Traditional Glass Research Articles

Microstructures and properties of (65-x)SiO2-xBi2O3-10B2O3-25CuO glasses

• The glass forming ability of the sample becomes strongest when the content of Bi 2 O 3 reaches to 20mol% in the SBBC glasses. • The average melting point of the SBBC system glass is 648.2°C, which is 30% lower than the melting point of the traditional low-melting glass. • The bonding between the SBBC glasses and the alumina ceramic substrate belongs to the diffusion bonding, and the interface is connected by chemical bond. The influence of Bi 2 O 3 content on the structure and properties of SBBC glass has been studied. The (65- x )SiO 2 - x Bi 2 O 3 -B 2 O 3 -CuO (SBBC) glasses were prepared by high temperature melt cooling method. As-prepared glasses were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermal expansion coefficient analyzer (CTE), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), Infrared spectrometer (IR) and Raman spectrometer (Raman). The results show that when the contents of Bi 2 O 3 increase from 15 mol% to 25 mol%, then Bi 3+ destroys the structures of the glasses network. As a result, the glasses network became loose, also the transition temperature, softening point, and melting point of the glasses decrease. On the other hand, the thermal expansion coefficient of the glasses increase. The bonding mode of the glass-ceramic interface sintered at 650 °C belongs to diffusion bonding, and there is no defect on the bonding surface.

Facile fabrication of multifunctional transparent glass with superhydrophobic, self-cleaning and ultraviolet-shielding properties via polymer coatings

Glass is widely used in outdoor living areas such as buildings and optical sensors to pursuit people's expected living standards. However, the hydrophilic nature of traditional glass makes the dust in the air is easy to deposit on the surface, and the poor ultraviolet (UV) shielding efficiency will limit the application areas. In this work, the multifunctional glass with hydrophobicity, self-cleaning and UV-shielding properties was fabricated by coating a transparent styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene triblock copolymer (SEBS) coating on the glass. Herein, SiO2 particles and UV absorber (UV326) were used to ensure the multifunctional properties. Properties of a series of weight ratios of SiO2 and UV326 were analyzed separately to ensure the appropriate content. Then, the multifunctional glass was fabricated and compared with the traditional glass. Results indicate that the water contact angle was enhanced from hydrophilic (14°) to superhydrophobic state (163°) and the prepared glass can present excellent self-cleaning and antifouling effect. The water droplet bouncing test shows the multifunctional glass was suiting Cassie state. Meanwhile, the multifunctional glass can shield 98% UV light and still retains 34.9% visible light transmittance. Thus, the multifunctional glass with superhydrophobicity, self-cleaning and UV-shielding properties is fabricated and can be used in relevant application areas.

Attenuation characteristics of high-energy radiation on As-Se-Sn chalcogenide glassy alloy

The present work is mainly interested in the use of chalcogenide glass materials as shielding materials for the highly energetic radiations as X-rays and Gamma rays and particles of high energies as neutrons. The chalcogenide glass system concerned with this study is As40-Se60-x-Snx (x = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 at %). Numerous radiation shielding factors have been deduced by the aid of Phy-X/PSD online software. This software enabled us to achieve the linear and mass attenuation coefficients (LAC, MAC), effective atomic number Zeff, effective electron density, Neff, half-value layer, HVL, tenth value layer TVL, mean free path MEF, energy absorption and exposure buildup factors (EABF, EBF) in photon energy range extended from 0.15 to 15 MeV. The most interesting findings are that the LAC and MAC values are more suitable for shielding purposes than that of some commercial and traditional glasses. Also the results refer to that HVL, TVL, and MFP decrease with the substitution of Selenium by Tin in the tested system, this decreasing is clearer at the medium and high range of photon energies, which indicate to the improvement of shielding features by the adding of Sn to these specimens. Zeff and Neff of these glasses were in the range (33.6- 40.6) and (2.5-2.86 x 1023 electrons/g) respectively. The results also point to that EBF and EABF decrease with further raising of Snpercentage in the investigated chalcogenide system at all the values of MFP at the hole range of the photon energy, that confirm with no doubt that the samples with higher ratios of Tin have better shielding ability than those of lower ratios of Tin in the investigated system. It is also found that FNRCS of the five investigated specimens is in between 0.0886 Cm-1 and 0.0943 Cm-1 that makes them promising protective materials against neutrons, when compared with other commercial and traditional glasses.

