine degradations. Assisted by the prognosis output, the optimal maintenance intervals are dynamically derived through a cost rate model. For production optimization, a variable neighborhood search (VNS) algorithm is presented to obtain the nearly- optimal initial production plan and the production modification for stochastic interruptions caused by machine failures and random jobs. This proposed COPPM comprehensively determines the cost-effective maintenance cycle, job order and machine selection for each job. Computational experiments of the wind turbine blade process are presented to certify the economic effectiveness of COPPM. Compared with the traditional production and maintenance scheduling method, the COPPM achieves 13.68 % total cost reduction in average under various problem scales.

Satellite-based crop identification and area estimation under the SATMIROL system

One important area where satellite-based Earth observation is applied in is agricultural statistics. The use of new digital technologies and satellite data have contributed to the modernisation of the aforementioned scientific area and is designed to overcome the problems that both agricultural statistics and the recipients of statistical data are faced with. The main aim of the article is to present an innovative system of satellite-based crop identification and crop growth monitoring – SATMIROL. The system was developed by Statistics Poland, the Institute of Geodesy and Cartography and the Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences. SATMIROL provides agricultural statistics based on satellite data from the Copernicus programme and administrative data. The article focuses on selected modules of the system which involve the use of satellite remote sensing for crop identification. The study also presents a nationwide crop area estimation performed in three periods: 2019, 2020 and 2021. The implementation of SATMIROL allowed the presentation of statistical data on agriculture in spatial terms, which is not possible when applying traditional methods of data production. This new method of acquiring data enables their presentation at all levels of Poland’s administrative division, i.e. by voivodship, poviat (district) and gmina (commune).

Trends in the global steel industry: Evolutionary projections and defossilisation pathways through power-to-steel

Steel production is a carbon and energy intensive activity, releasing 1.9 tons of CO2 and requiring 5.17 MWh of primary energy per ton produced, on average, globally, resulting in 9% of all anthropogenic CO2 emissions. To achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement of limiting global temperature increase to below 1.5 °C compared to pre-industrial levels, the structure of the global steel production must change fundamentally. There are several technological paths towards a lower carbon intensity for steelmaking, which bring with them a paradigm shift decoupling CO2 emissions from crude steel production by transitioning from traditional methods of steel production using fossil coal and fossil methane to those based on low-cost renewable electricity and green hydrogen. However, the energy system consequences of fully defossilised steelmaking has not yet been examined in detail. This research examines the energy system requirements of a global defossilised power-to-steel industry using a GDP-based demand model for global steel demands, which projects a growth in steel demand from 1.6 Gt in 2020 to 2.4 Gt in 2100. Three scenarios are developed to investigate the emissions trajectory, energy demands, and economics of a high penetration of direct hydrogen reduction and electrowinning in global steel production. Results indicate that the global steel industry will see green hydrogen demands grow significantly, ranging from 2809 to 4371 TWhH2 by 2050. Under the studied conditions, global steel production is projected to see reductions in final thermal energy demand of between 38.3% and 57.7% and increases in total electricity demand by factors between 15.1 and 13.3 by 2050, depending on the scenario. Furthermore, CO2 emissions from steelmaking can be reduced to zero.

ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN ROCKET ENGINEERING

The advantages of using additive technologies in rocket engineering in comparison with traditional production methods and application in foreign and domestic production are considered.

ADVANTAGES OF USING SLM PRINTING IN ROCKET ENGINEERING

The advantages of using additive technologies in rocket engineering in comparison with traditional production methods are considered.

АДИТИВНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ У ВИРОБНИЦТВІ БРОНЕЖИЛЕТІВ

The article analyzes existing and promising body armor made using additive technologies (AT) by leading companies in the world. Considered in the article are samples of bulletproof vests, which in the future will take their rightful place in the list of military protection systems that will be used in modern combat and perform additional specific tasks. The problems and tasks that are created during the development of bulletproof vests and the directions for their solution with the help of AT are also identified. Modern equipment and material capabilities are rapidly evolving towards larger product sizes, higher precision and quality, faster print speeds and lower costs. The use of AT is also clearly illustrated by the example of optimizing the design of promising bulletproof vests. When using traditional methods of production, the cost and complexity of body armor is quite high. The use of AT can significantly reduce the weight of bulletproof vests by reducing material consumption. It was determined that with the improvement of technological equipment and the development of design methods, the direction of creating new bulletproof vests with the help of AT will steadily expand. The conducted studies have shown that the use of AT in the production of bulletproof vests at the present stage will improve the characteristics of bulletproof vests, reduce the overall weight and ensure the printing of bulletproof vests in the field. AT will also be able to quickly manufacture complex products and spare parts and elements that either cannot be manufactured using traditional manufacturing technologies or are needed in small quantities. Today it is already quite obvious that the development of AT will entail the adjustment of design principles, the development of printing technologies, the use of new strategies for building modern printers, the emergence of new technologies related to 3D printing, but the future is clearly in the widespread use of additive technologies in the production of bulletproof vests. Keywords: additive technologies, body armor, 3D printing.

Influence of cast iron vacuuming on the level of mechanical characteristics of the material of the working layer of double-layer chromium-nickel rolls

The object of research is chromium-nickel cast iron of the working layer of two-layer sheet-rolling rolls of the LPKhNd design. At present, chromium-nickel cast iron is widely used for the manufacture of rolls for sheet and section rolling mills. One of the ways to improve the operational properties of products made of chromium-nickel cast iron is the refining of molten metal by vacuum. The existing problem is that information on the effect of vacuuming on the performance of chromium-nickel iron is very limited. Rolls with the most characteristic concentration of alloying elements for LPKhNd performance were selected for the study. When evaluating the properties of vacuumed cast iron and cast iron by traditional technology, the level of strength, hardness, as well as special properties were determined, the study of which is caused by the peculiarities of the operation of rolling rolls (thermal wear resistance and crack resistance). It has been established that there is no significant difference in the structures of rolls made of vacuumed and non-vacuumed cast iron. The structure of the rolls consists of martensite, bainite and carbides. With an increase in the content of graphite-forming elements (C, Si, Ni), graphite inclusions appear in the structure, and with their decrease, individual troostite colonies appear. The physical and mechanical properties of vacuumed and non-vacuumed cast iron are on the same level. The crack resistance of the chilled zone of vacuum cast iron is 12.35 % higher than that of cast iron of the traditional production method, and the transition zone is 11.96 %. The thermal endurance of the chilled zone of the roll material increased by 14.95 % as a result of vacuuming of the molten metal, and the transition zone – by 14.56 %. An increase in crack resistance and heat resistance can help reduce the chipping of the working layer of chromium-nickel rolls of sheet mills during operation and increase their resource indicators. The obtained results of research indicate a positive effect of vacuuming on individual indicators (crack resistance and heat resistance) of the working layer of the forming tools of sheet rolling mills.

