Traditional Grammar Research Articles

Norma e Variação Linguística: Implicações no Ensino da Língua Portuguesa em Angola

Esse estudo procura descrever a diversidade linguística angolana oriunda do multilinguismo. A coabitação de cerca de vinte línguas nacionais de origem bantu e não bantu com o português, a língua oficial, promoveu o contato linguístico e concomitantemente a interferência. Nesse contexto, situações de violências simbólicas são frequentes na realidade angolana, motivadas por um ensino que relega a variação linguística, uma vez que o país é caracterizado pelo ensino dogmático, voltado à doutrina da gramática tradicional, que em vez de agregar as qualidades dos alunos, as segrega. Com base nestas constatações, objetiva-se na pesquisa: (i) proporcionar ao professor subsídios que estimulem a reflexão, questionamentos e crítica sobre questões normativas para um viés de ensino voltado à variação linguística, (ii) saber de que forma a norma-prescritiva pode implicar no ensino do português angolano (PA).

Arabic Grammar Traditions in Gibe and Harär: Regional Continuity vs Specificity of Scholarship

The present study is based on the analysis of manuscript collections of two regions of Ethiopia in part collected during two field missions and in part already known. Gibe and Harär areas were chosen both for the interesting history of their Islamisation and for their location directed towards West and North Africa from the one side, and East Africa and the Arabian peninsula from the other. Among the different fields of Islamic education, Arabic grammar has been identified as a subject not specific to certain collections or areas, being Arabic learning at the base of every Islamic curriculum studiorum. The traditional core curriculum for Arabic learning has been determined according to the presence of traditional grammar works together with their comments, abridgements, glosses etc. in order to highlight possible specificities or common traditions between the two areas and between these and the surrounding regions through implicit intellectual networks along the historical trade routes.

Usage of English Articles in Traditional Grammar

Usage of English Articles in Traditional Grammar

Usage of English Articles in Traditional Grammar

Usage of English Articles in Traditional Grammar

Estudio macrosintáctico de las estructuras que introducen la fuente enunciativa: como…/ según…/ para…/en palabras de…/ en opinión de

La denominada “gramática tradicional” difícilmente puede dar respuesta al funcionamiento de una serie de estructuras que aparecen normalmente en el margen oracional, van entre pausas, y ejercen la función de introducir la fuente informativa de lo dicho. Nos referimos a expresiones introducidas por según, como dice, en palabras de, para o en opinión de. Este tipo de estructuras, no fijadas y con movilidad oracional, pueden especializarse en presentar al responsable último de lo dicho (complemento de la aserción), o bien marcar simplemente al dicente (complemento locutivo). Por ello, necesitamos un enfoque pragmático, supraoracional y más cercano a la teoría de los denominados “evidenciales” (Dendale y Tasmowski 2001, Aikhenvald 2003, Willet 1988) para explicar las similitudes y diferencias morfo-funcionales de esta serie de complementos de la enunciación que poseen, además, una gran rentabilidad desde el punto de vista argumentativo. Nuestro estudio se propone, por tanto, realizar una descripción minuciosa de este tipo de construcciones, ya sea desde un punto de vista sintáctico (función, movilidad, posibilidad de combinarse con otros complementos “marginales”, capacidad para aparecer insertos dentro de subordinadas), estructural (posibilidad de introducir sintagmas u oraciones) o enunciativo (capacidad para introducir al locutor/enunciador), con la finalidad de, en la medida de lo posible, poner algo de orden dentro del poco sistematizado (por haber sido poco estudiado de una manera metodológicamente homogénea) campo de la sintaxis supraoracional.

The Development of the Origin Sense of the Preposition מִן in Biblical Hebrew

The origin sense of the preposition מן in Biblical Hebrew has been treated in various ways by traditional grammars and lexica. The discrepancy between the entries for מן in these sources indicates that a systematic and theoretically justifiable account of the nature of this sense was lacking. In this paper the Principled Polysemy Approach (Tyler and Evans 2013) was employed to analyse the origin sense (as defined) by investigating whether 1) it should be viewed as a distinct sense and 2) how is it related to the primary sense and the other senses of the preposition. The conclusion is reached that the origin sense is a distinct sense of the preposition and that it is related to the primary sense, which contains the semantic elements of locational source and separation, in a principled way.