The Fabrication of Polymethyl Methacrylate Nozzles for Electrohydrodynamic Printing.

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing enables rapid prototyping high-resolution and low-cost lines with width of micrometer or even nanometer. However, EHD printing always suffers from nozzle clogging when the nozzle inner-diameter decrease to micro-scale. Thus fabrication of low cost nozzles becomes significantly important. In this work, 50 μm wide and 12.5 μm deep PMMA (Polymethyl Methacrylate) nozzles were fabricated without using traditional expensive glass capillary pulling approach. To replicate PMMA nozzle with high precision, the embossing condition was optimized according to replication precision, the deformation rate, and maximum stress. To nearly fully bond PMMA nozzle with intact PMMA microchannel, the bonding condition was optimized according the bonding rate and dimension loss of PMMA microchannel. The availability of the fabricated PMMA nozzle was finally verified by EHD printing experiments.

Bioinspired thermochromic transparent hydrogel wood with advanced optical regulation abilities and mechanical properties for windows

The huge heat loss/gain through windows is the cause of great energy consumption in buildings. In addition, the traditional fabrication method for glass causes many environmental problems. Recently, transparent wood has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional glass because of its high transmittance, strong mechanical properties, excellent thermal insulation ability and sustainability. In this study, inspired by jellyfish, a thermochromic transparent hydrogel wood that can smartly regulate solar irradiation is proposed as a smart window material by impregnating Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-polyacrylamide hydrogel into delignified wood. The novel thermochromic transparent hydrogel wood inherits the excellent thermochromic properties of PNIPAM and strong mechanical properties of wood, showing advanced optical regulation ability (i.e. Tlum = 82.7% and 39.8% at the cold and hot states &ΔTsol = 38.1%), low transition temperature (i.e. Tc = 22.9 °C), mechanically robust (i.e. σ = 11.6 MPa along the axial direction) and low thermal conductivity (i.e. K = 0.37 W m−1 K−1 along the perpendicular direction of the wood growth). A field test conducted in October in Hong Kong shows that thermochromic transparent hydrogel wood can reduce the indoor air temperature by 4.3 °C. Furthermore, a computational simulation for an office building proves that 2.6–10.2% energy could be saved by thermochromic transparent hydrogel wood in four different climate-zone cities. Besides, thanks to the flexibility, thermochromic transparent hydrogel wood can be easily fitted on existing windows, demonstrating the great potential for use in energy-efficient buildings.

Spectroscopic properties of Er3+-doped fluoroindate glasses

The optical and thermal properties of a new class of fluoroindate glass with different erbium contents were investigated via Raman, transmission, and fluorescence spectroscopies, fluorescence decay curve analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The strength parameters of the samples were calculated using the Judd–Ofelt theory. The mid-infrared luminescence properties of erbium-doped fluoroindate glasses were studied, and a strong emission at 2.7 μm was obtained. Compared with the traditional ZBLAN glass, this glass has excellent emission properties, especially a longer fluorescence lifetime (7.09 ms) and larger emission cross-section (6.95 × 10−21 cm2) at 2.7 μm. The results indicate that fluoroindate glass is an attractive host for mid-infrared lasers and as a gain medium for optical amplifier applications.

One-pot synthesis of monolithic silica-cellulose aerogel applying a sustainable sodium silicate precursor

