Korean Traditional House Research Articles

A Quantitative Analysis of ‘Maru ’ Space in Small-Sized Hanok, the Traditional Korean House - Based on Kim Hong-Sik’s Traditional Korean House Survey Data from 1971 to 2001 -

A Quantitative Analysis of ‘Maru ’ Space in Small-Sized Hanok, the Traditional Korean House - Based on Kim Hong-Sik’s Traditional Korean House Survey Data from 1971 to 2001 -

Adaptation process of a Korean traditional house to modern dwelling culture: focusing on Hui-Dong Go’s house (1918-1959) in Wonseo-dong, Seoul

ABSTRACT Housing in the Joseon Dynasty was regulated by the caste system based on Confucianism and the perceived predominance of men over women. Therefore, the houses and associated dwelling culture of the Joseon populace did not evolve and became stagnant. Although new dwelling cultures and associated houses from abroad through the Gaehwa and the 1876 port-opening were introduced, the dwelling cultures led to stagnant evolution of the houses of the Joseon populace. In this sense, Hui-Dong Go’s house is an extremely rare case, having been built in a relatively economically manner on the parcel of a typical house. Therefore, the current work analyzes Go’s house in comparison with houses proposed in the discourses of pre-modern and modern dwelling culture at the time in Joseon both before and after the 1876 port-opening, and it then examines the meanings of the dwelling culture that can be drawn from his house. As a result, this study reveals that Go’s house is a highly valuable integration of the dwelling culture, which succeeded the traditional type of Korean housing, improved upon both the problems of Joseon houses and the problems of urban hanoks, and actively accepted and adapted modern residential discourses.

Hadong Hanok Stay: A Subtle Hybrid Structure

Hadong Hanok Stay is a hanok (traditional Korean house) guest accommodation at the foot of Mount Jirisan, from where you can see the river Seomjingang and the plain of Pyeongsari far to the south. The Stay village consists of four accommodation units of three types: anchae, sarangchae, and byeolchae. Anchae and sarangchae have "horizontal narratives". The various spaces and scenery unfold on a horizontal plane. The byeolchae was planned as a "vertical narrative", with a simple room and a floor over the kitchen. A reception was also provided to cater for guests’ needs. This is a "hybrid" blend of traditional Korean structures and modern wooden ones – a new form of hanok that suits modern lifestyles and construction techniques as well as the graceful scenery of Hadong.

전통주거건축의 평면형태에 따른 여름철 대청마루의 통풍효과에 관한 연구

This study aims to examine the Cross ventilation effect of Daecheongmaru in summer according to the floor plan of Korean traditional housing architecture by region according to the climate characteristics of the Korean Peninsula. This study examines the climate characteristics of the Korean Peninsula and identifies the floor plan of Korean traditional housing architecture that appears accordingly. In particular, the purpose of Korean traditional housing architecture is to examine the nature-friendly construction techniques and ventilation effects of Korean traditional architecture through natural ventilation by focusing on Daecheongmaru, which is generally highly utilized in summer. The following conclusions were drawn. First, the plane form of traditional housing architecture is judged to have an overall advantageous plane form in the summer natural ventilation effect. Second, the natural ventilation effect of Daecheongmaru according to the plane shape of traditional housing architecture appeared in the order of ㄱ-shape, ㅡ-shape, ㅁ-shape, and ㄷ-shape. Third, the Daecheongmaru of traditional housing architecture is judged to be suitable for its role as a central space for summer life due to the formation of an open space in the front and back.

Conductive Korean Traditional Paper (Hanji) Coupled with Ag Nanowire for Functional Electronic Paper Windows in Hanok

AbstractKorean traditional paper known as Hanji is coupled with Ag nanowires (NWs) to be used as multi‐functional paper windows in wooden flame doors of a traditional Korean house (Hanok). The Ag NW is uniformly embedded in a handmade Hanji, consisting of multiple laminated sheets formed through ssangbal filtering up and spray method. The combination demonstrates a low sheet resistance of 28 Ohm square−1because of a percolating network structure of Ag NWs, which is apt for interconnectors and electrodes. Owing to the flexibility of the Hanji and Ag NWs, outstanding mechanical flexibility, apt for curved or flexible electronic paper windows, is observed. To further examine the potential of the multi‐functional electronic paper window, anti‐bacterial and electromagnetic interference shield properties of the Hanji are also investigated. It is noted that the functional Hanji sterilizes 99.9% of staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia and shows 15 dB (12–18 GHz) shielding efficiency due to the existence of the metallic Ag NWs network. In addition, successful operation of Hanji‐based interconnectors, thin film heaters, and touch panels demonstrates that the Hanji‐based electronic paper window can be used as a device‐integrated paper window in traditional Hanok or oriental traditional houses.