영어전통문법론에 있어 품사에 대한 연구

영어전통문법론에 있어 품사에 대한 연구

Recent Trends of Expressing Female Occupation Names and Titles in Romanian

루마니아어에서 곡용을 하는 품사군(nume)에는 문법적 성(gen gramatical)이 존재하며 이것의 형태적 구분은 라틴어의 영향으로 매우 발달해 있는편이다. 본 논문은 문법적으로 남성형과 여성형으로 구별된 직업명·직함의 사회적 코노테이션 및 여성에 대한 남성형 직업명·직함의 사용이 가져올수 있는 언어적 규범과 관련된 문제점에 대해서 분석하였다. 남성형과 여성형으로 구별된 직업명·직함이 있는 경우 일반적으로 여성형 직업명·직함의 권위가 남성형에 비해서 더 낮은 것으로 인식되기 때문에 최근에는 이것을, 특히 엘리트 고학력 중심의 직업명과 고위직의 직함에서, 남성형으로 통일시키려는 경향을 보이고 있다. 하지만 이러한 경향이 의미적, 형태·통사적 측면에서 전통적 문법 규범의 중심인 “문법적 성의 일 치”라는 부분과 배치(背馳) 될 수 있다는 문제를 만들어낼 수 있는 바, 이부분에 대해서 루마니아어의 매스미디어를 중심으로 살펴보았으며 몇 가지 측면에서 상당히 혼란스러운 모습이 존재하고 있음을 볼 수 있었다.Grammatical gender is highly developed in Romanian like other Romance Languages. Latin infleunces on Romanian left systematic declension forms on parts of speeches such as noun, pronoun, adjective, article and number. This article aims at studying from a sociolinguistic viewpoint how grammatical gender is influencing the language and its connotation which is closely related with a society and a culture on which the given language is based. This article gave a special attention on occupation names and titles because they can show clearly the influences of grammatical gender on language. Generally the occupation names and titles divided both masculine and feminine are something classic one which existed from long before. The new occupation names and titles are usually used by one form of masculine. This is because the feminine occupation names or titles are considered to have less authority and power compared to masculine forms. Even though this trend has a reasonable bases, it is possible to make confusions of according grammatical gender in the morphological and syntactical parts which is a central axle of Romanian traditional grammar.

Acceptability of Stative Verbs in Progressive Form within Linguistic Context

The controversy over the use of English stative verbs in progressive aspect has vexed the researchers throughout the ages. Traditional grammars see “progressive statives” as highly unacceptable in any context. However, Smiecinska (2002) goes in line with Kakietek (1997) who admits the acceptability of stative verbs in progressive form. The present study reports on a survey conducted among 68 EFL learners of intermediate, bachelor and master’s level studying at Govt. Postgraduate College Burewala, Punjab, Pakistan. The main object of the study was to explore the acceptability level of progressive statives. Secondly, this paper focused on examining the extent to which the context of stative verb plays its role in imposing the choice of progressive aspect. For the purpose of data collection, a questionnaire designed by Smiecinska (2002) was used with few changes in it after the pilot study was completed. The findings of the survey went along with those reported in previous studies. The majority of the participants considered the stative verbs in progressive form as acceptable with a wide margin. The results revealed that the higher the study level was, the more acceptability was. However, the study culminated in a perception that aloofness from the grammatical rules invites dependency on the context in choosing aspect for stative verb.