Cellulose aerogel is an advanced thermal insulating biomaterial. However, the application of cellulose aerogel in thermal insulation still faces critical problems, for instance, the relatively low strength and large pore size without Knudsen effect. In this study, a silica areogel made from olivine silica rather than traditional tetraethoxysilane or water glass is employed to synthesize silica-cellulose composite aerogel applying a facile one-pot synthesis method. The silica aerogel nanoparticles are formed inside the cellulose nanofibrils by using sol-gel method and freeze-drying. The developed silica-cellulose composite aerogel has an obviosuly lowered thermal conductivity and is significantly stronger compared to plain cellulose aerogel. The microstructure of silica-cellulose aerogel was characterized by SEM, TGA, FTIR and N2 physisorption tests. The developed silica-cellulose aerogel had a bulk density of 0.055 ~ 0.06 g/cm3, compressive strength of 95.4 kPa, surface area of 900 m2/g and thermal conductivity of 0.023 W/(m·K). The thermal stability of the composite aerogel was also improved and showed the higher cellulose decomposition temperature. Furthermore, the composite aerogel is modified by trimethylchlorosilane making it hydrophobic, reaching a water contact angle of ~ 140°, enhancing its volumetric and thermo-phycial stability when applied in a humid environment. In conclusion, the resulting green silica-cellulose aerogel is a promising candidate for utilization as a high performance insulation material.

The Impact of CuO on physical, structural, optical and thermal properties of dark VPB semiconducting glasses

In this study, V 2 O 5 , P 2 O 5 and B 2 O 3 oxide compounds, traditional glass formers, were used simultaneously and dark Cu-doped VPB glasses were successfully synthesized. Glass composition was determined as 46V 2 O 5 –46P 2 O 5 –(8-x)B 2 O 3 –xCuO (mol%) and undoped and Cu-doped glasses were synthesized with melt-quenching method. By changing the CuO and B 2 O 3 in the structure, it was investigated how the properties of the synthesized glasses change with the addition of transition metal oxide to the structure. Firstly, the physical properties of the synthesized glasses were determined such us density and molar volume. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyzes were performed to observe the changes of transition metal oxide additive to the glass structure. The optical band gaps and Urbach energies of the glass series that absorb the visible region and whose transmittance starts at approximately 1750 nm were calculated by using Tauc plot method. Finally, the thermal properties of the synthesized glasses were performed via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). • Copper-doped vanadium phosphate boron (VPB) glasses were synthesized by using traditional melt-quenching method. • The densities of the synthesized Cu-doped VPB glasses have increased, while the molar volume values have a decreasing trend. • The transmittance and absorbance characteristics were measured and X-ray diffraction and Raman analyses were performed. • Direct and indirect optical band gaps, and Urbach energies of synthesized glasses were calculated. • Glass stability (GS) parameters were calculated using four different method.

ZnO/CPAN Modified Contact Lens with Antibacterial and Harmful Light Reduction Capabilities.

Compared with traditional glasses, the comfortable and convenient contact lens (CL) has seen an upsurge among the public. However, due to the lack of antibacterial properties of ordinary CLs, the risk of eye infection is greatly increased accordingly. On the other hand, ordinary CLs also cannot effectively reduce the short-wavelength blue light emitted from electronic products, such as mobile phones and computers. Aiming at the above two problems, zinc oxide (ZnO)/cyclized polyacrylonitrile (CPAN) composites are developed for CL modification. After loading with ZnO/CPAN (ZC), the CL shows a broad-spectrum antibacterial property. Further experiments also prove that it can block UVB, UVA, as well as blue light selectively, under the premise of ensuring hydrophilicity and certain transparency. Theoretically, this ZC-decorated CL can fundamentally reduce the damage to the eyes from harmful light emitted by light-emitting diodes and the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, which is thus a promising eye protection strategy for modern society.

Comparison of virtual microscopy and real microscopy for learning oral pathology laboratory course among dental students

Background/PurposeVirtual microscopy has been used for teaching general and oral pathology laboratory course for more than 10 years. This study aimed to share the learning experience of an oral pathology laboratory course using either the virtual microscopy with digitalized virtual slides (virtual slide learning) or real microscopy using traditional glass slides (glass slide learning) among dental students. Materials and methodsThirty-eight undergraduate dental students who took the compulsory course entitled “oral pathology” in the School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University were included in this study. The questionnaires were filled and final test was taken by these students after finishing the teaching of oral pathology laboratory course using either virtual or glass slide learning. The data were collected and analyzed statistically. ResultsOur results showed a significantly higher acceptance rate (all P-values < 0.001) and a significantly better histopathological diagnosis ability (P < 0.01) among dental students using the virtual slide learning than those using the glass slide learning for the oral pathology laboratory course. ConclusionVirtual microscopy has many advantages over real microscopy in oral pathology laboratory course teaching. Based on the results of our study, we believe that the virtual microscopy with digitalized virtual slides may gradually replace the real microscopy with glass slides for the learning of oral pathology laboratory course. We foresee that the virtual microscopic images of the patients' specimens may be added in the patients’ digital medical charts in addition to the images of computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and sonography in the future.