Intermediate space for housing design learned from tradition of Korean maru and Turkish sofa

The study examines traditional design approaches for intermediate spaces of residential buildings to support environmentally driven design strategies of current practices. For the evaluation of the potential of traditional design strategies, traditional houses of Korea and Turkey are explored by making a detailed comparison of maru and sofa according to theoretical considerations on intermediate spaces. After examining the concept of the intermediate space and the general characteristics of Korean and Turkish traditional housing, 10 cases from 17th to 19th centuries are selected and compared to clarify the features of maru and sofa as intermediate spaces. Based on the results, the arrangement of maru shows characteristics of contradiction between interior rooms and intermediate spaces in a monotonous structural repetition, while sofa presents an apparently hierarchical spatial composition. Sofa has the placeness quality, while maru has the quality of plurality, actively mixing both inside and outside environments. While maru allows various free access with clear spatial continuity, sofa produces a sequential spatial experience with the pleasure of different architectural qualities. Finally, the study suggests opened type and closed type of intermediate space as two possible strategies for modern houses based on the results of comparative analyses. Recent environmental studies in architecture should consider intermediate spaces of various traditional houses due to the insights and possibilities these spatial elements may potentially provide to both architectural practice and theory, especially in a pandemic era.

A Study on the Characteristic Micro-Climate of Traditional Korean Houses using Computational Fluid Analysis

A Study on the Characteristic Micro-Climate of Traditional Korean Houses using Computational Fluid Analysis

역사적 도심 내 현존하는 옛 건축물의 유형 및 분포 특성 - 청주시 성안동과 중앙동을 대상으로 -

This study is to investigate the old buildings that have been built more than 50 years ago, targeting the areas of Seongan and Jungang-dong, the historic urban area of Cheongju. Their types and distribution characteristics are as follows. 1) First, the old buildings existing in downtown Cheongju account for 21.4% of 1,070 out of the total 5,000 buildings. Among them, wooden buildings before the 1950s accounted for 60% of them, resulting in severe aging. 2) Second, by use, 728 detached houses and 276 neighborhood living facilities account for 93.8% of the total, with 16 offices and 12 religious facilities. By structure, there are wood 65%, masonry 30%, and reinforced concrete 5% (54 buildings). By number of floors, the first floor 90%, the second floor 7.3%, and the third floor or higher 2.7% (30 buildings). The roof material is 51.6% of earthenware, followed by slate, cement, and slab. 3) Third, the old buildings are scattered all over the streets, and are concentrated in Namju-dong, Nammun-ro 1-ga-dong, Seoun-dong, and Sudong at the foot of Uamsan Mountain, a former refugee village. Also old buildings are distributed in Seoun-dong and Seokgyo-dong where hanok(korean traditional houses) are concentrated, in Namju and Nammunro 1 ga-dong blocks connected by alleys, and in cul-de-sac all over the place.

Microbial Diversity and Volatile Flavor Changes during Gayangju Fermentation, a Traditional Korean House Rice Wine.

Physicochemical changes in fermented alcoholic beverages are significantly related to microbial community development during fermentation. Due to its unusually long fermentation, Gayangju, a traditional Korean house rice wine fermented with nuruk as the traditional starter, gives rise to a strong yeast community and, therefore, a high ethanol concentration and different flavors. However, no detailed analysis has been examined. Changes in microbial community structure during Gayangju fermentation were examined using both culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. During fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera were dominant during all stages of the fermentation. In contrast, Candida parapsilosis, Hanseniaspora guilliermondii, Pichia anomala, Malassezia cuniculi and P. fermentans were identified as minor. P. anomala appeared after the second brewing and then remained constant. Among the 19 compounds identified in this study as order-active compounds, 2-methyl-1-butanol (isoamyl alcohol) was the major compound that increased during the long fermentation stage. Most of the odor-active compounds such as 2,3-butanediol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl tetradecanoate, ethyl decanoate, ethyl dodecanoate, butanoic acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid (isovaleric acid), 2-methylbutanoic acid, 2-methyl-1-propanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl caprylate, 2-phenylethanol, and 3-methylbutyl acetate increased as the fermentation progressed during 68 days of fermentation, which showed significant differences in the concentrations of odor-active compounds of commercially fermented makgeolli.