Word Order of Noun and Verb Phrases in Contemporary Persian and English Poems

Literature is a system of semantic markers which convey emotions as well. Sentences in literary texts, particularly poetic ones, are not merely a medium to convey a message. In literary language, there is not a one to one correspondence between words and their meaning. That is in literary texts, the words and consequently sentences do not have their common dictionary meaning. Rather, in many cases, they include the writers or poets intended meaning. For writers and poets, words are not simply means of conveying a message, but a scheme to create beauty and novel innovations. The poets to make more impression on their addressees usually create uncommon sentences in the language. To express their feelings and thoughts, they invert the poems internal word order or sort out the structural system of their poetic sentences counter to standard language. By creating marked words or sentences, they actually seek to communicate their audience artistically and innovatively. Sentence is the poets main instrument that according to traditional grammars definition consists of two parts: subject and predicate. However, in modern linguistics sentence is a set of noun and verb phrases that are joined together as a harmonious whole. Each of noun or verb phrases has a unique structure so that their internal order cannot be changed; however, poets make their utterance poetic by inverting these groups to create greater influence. By using content analysis method, an attempt is made in this article to analyze the internal orders of noun and verb phrases in contemporary poems. The author gratefully acknowledge the financial and other support of this research, provided by the Islamic Azad University. eslamshahr Branch, Tehran ,Iran

A CONSTITUIÇÃO DOS LIVROS DIDÁTICOS PELA DETERMINAÇÃO DAS TEORIAS LINGUÍSTICAS

No presente estudo, analisamos como as teorias linguisticas sao retomadas e articuladas na constituicao discursiva de materiais didaticos destinados ao ensino de Lingua Portuguesa no Brasil. Buscamos explicitar, por meio de marcas linguisticas, a maneira como estas teorias linguisticas ressoam na discursividade destes materiais. Nosso corpus de analise e constituido por dois livros didaticos de Lingua Portuguesa: i) um exemplar de circulacao atual - Portugues Linguagens – 9o Ano, de William Roberto Cereja e Thereza Cochar Magalhaes; ii) um exemplar da decada de oitenta - Reflexao e Acao em Lingua Portuguesa – 8a Serie, de Marilda Prates. Entendemos os exemplares como materialidades linguisticas significantes, a fim de compreender a sua constituicao e como esta afeta e determina o que pode e deve ser ensinado nas aulas de Lingua Portuguesa e nas escolas. Para tanto, filiamo-nos aos pressupostos da Historia das Ideias Linguisticas, que, no Brasil, constitui-se vinculada a Analise de Discurso pecheuxtiana, e que nos auxiliou a realizar gestos interpretativos sobre o corpus . A partir da analise realizada, consideramos os Livros Didaticos como instrumentos linguisticos e compreendemos que permanece nessa materialidade uma forte presenca do ensino com enfoque na gramatica tradicional, mesmo com todos os avancos das teorias linguisticas. -- DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.12957/matraga.2017.27234

A norma-padrão (e seus outros nomes) na avaliação da produção escrita

This article reflects on the notions of educated linguistic norm, standard linguistic norm and formal written mode in order to establish a productive dialogue with Portuguese teachers, especially those teaching and assessing their students’ written productions. We questioned some common procedures involved in the grading of written productions, such as focusing on grammar aspects of the texts based on obsolete grammar rules. In order to do so, we discussed the often overlooked and controversial senses associated with terms such as “educated” and “standard”, used interchangeably, for instance, by the graders of Brazil’s National High School Exam between 1998 and 2014 when assessing the written part of the exam. Later on, we performed a qualitative analysis of a school essay that presents a few particular morphosyntactic aspects that are in fact used by “educated” Brazilians in their daily and monitored writing practices. We sought to demonstrate that grammar tradition itself already often validates these aspects in their prescription. This way, possible interdictions in formal written contexts, such as in the National High School Exam, arise from an ideology that preaches unattainable standard linguistic rules, resulting in an obsolete, “pure” and overcorrect linguistic standard. Keywords: standard linguistic norm, grading, written production.