ПІДБІР МАТЕРІАЛУ ДЛЯ ВИГОТОВЛЕННЯ ЕЛЕМЕНТІВ БЕЗПІЛОТНИХ ЛІТАЛЬНИХ АПАРАТІВ ЗА АДИТИВНИМИ ТЕХНОЛОГІЯМИ

Additive technologies have made it possible to form a fundamentally new direction in the technology of unmanned aerial vehicles production, with the help of which it is possible to manufacture single and unique samples of products due to the layer-by-layer build-up of material by the method of layer-by-layer synthesis with the simultaneous obtaining of the given shape and dimensions of the next product based on a digital prototype. Modern capabilities of equipment and materials are rapidly evolving towards larger product sizes, higher accuracy and quality, high product printing speeds and low costs. When using traditional methods of production, the cost and complexity of unmanned aerial vehicles is quite high. The use of additive technologies allows you to significantly reduce the weight of the UAV body due to the reduction of material consumption. The article investigates the properties of various polymers used in additive manufacturing, determines their impact on the quality of unmanned aerial vehicles elements, and also develops a methodology for selecting materials for the manufacture of unmanned aerial vehicles elements. The conducted research revealed a whole layer of issues and problems related to the need to improve the 3D printing process, organization and management of the printing of complex elements of the air defense system, which would allow effective use of the latest additive 3D printing technologies in modern production in combat conditions. According to the results of the research, the properties of the main materials for 3D printing, which are used in the FDM technology of obtaining the product, have been established. It has been established that the use of additive technologies will entail the adjustment of unmanned aerial vehicles design principles, the development of printing technologies, the use of new construction strategies, and the emergence of new technologies related to 3D printing. The analysis of quality control mechanisms for the development of unmanned aerial vehicles elements shows that the technological scheme for the selection of composite material is an important element in the 3D printing of modern unmanned aerial vehicles and their components. It was determined that with the improvement of technological equipment and the development of methods of material selection for the manufacture of unmanned aerial vehicles elements, the direction of creating new unmanned aerial vehicles with the help of additive technologies will steadily expand. Keywords: additive technologies; unmanned aerial vehicles; 3D printing; polymer; structure.

Informative Promotional Claims and Authenticity: A study of COVID Highlights in Restaurants

Authenticity commonly refers to a key attribute of organizational identity and a source of competitive advantage. Promotional claims on attributes associated with authenticity, such as geographic place of origin or traditional production methods, have been identified as a potential successful strategy as they make consumers more aware about the organization’s authentic attributes. But organizations often have to communicate features not associated with authenticity including open hours and delivery services. In this paper we hypothesize and empirically study the effect of informative promotional claims on attributes not associated with authenticity on consumer perception of authenticity and on organizational performance. Drawing on a quantitative study of restaurants and taking advantage of a quasi-experiment in Yelp online reviews platform—new highlights launched in response to the pandemic about food pick-up and delivery services—we show that these informative promotional claims increase the popularity of restaurants making use of those claims, but paradoxically reduce their perceived authenticity. In addition, we show how the informative claims only improve restaurants performance when they are perceived as little authentic or inauthentic.

Grid ionization chamber based on stainless steel woven wire mesh

The grid electrode of the grid ionization chamber (GIC) is devoted to eliminating the dependence of the anode pulse amplitude on the initial position and orientation of the ionization. The traditional methods of grid production require cumbersome processes and advanced instruments. In this paper, a bonded stainless steel woven wire mesh (SSWWM) grid electrode manufacturing method is proposed. Compared with the traditional grid electrode, the SSWWM grid features the advantages of simple fabrication, low cost, and high mechanical strength. The energy resolutions of the 40-mesh, 60-mesh and 80-mesh SSWWM grids and orthogonal mesh grid realized by the traditional wire winding method were tested using an 241Am source (around 5.486 MeV). The results show that the optimum energy resolution of the SSWWM and orthogonal mesh grids is approximately 47 keV full width at half-maximum (FWHM). The optimal energy resolutions of the 40-mesh and 60-mesh SSWWM grids are comparable, but the initial operating voltages corresponding to the energy resolution plateau are different, mainly because of the effect of the different geometric parameters of the SSWWM grid on the electron transmittance. A simulation program was used to study the electron transmittance of the SSWWM grid. The simulation results are in agreement with the experimental results, indicating that the simulation program can be used as a reference for the selection of the geometric parameters of the SSWWM grid.

Analysis and Research on the Marketing Strategy of Agricultural Products Based on Artificial Intelligence

With the gradual development of artificial intelligence (AI), the traditional production, marketing, and management methods for agricultural products have undergone dramatic changes, necessitating a greater optimization of these methods. Agricultural product operators have begun incorporating AI technology into product production, marketing, and distribution processes. This article examines the current state of agricultural product management and then investigates the integration of production, marketing, and distribution using artificial intelligence. In addition, given the limitations of conventional methods for classifying agricultural products, this article presents a classification model that combines factor analysis with an enhanced support vector machine (SVM) based on genetic algorithms (GAs). The results of the experiments indicate that the improved method is capable of distinguishing agricultural product quality categories rapidly and precisely, significantly improving the classification accuracy of agricultural product quality, and being broadly applicable to the evaluation of agricultural product quality.