Applicability of Assessment Indices for Hanok-User Sensory Comfort Based on Visual and Tactile Comfort Evaluation Indicators

This study aimed to present an evaluation system to assess comfort that reflects the unique value of vernacular architecture. For this purpose, the background, purpose, evaluation items, and evaluation methods of Korean Standard-Basic Part: 6300-1, 2 (KS A 6300) were analyzed. As a result, the weakness was found in the KS system that there was no method to evaluate the user’s human sensory comfort. To overcome this problem, the contents of KS A 6300-1, 2 were analyzed, and evaluation indices were categorized to assess the comfort of human sensory experience. A comfort assessment index was then derived to evaluate the visual and tactile comfort of the Korean traditional house by analyzing previous research and systems. To assess the possibility of using the Hanok evaluation system for the derived comfort indices, the actual building environmental and user data were collected for one year. Based on the previous step, Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) and Daylight Glare Probability (DGP) were calculated, and at the same time, a comparative analysis was conducted with the collected user data. As a result, DGP showed a tendency of changing user comfort and an error of 7 to 8% regardless of region, while PMV showed a tendency similar to the change in user discomfort response rate. Accordingly, it was concluded that each evaluation index could be used for the comfort evaluation of Hanok.

The Samcheong Hanok and the Evolution of the Traditional Korean House

The hanok or traditional Korean house has evolved to meet modern conditions that are continually updated. The “Samcheong Hanok” located in Bukchon, the most representative hanok village in Seoul, is a typical example. The house was originally constructed around 1940 but underwent several stages of extension and repairs before finally being renovated by architect Wook Choi in 2000. It is arguable that the evolution of the Samcheong Hanok illustrates a typical history of modern hanok, which is characterized as two types according to certain periods. The first is the urban-type hanok, built approximately between 1930 and 1960, which is a standardized version that was mass-produced for anonymous clients by a developer. The second, introduced around 2000, is the contemporary hanok, an individualized and tailor-made version built for a specific client in general. Based on analysis and integration of Bukchon’s historical context and Samcheong Hanok’s records, this paper aims to trace and reconstruct a plausible history of the house to illustrate the typical historical aspects of modern hanok—urban-type and contemporary. In the conclusion, after revealing the rigidity of the current hanok support system, several suggestions for a creative evolution of hanok are offered.

Sustainable Landscapes in the Traditional Korean Residential Environment: Focus on the Joseon Dynasty

This study examines the sustainable landscapes displayed in traditional Korean houses of the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910) by investigating urban agricultural practices implemented in the palace, private houses, and an imaginary garden (Uiwon). Currently popular productive gardening applications, such as urban agriculture, productive landscapes, and edible landscapes, also formed the backbone of the traditional Korean housing environment in the Joseon Dynasty, which has had substantial implications for today’s landscaping practices. Landscapes that are productive rather than decorative are important for environmentally sound and sustainable development not only for South Korea but also for modern housing design worldwide. This research provides concrete discussions of the definition and range of urban agriculture, agricultural methods, and principal agents of gardening-related businesses. This information advances the cultural conversation as well as the understanding and application of gardening in the modern context. Through a comparison of traditional and modern South Korean housing environments, this study contributes to developing the research on the role of gardens in sustainable landscapes.

A comparative Study of Intermediate Space of Korean and Uzbekistan Traditional Housing in 16~18c

A comparative Study of Intermediate Space of Korean and Uzbekistan Traditional Housing in 16~18c

Role of cultural worldview in predicting heritage tourists’ behavioural intention

ABSTRACT Limited attention has been given to the investigation of how cultural worldview (CW) affects tourists’ behavioural intention in heritage tourism sites. Thus, this study aims to examine the role of CW in predicting heritage tourists’ behavioural intention by employing two seminal behaviour models, the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and theory of planned behaviour (TPB). The data were collected from 323 heritage travellers who visited Hanok Village in South Korea, where approximately 735 Hanoks (traditional Korean house) were preserved as a popular tourist attraction. The study’s findings demonstrate that tourists’ CW can be an important variable in the prediction and understanding of behavioural intention among heritage tourists and may serve as a proxy for perceived behavioural control. This study also identified that subjective norm was the strongest predictor of behavioural intention among heritage travellers. The overall results support that a positive attitude towards visiting a heritage village, which features Hanoks, strong normative support in their visit intention, and strong CW was positively associated with the behavioural intention of the heritage travellers. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed to enhance the heritage visitors’ attitude, perception, and behavioural intention.

한국 전통의 조형미를 반영한 패션상품 디자인 개발 : 한옥의 미적 모티브를 이용한 가방디자인

This study aims to reinterpret the unique formative and elegant beauty of the traditional Korean house called hanok, in terms of modern sensibilities through a variety of new handbag designs. The courtyard, lattice doors and unique structure of the traditional Korean house have been the main inspirational elements for this handbag collection. Considering that hanoks are made of wood, stone, paper, and eco-friendly materials, the handbags’ locking systems, handles, and decorative details were developed using mainly wood. The diverse patterns of traditional windows and doors made of wood lattices were applied in designing the handbags’ structural patterns. Also, fabrics that evoke images of wood were developed by mimicking the cozy landscapes of pine trees in hanok gardens, which seem part of nature. The unique hanok structure that connects the doors between rooms was used as a design element incorporating overlapping and layering. Under the surge in the worldwide popularity of the South Korean culture, modern fashion design that sophisticatedly integrates the emotions and beauty of Korea is more urgent than ever. We aim for this study to provide inspiration in applying Korea’s unique culture and aesthetic values to modern fashion design, so that traditional Korean dignity and emotional design will naturally permeate the global fashion market.