Enhanced interfacial wettability change materials based on graphene-doped Pb–Te–Si glass frit for wide sintering window of solar cells

Glass frits play an essential role in the front silver paste of solar cells. In this study, we prepared a new type of graphene-doped glass frit by hydrothermal reaction. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) indicates that the doped glass frit has a smaller particle size and a larger surface area, which promotes front contact metallization. Appropriate contact angles and high-temperature microscopy (HSM) result in excellent wettability, a wide sintering window and etching effects. Graphene-doped multicrystalline silicon solar cells have better photoelectric conversion efficiency (19.10%) that is 0.6% higher than solar cells using traditional glass frits. Through characterization, we further found a large amount of conductive alloy and Ag at the interface, which facilitates electron flow. Therefore, an excellent ohmic contact is formed between the electrode and the n+ emitter, which reduces the contact resistance of the solar cell. This research has prospective guiding significance for the development of new high wettability glass frits for commercial multicrystalline silicon solar cells in the future.

Revamping a Classic Analytical Chemistry Laboratory Experiment to Improve Student Understanding of Chemical Analysis, Method Development, Validation, and Statistics

We have revamped a classic analytical chemistry laboratory experiment, “Determination of an Unknown Acid”, to provide students an opportunity to learn about new advances in the material sciences and their applications in analytical chemistry in an effort to reinforce the key concepts of chemical analysis. Specifically, students were given the opportunity to develop their own low-cost, low-maintenance, ease-of-use, multidimensional pH sensor with intrinsically conducting polyaniline material. The students tested their polyaniline pH sensor against the traditional glass pH electrode to determine an unknown acid concentration and performed statistical tests to validate the analytical capabilities of their electrochemical polyaniline pH sensor. Thus, the revamped laboratory experiment allows for the reinforcement of several fundamental analytical chemistry lecture concepts, including chemical analysis, method development, validation, and statistical practice utilizing a more cohesive hands-on laboratory learning approach. Furthermore, this revamped lab gives students the opportunity to evaluate and compare the analytical performance of the polyaniline pH sensor, such as its sensor lifetime against the glass pH electrode, and learn polyaniline’s electrochromic properties. This laboratory experiment can be easily disseminated to advance the objective of analytical curriculum, provide students an opportunity for multidimensional learning and well-connected critical thinking in analytical chemistry, and stimulate students’ creativity in developing next generation analytical sensor technology.

Experimental mechanical analysis of traditional in-service glass windows subjected to dynamic tests and hard body impact

The large use of glass in buildings, and especially the presence of fenestrations and facade systems, represents a potential critical issue for people safety. The brittle nature of glass (with limited elastic deformation and resistance) is often enforced by its use in combination of several secondary components, whose reciprocal interaction and potential damage should be properly assessed. In the case of windows, accordingly, a special care should be spent for glass members but also for the framing system and possible adhesive or mechanical connections. This study aims at exploring the dynamic response and damage sensitivity of traditional glass window systems, based on the experimental derivation of few key material properties and mechanical parameters. To this aim the attention is focused on traditional, in-service windows that belongs to existing residential buildings and are typically sustained by timber frames, through a linear flexible connection. In doing so, major advantage is taken from experimental analysis, both in the static and dynamic field, for whole window assemblies of single components. For comparative purposes, selected window specimens including plastic (PVC) frame members and Insulated Glass Units (IGUs) are also taken into account in the paper. The static characteristics of the windows components are first preliminary derived. The dynamic performance of such a kind of systems is then experimentally explored with the support of modal analysis techniques and hard body impact procedures, including the experimental derivation of stiffness parameters for the frame members and the glass panels. Further assessment of experimental outcomes is finally achieved with the support of Finite Element numerical analyses.

Applied Research Glass Ionomer Cement with TiO₂ Nanoparticles in Orthodontic Treatment.