An Untapped Definition of The State: The Virtual State and Example of Qatar

The facet of territorial and military ambitions began to lose its importance with the states starting to specialize in high value-added and intangible assets. Richard Rosecrance endeavored to formulate a novel development method for these relatively small-scale states. Instead of developing an immense domestic manufacturing capacity with traditional production methods, these 'virtual' states have followed a knowledge, artificial intelligence, and innovation-based development that emphasizes investment, high added value, and the mobility of intangible assets. Although some states did not wholly fit into the virtual state framework within the scope of Rosecrance's definition, they carried some of its characteristics. This study claims that Qatar, which has succeeded in establishing a sphere of influence beyond its borders and population, has some virtual state characteristics by merging its rich hydrocarbon resources with technology and innovation. After a theoretical review, the study claims that Qatar's virtual state characteristics have considerably mitigated the deleterious effects of the embargo imposed on Qatar by four Arab countries in 2017. The final part expands the Qatar-Turkey relationship that comes to the forefront as the field of applying these characteristics from an economic and financial perspective, contrary to the prevailing ideology and politics-based studies in the literature.

Electrochemical Processes Role in the Drive for Industrial Decarbonization

Manufacturers are increasingly focused on meeting sustainability targets by decarbonizing their processes. Process electrification, exploiting the increasing amount of renewable power, is emerging as a viable tool for decarbonizing the chemical process industries (CPI). Electrochemical processing, together with process heating, and supported by electrical energy storage represent the key opportunities for innovation in process electrification.Electrochemical processing, using electrochemistry in place of or alongside traditional thermochemical or biochemical production methods, is already commonly used to produce aluminum, adiponitrile, chlorine, and caustic soda. Electrolysis is also used to produce hydrogen as a more sustainable alternative to steam methane reforming. Despite these commercial applications, electrochemical processing has not been applied broadly across the CPI due in part to slow development of electrodes, complex requirements for electrochemical cell fabrication and operation, and high capital and operating costs. However, spending on research and development in this area is increasing. Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to C1 compounds (e.g., carbon monoxide, formic acid, and methanol) is demonstrated and scalable, and applied research on cell development for the production of C2 and higher compounds (e.g, ethylene, propylene, dimethyl ether, etc.) is accelerating. Development efforts must focus on demonstration of these process technologies at scale and over a range of operating conditions and feedstock qualities.Options for the future should include factory-produced, standardized modular platforms that enable cost-effective electrolysis. These platforms could become a mainstream process for distributed hydrogen production, a key requirement for carbon dioxide utilization. Similarly, electrochemical processing modules with various cell configurations could enable distributed carbon dioxide upgrading to C1 and higher compounds. Each of these cases will require development and demonstration of more efficient electromagnetic power sources and more robust electrode and membrane materials.

State of the art of additively manufactured electromagnetic materials for topology optimized electrical machines

Metal additive manufacturing (AM) technology is maturing. Although currently slower and less reliable than traditional production methods, AM systems shine when producing parts with unconventional topologies or in small quantities. Like countless other research communities, the electrical machine (EM) research community has shifted considerable efforts towards integrating AM systems into the EM production cycle to implement more powerful and efficient topology optimized (TO) next-generation EMs. In this paper, the state-of-the-art printing of soft magnetic, hard magnetic, and electrically conductive materials was investigated to evaluate the maturity of each material type for integration into EM construction. The highest maturity was identified for AM pure copper, showing characteristics equivalent to commercial high purity copper. In contrast, AM permanent magnets were the least mature: suffering from low power density and limited magnetization capacities. Printed soft magnetic steels were characterized as halfway in-between: on one side showing equivalent DC magnetic properties to conventional non-oriented steels, but on the other – suffering from high eddy current losses in AC applications. Based on the study's findings, it would appear that the emergence of additively manufactured EMs is only a matter of time. We predict a dramatic increase in the printing of prototype TO components within the next few years, focusing most likely on TO machine windings, heat exchangers, and synchronous rotors.