Motivation of Traditional Grammar School Pupils and Pupils of Waldorf Grammar School

Motivation of Traditional Grammar School Pupils and Pupils of Waldorf Grammar School

Systemic Functional Theory: A Pickax of Textual Investigation

The study examines Systemic Functional Theory (SFT) as a tool of examining text, and perhaps, text of any dimension as long as it falls within the grammatical organs of the clause. The author provides explanations for the theory from its relevant source(s). The chronological appreciation involves the efforts of Saussure, Firth, Malinowski, Hjelmslev, etc. However, Halliday’s insight seems prominent and upon which Systemic Functional Theory receives a global status that it has assumed today. Halliday constructs numerous concepts e.g. lexicogrammar, processes, cohesion, coherence, system, system network with background from traditional grammar and sociological tokens. In addition to that, the three metafunctions are characterized as its core operational concepts. Out of these, the mood system serves as the instrument of analysis of Psalm one utilized in this endeavor as a case study. Although the clauses fall within the profile of the indicative and imperative, the study reveals that some of the structures are inverted in order to propagate the intended messages. To that end, there are inverted indicative clauses expressed as inverted declarative statements, inverted imperative questions and inverted negativized polarity. In sum, Systemic Functional Theory is a facility for explaining different shapes of texts.

국어 전통문법에서의 관형사 범주 설정

The purpose of this study is to review the various discussions about Korean pre-nouns in Korean traditional grammar and to examine how the pre-nouns have been recognized as independent parts of speech historically. For this purpose, we analysed 24 Korean traditional grammar books published from the early 20th century to 1945 and then compared the differences of various grammatical scholars during that period. As a result, it was confirmed that there was a historical change in the point of view to set the Korean pre-nouns. The position of recognizing pre-nouns as independent parts of speech was initially a minority, but in the 1930s it was set as an independent part of speech in the majority of books. In addition, the recognition of pre-nouns was made by deeper analysis of the adjacent categories related to pre-nouns, i.e, adjectives, pronouns, and numerals. First, the distinction between pre-nouns and prepositional-adjectives was not clearly presented in the grammar until the 1910s. The distinction between these two categories has been recognized since the 1920s by Park, Seung-bin(1935) and Choi Hyun-bae(1937) after Hong Gi-Moon(1927). Next, the distinction between pronouns, numerals and pre-nouns also shows the similar pattern. In conclusion, it can be interpreted that the Korean pre-nouns has been expanded their scope of separation from adjectives, pronouns, and numerals, which occupied a very wide range in Korean traditional grammar.

Polyfunctionality and distribution of reflexive verbs in Latvian

The aim of the current paper is to analyze Latvian reflexive verbs from the point of view of their polyfunctionality and distributon.The polysemy of the reflexive verbs is not usually disucussed in the connection with its distribution pattern in the sentence either. This can be partly explianed by the fact that the reflexive verb can have some non-standard language meanings, which following the established practice of the traditional grammars and sometimes even dictionaries, were not depicted in the language system description either. So the current paper is an attempt to analyze the polyfunctionality of reflexive verbs in connection with their semantic and syntactic functions, without judging the language use from the normative point of view.The classification of Latvian reflexive verbs is based on the relationship between semantic roles and syntactic structure according to the principles devised by Palmer (1994) and Saeed (1997).One and the same reflexive verb may have different lexical meanings with a different distribution for each of the meanings. One and the same verb can belong to different subclasses of the subject and object (or impersonal) verbs.Some reflexive verbs have evaluative or aspectual (iterative) meanings. The evaluative meanings usually are manifested by a positive or negative assessment of the event (the context can be enhanced by the adverbs good or bad) and the consequences while the aspectual meaning is manifested by the intensity of the action, that is – iterativity.The study confirms the assumption that reflexive verbs are independent lexemes as opposed to non-reflexive verb forms. Each reflexive verb has its distinct semantic system and distribution which is different from polysemy of non-reflexive verbs and their distribution. The system of reflexive verbs in Latvian is open where new meanings and even new reflexive verbs arise particularly in colloquial use.