In orthodontics treatment, scholars have tried to introduce nano antibacterial materials into the materials used in orthodontics to reduce the occurrence of enamel demineralization, caries and periodontitis. The experiment investigated the effect of adding titanium dioxide nanoparticles in different proportions on the flexural strength, compressive strength, surface hardness, tribological properties, adhesion properties, fluorine release properties and antibacterial properties of glass ionomer cement. The effect of water cement on orthodontics, the experiment added different proportions of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to traditional glass ion cement, which greatly improved the mechanical strength of glass ion cement, and significantly improved the antibacterial effect of glass ion cement, bending strength, compressive strength and surface hardness. The addition of titanium dioxide nanoparticles produced a significant antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutants. Nano- TiO₂ glass ionomer cement has a significant effect on orthodontics, and the damage to patients' teeth is significantly lower, which is worthy of clinical popularization.

Negative thermal quenching CsPbBr3 glass-ceramic based on intrinsic radiation and vacancy defect co-induced dual-emission

Halide perovskite glass-ceramic has recently moved into the center of the attention of perovskite research due to their potential for temperature sensing. However, quantum dots glass-ceramic with excellent luminescence performance still needs to be combined with rare-earth (RE) ions to accurately measure temperature. In this work, a novel non-RE doped dual-emission (460 nm and 512 nm) CsPbBr3 quantum dots was obtained in telluride glass via the friction crystallization method, where 512 nm was derived from intrinsic luminescence of quantum dots, and 460 nm was originated from thermally induced bromine vacancy, which can be used for temperature sensing. Fluorescence intensity ratio results indicate that the relative sensitivity of dual-emission could reach 5.6 % K−1 at 323 K. The discovery of non-RE doped CsPbBr3 QDs glass-ceramic with negative thermal quenching uncovers a new optional sensing glass material that surpass traditional RE-doped QDs glass by their tunability and sensitivity.

Experimental and numerical investigation of paraffin wax as thermal insulator in a double glazed window

In this paper, the performance of double glazed window filled with paraffin wax is analyzed numerically and experimentally to evaluate the improvement in the thermal performance and comfort of a room located in Baghdad, Iraq using paraffin wax. The proposed approach aims to reduce the required cooling load in the summer season and temperature fluctuations, and increase thermal resistance of the window. Finite volume method is employed to solve Navier Stokes equations inside the room, while finite difference combined with the enthalpy method is utilized to deal with the conduction, where the phase change problems in walls are taken into consideration. A room is made of a sandwich panel with window in the south wall is built. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed model, two different types of windows were used. The first one is a traditional single glass window (6 mm thickness), whereas the second is a double glazed window with 17 mm thickness which is filled with paraffin wax. Besides, three cases are taken into account according to the location of the room in the building and the location of the window, where the window is located in the ground floor, in the 1st floor, and in the ceiling). The obtained results reveal that the temperature of the double glazed window is reduced considerably compared to the single glass window for the ground floor, first floor, and ceiling by 8, 6, and 5 °C respectively.

Energy efficiency optimization of PCM and aerogel-filled multiple glazing windows

The present work numerically investigated the energy performance of ten different glazing configurations in the severe cold climate of China. Furthermore, the thermal behavior of the glass windows filled with silica aerogel or PCM was analyzed and compared with traditional glass windows filled with air. In addition, to ensure the efficient functioning and minimize the heat loss through the PCM-filled window in the severe cold climate, three configurations of the triple-glazing selected for optimization and filled with silica aerogel and PCM were evaluated based on optical properties of the glass, thickness of the silica aerogel layer and melting point of the PCM. The transient solution for the simplified models of glazing units also included the radiative heat transfer. The results show that adding PCM into the glass window results in degradation of thermal performance of glass windows in winter. However, as the silica aerogel is used together with a PCM having a suitable melting temperature in triple pane windows, the thermal comfort can be improved. On the other hand, setting appropriate optical parameters of the glass for the radiation above 2.5 μm significantly enhances the energy efficiency of the glass window coupled with the silica aerogel and PCM.