Extraction of spatial genetic characteristics and analysis of 1930s Korean Urban Hanok based on application of space syntax

ABSTRACT This paper presents an analysis of an Urban Hanok (improved Korean traditional housing), created in the process of Seoul’s urbanization since the 1930s as anew housing type from traditional Hanoks, using aspace syntax methodology to uncover the underlying genotype. The genotype of the Urban Hanok plan layout, originating from the urban residential areas organized in the 1930s, was analyzed and compared. The results indicate that the Madang-centered organization is the underlying spatial structure of the 1930s Urban Hanok. Diachronic examination of the sample in terms of sectoral differentiation has identified three groups: (a) the house organized with three central spaces (Madang– Daecheong– Deamungan or stairs), (b) the house organized with three central spaces (Madang– Mediation Space– Daecheong), and (c) the house organized with two central spaces (Madang– Sarang Madang). When converted to aJustified graph, group (a) is classified into aTree-Shape, and an Umbrella-Shape, group (b) is classified into an extended Tree-Shape, and group (c) is classified into aRing-Shape. Characteristics of the spatial structure in the Urban Hanok layout and their meanings were identified through this research. The implication of the Madang-centered layout type, most common in Urban Hanoks.

역사문화유적지의 관광컨텐츠 개발: 서계 역사문화유적지 사례를 중심으로

Recently, tourist demand for Korean traditional old houses has been steadily increasing, and various forms of cultural contents have been attempted in those houses. This study presents cultural contents based on life-long story of Seogye and historical resources in Seokcheon-dong, which is called Jangam-dong recently, Ujeongbu. Seogye is a representative scholar of the late Chosun Dynasty. He attempted to interpret Confucian doctrines independently and wrote books on farming methods. Exemplary contents provided in the present study were a trail containing Seogyes’thoughts and behaviors, humanities and arts performance focused on his life, traditional liquor making experience, refreshment at an old house, and a scholar-experience program at Nogangseowon to honor his son Park Tae-bo who risked his life for his own beliefs.

Animal motifs representing sipjangsaeng (longevity) and samgang oryun (basic virtues of Neo-Confucian social ethics) in the furniture and decor of a traditional Korean house

Animal motifs representing sipjangsaeng (longevity) and samgang oryun (basic virtues of Neo-Confucian social ethics) in the furniture and decor of a traditional Korean house

Dismantlement of traditional Hanok space and emergence of modern Hanok

ABSTRACT This study addresses the transformation of contemporary Hanok – a Korean traditional housing – by comparing its floor plans before and after remodeling. Based on this comparative analysis, the transformation of Korean dwelling style and its significance are discussed. Both pre-remodeling and post-remodeling spaces are represented in the form of a convex map, and the integration value of each space is quantified through the Space Syntax model. Spatial analysis on the transformations of contemporary Hanok demonstrates that traditional dwelling space of Hanok has been dismantled and reorganized. Such transformations are closely associated with the changes in the dwelling style of Koreans. In the remodeled contemporary Hanok, each space is connected to each other by Toi-maru and Corridor, which are also interiorized so that Madang and the building are thoroughly separated. Compared to the previous spatial composition where the spaces were connected by Madang, the depth of each space in the remodeled Hanok was deepened, and this change mainly contributed to the overall decrease in the integration values after remodeling. This study has significance as it confirmed that a new form of Hanok has emerged to cope with contemporary lifestyle by analyzing the changes in the spatial structure of recently remodeled Hanok.

The roles of cultural worldview and authenticity in tourists’ decision-making process in a heritage tourism destination using a model of goal-directed behavior

Although cultural worldview and authenticity have been suggested to be important concepts, little research has been conducted to explore their roles in the decision-making process for visiting heritage destinations. Thus, this study developed a theoretical framework using an extended model of goal-directed behavior (MGB) to determine whether cultural worldview and authenticity play important roles in understanding the decision-making process. An onsite survey was conducted for tourists (n = 323) who visited Hankok (traditional Korean house) village. Results revealed that both cultural worldview and authenticity influence tourists' decision-making process using MGB with authenticity having a greater impact on the process than cultural worldview. Results also revealed that both cultural worldview and authenticity are indirectly related to desire and behavioral intention. Desire was also found to play an important mediating role between antecedents of MGB and behavioral intention. It is believed the results provide important theoretical and managerial implications related to heritage tourists’ decision-making process.