HYPOTACTIC STRUCTURE IN ENGLISH

This present study focuses on the study of a hypotactic structure in English. It is concerned with clause complex which is comprised of two or more clauses logically connected. The relation between clauses can be interpreted in terms of ‘logical’ semantic relations and system of interdependency relation – parataxis and hypotaxis. The method used in this study was qualitative approach in which the data were taken from some linguistic books. The finding shows that the concept of hypotactic structure in English is divided into two types: expansion and projection. There are three kinds of expanding a clause i.e. elaboration (=), extension (+) and enhancement (x), and two kinds of projection i.e. locution (”) and idea (’). Elaboration shows that the meaning of the secondary clause is equal to the primary one, but the secondary clause does not introduce a new element into the picture but rather provides a further characterization of one that is already there. Extension is a clause that extends the meaning of another by adding something new to it. Meanwhile, enhancement shows the meaning of another clause by qualifying it with adverbial clause in traditional grammar. Furthermore, the three clauses can be finite or non-finite. Locution, on the other hand, is a projection with verbal process, in which the clause containing the sayer and the reporting verb is thedominant clause and the reported element is the dependent clause. Thus, idea is a projection with mental process that is used to report ideas, beliefs, fears and speculations. The combination of mental process with a dependent ‘reporting’ clause is the nominal ways of representing what people say, think and believe.

Techniques of Shifting Part of Speech in Biological English (ESP) Literature Translation

Part of speech is a core concept of the traditional English grammar. The use of different kinds of parts of speech has strict rules. Because of the differences between source language and target language, simply translate mechanically will cause great negative impact on translation work, especially in literary translation. Therefore, we should jump out of the bondage of the original part of speech and shift the part of speech flexibly in order to achieve a vivid translation effect. Parts of speech shift are also called zero inflectional changes, or functional transformation. In contemporary English, parts of speech shift method are the most common means of word formation and very active grammatical rhetorical methods. As a language phenomenon, the shift of parts of speech is not only extremely common in literature translation work, but also very important as a way of word formation in biological and scientific work translation. However, parts of speech shift are not only a way of word-formation in traditional English grammar. This article will combine the emergence and development of cognitive linguistics to discuss the part of speech shift mechanism and skills from the perspective of human cognitive ability, and concludes several useful methods in contemporary translation work of biological papers.

The Derivation of Vocative Exclamatives with the Particle ʔaya in Gulf Arabic

Research into vocative exclamatives (VocEs) is based on the traditional grammar of Standard Arabic (SA) which considers the structure of VocEs to be like that of vocatives due to the use of the vocative particle yā. The problem with this traditional view lies in the fact that it only accounts for VocEs in terms of their similarity to vocatives, and identifies only one type of VocEs with the particle yā that exists in SA. However, other types of VocEs, their underlying structure and derivation have not been given much attention. Therefore, this paper examines the syntactic structure and the derivation of vocative exclamatives in Gulf Arabic with the particle ʔaya which does not exist in SA. It provides an analysis of the data within the Minimalist Framework and sheds light on the main differences between their structure and that of vocatives in terms of definiteness and projection.

Vega-Lite: A Grammar of Interactive Graphics.

We present Vega-Lite, a high-level grammar that enables rapid specification of interactive data visualizations. Vega-Lite combines a traditional grammar of graphics, providing visual encoding rules and a composition algebra for layered and multi-view displays, with a novel grammar of interaction. Users specify interactive semantics by composing selections. In Vega-Lite, a selection is an abstraction that defines input event processing, points of interest, and a predicate function for inclusion testing. Selections parameterize visual encodings by serving as input data, defining scale extents, or by driving conditional logic. The Vega-Lite compiler automatically synthesizes requisite data flow and event handling logic, which users can override for further customization. In contrast to existing reactive specifications, Vega-Lite selections decompose an interaction design into concise, enumerable semantic units. We evaluate Vega-Lite through a range of examples, demonstrating succinct specification of both customized interaction methods and common techniques such as panning, zooming, and linked selection.