Квазісинхронна термокомпенсація в іонометрії із застосуванням ІСПТ. Частина 1. Теорія та моделювання

Solid-state ion selective transducers, as an alternative to the traditional liquid electrolyte-filled glass electrodes, are known for over four decades now, and find their use in various areas of industry and applied science, such as in vivo analysis of the ions activity in biological and medical research, monitoring of toxic and aggressive environments, and biosensors design. However, along with potential advantages — short response time, small size, chemical inertness and durability — solid-state devices also possess certain inherent drawbacks — namely intrinsic noise, drift and instability of sensing properties, and cross-sensitivity to various interfering environmental conditions — that inhibit their widespread acceptance. Further improvement of the fabrication technology and methodology of application of these devices is thus still an important practical task even today. This paper is a first part of the two-part work dedicated to the problem of compensating the temperature dependence of a solid-state ion selective transducer output. Specifically, presented work considers the possibility of using ion-selective field-effect transistors (ISFET) that serve as primary transducers in an ionometric device, as temperature sensors. This allows compensating the temperature dependence of ionometric signal without substantial complication of the ionometer structure, and eliminates the need to include a separate thermometric channel as part of the instrument. Ionometric and thermometric channels are combined into a unified measuring path, with the sensor functions separated in time. The ISFET operation modes are switched by changing polarity of the bias voltage, and thus direction of the current flowing through the sensor. The authors propose a corresponding secondary transducer structure and simplified schematic illustrating the implementation of its key components. The concept’s applicability is supported by the circuit simulation results. Some aspects of the practical implementation of the proposed concept will be presented further in the upcoming second part of the paper.

The effects of chitosan addition to glass ionomer cement on microhardness and surface roughness.

The aim of this study was to investigate the surface microhardness and roughness properties of a modified glass ionomer cement formed by adding different ratios of Chitosan, when exposed to saliva and acid erosive gastric acid cycle environments. Chitosan was added to conventional glass ionomer liquid at volumes of 5% and 10%. The chitosan-modified glass ionomer was used for the experimental group, and traditional glass ionomer formed the control group. All the groups were separated into two subgroups. One of these subgroups was subjected to a gastric acid erosive cycle. The other subgroup was immersed in artificial saliva. Microhardness, surface roughness with optical profilometer and AFM measurements of all the samples were taken. Qualitative surface topographic evaluations were made using a SEM. The data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitney U-test for pairwise comparisons of the groups at the 0.05 level of significance. The addition of chitosan to GIC had a positive effect on the microhardness values. The gastric acid erosive cycle application negatively affected the microhardness and surface roughness properties of the sample groups. The chitosan-modified glass ionomer cement samples showed clinically acceptable surface roughness values. Although the results of the addition of the biopolymer, chitosan, to GIC are promising, there is a need for further in-vivo studies.

Whole Slide Imaging for Teleconsultation: The Mount Sinai Hospital, Labcorp Dianon, and Philips Collaborative Experience

Background: With the emergence of whole slide imaging (WSI) and widespread access to high-speed Internet, pathology labs are now poised to implement digital pathology as a way to access diagnostic pathology expertise. This paper describes a collaborative partnership between a high-volume reference diagnostic laboratory (Labcorp) and an academic pathology department (Mount Sinai Hospital) in the transition from a traditional glass slide service to a digital platform. Using the standard framework of implementation science, we evaluate the consistency and quality of the Philips IntelliSite Pathology Solution (PIPS) in delivering save and efficient diagnostic services. Materials and Methods: Digital and glass slide diagnoses of all consult cases were documented over a 12-month period. The Proctor guideline was used to quantitatively and qualitatively measure (e.g., focus group studies, field notes, and administrative data) implementation success. Lean techniques (e.g., value stream mapping) were applied to measure changes in efficiency with the transition to a digital platform. Results: Our study supports the acceptability, high adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, and sustainability of the digital pathology platform. The digital portal also improved the quality of patient care by increasing efficiency, effectiveness, safety, and timeliness. The intraobserver concordance rate was 100%. The digital transition resulted in a reduction in turnaround time from 86 h to an average 35 min and a 20-fold increase in efficiency of the consultation process. Conclusion: As the pathology community contemplates digital pathology as a transformational tool in providing broad access to diagnostic expertise across time and space, our study provides an implementation strategy along with evidence that the digital platform is safe, effective, and efficient.