The use of biotechnological approaches to the production of meat products based on the introduction of resource-saving technologies

The current stage of food technology development is associated with ensuring a qualitatively new leap in the efficiency of using the planet's resources for food production. The article suggests ways to improve the quality, reduce the cost, expand the volume and assortment of food produced on the existing agricultural base while simultaneously developing traditional and non-traditional methods of food production. The aim of the work is to develop recommendations for expanding the range of enriched emulsified meat products using composites based on raw materials of vegetable and animal origin. The results obtained during the research positively assess the prospects for using a composite mixture based on ingredients of vegetable and animal origin as part of minced meat for sausage loaves. The developed functional composite mixture can be successfully used in the technology of minced products of a wide range, including enriched and preventive products for the general population, including children, the elderly, etc. The use of secondary resources of the meat processing industry with the use of biotechnological approaches in the production of food systems opens up wide opportunities for increasing the economic stability of production and saturation of the market with food products that meet the needs of the population and greening of the industry. The developed sausage products contain in their composition a sufficiently high amount of proteins with a relatively low fat content. The introduction of protein-carbon composites into the formulation made it possible to enrich products with proteins, dietary fibers, increase nutritional and biological value. Microbiological sausage products met the requirements for products of this group. The products do not exhibit toxic effects on the test object and as a result are harmless to humans.

Total Factor Productivity and its Contribution to Economic Growth of Pakistan

This research work deliberates the significance of total factor productivity TFP in enhancing product performance in the case of Pakistan.There are several dynamics elaborated in this procedure. The features comprise energy consumption, stock of capital and employed labor force that take part a vital role in appreciating productivity development for Pakistan's expensive. In order to pattern the long-run effect of these influences on Gross Domestic Product GDP, we have taken our data set from the Economic Survey of Pakistan (ESP) and World Development Indicator (WDI) for the year 1990 to2018, respectively. Furthermore, we employ the endogenous growth model to assess the contribution of those numerous factors toward GDP. The country's economy has been increasing because investments and savings are low and going down. This makes worker productivity less important. Therefore, it is important to move toward modern and up-to-date techniques from traditional methods of production in order to accelerate output for the country's economy.

Hindistan’da Çay Kültürü ve Terakota Bhar Fincanları

Dünya’nın en köklü uygarlıklarına ev sahipliği yapan Hindistan, geçmişin izlerini nesilden nesile devam ettirerek geleneklerini etkili şekilde sürdüren önemli bir kültüre sahiptir. Kültürel miraslarına değer veren ülke, geleneksel çömlekçilik üretimini günümüzde halen devam ettirmektedir. Ülkede geleneksel pişmiş toprak üretimi oldukça eskilere dayanmakta olup, pek çok farklı bölgede yer alan doğal yataklardan çıkarılan killi topraklar; kullanım eşyalarına, zanaata ve sanata dönüşmektedir. En çok kullanılan terakota üretimlerden biri, tek kullanımlık çay fincanları olan Bhar’dır. Günümüzde ülke genelinde çay içmek için pişmiş toprak fincanlar, halk tarafından yoğun talep görmektedir. Köklü çay kültürüne sahip olan ve farklı damak tatlarını içeren Hint çayları; çoğunlukla tercihen geleneksel yöntemlerle çömlekçi tornasında şekillendirilen Bhar’larda içilmektedir. Düşük derecelerde geleneksel fırınlarda pişirilerek kullanıma hazır hale getirilen bu terakota fincanlar, çömlekçiler tarafından günlük üretilmektedir. Bu araştırmada, Hindistan’a özgü çay kültürü ile bu kültür içinde yer alan ve toplum tarafından kanıksanmış terakota Bhar fincanlar incelenmiştir. Bu bağlamda; terakota çay fincanlarının geleneksel üretim yöntemlerine ilişkin süreçleri, Bhar kullanımının kültürel ve geleneksel boyutu, çömlek üreticilerinin sosyo-ekonomik durumu, fincanların tek kullanımlık olması sebebiyle ortaya çıkan çevre faktörü ile ilgili konular ele alınmıştır.