Traditional Foundations Research Articles

Processes of Lexical Archaiza-tion and Neologization in Modern Yakut Language

The process of redistribution between the active and passive vocabulary of modern Yakut language is being examined. The reasons for the archaization of vocabulary are identified, outdated words are classified by type and lexical-semantic groups, and a layer of lexical innovations is also identified. The material for the study consisted of lexical units from literary works, periodicals, and Yakut language dictionaries. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive examination and classification of layers of outdated vocabulary, neologisms, and de-archaized Yakut language vocabulary. The distribution of Yakut language archaisms into 14 lexical-semantic groups has been carried out. It has been proven that neologisms arise in the Yakut language through changes in the meaning of existing words, through the infusion of other language stocks, and through the activation of derivation processes based on their own means. It has been revealed that the process of de-archaization in the Yakut language is associated with the revival of traditional foundations of material and spiritual culture of the Yakuts. The results of the study confirm the systemic nature of changes in the lexical composition of the language, as well as their interrelation between phenomena of archaization, de-archaization, and neologization.

Innovations in Micropile Testing Using Distributed Optical Fibre Sensors

Micropiles are primarily used in situations where traditional foundation methods, such as large-diameter bored piles or driven piles, are not feasible due to various constraints, including limited access, low headroom, or the need to work in environmentally sensitive areas. They are often employed in urban areas with restricted space or for underpinning existing structures. Two case studies of instrumented micropiles are presented in this paper, with the aim to showcase innovations in pile testing using Distributed Optical Fibre Sensing (DOFS). In the first project, micropiles were installed as part of an underpinning work where several existing piles were removed to allow safe passage of Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) underneath the building. An experiment pile was instrumented with conventional and DOFS sensors to measure pile responses due to tunnelling in proximity. In the second project, the micropile was tested to determine its load carrying capacity for buildings constructed in hilly area. In both cases, API pipes were applied and socketed into bedrocks. Optical cables were attached on four sides of the steel pipes and subsequently grouted. During the load tests, DOFS data were able to display precisely the shaft distribution of micropiles when subjected to vertical loads as well as bending behaviour due to the close proximity tunnelling. Interpretations of distributed strain profiles from DOFS have contributed to a better understanding of API-reinforced micropile performance under complex geological and loading conditions.

Traditional value foundations of all-Russian identity: case study of the Northern Caucasus youth

The issue of forming and sustaining all-Russian identity among the youth has become particularly relevant and significant in the context of increasing geopolitical risks and sociocultural confrontation. The value and ideological foundations of student identity vividly reflect the contradictions between two main sociocultural codes: traditional and modern. Resolving this contradiction may lead to increased stability in all-Russian identity or its gradual weakening. The research results indicate that the main elements of the traditional Russian value matrix retain their significance as the basis for all-Russian identity. The lack of significant differences in the assessments of respondents from the Russian and North Caucasian peoples, Orthodox and Muslim adherents, indicates the integrative role of traditional Russian values for people with different ethnocultural identities. In the hierarchy of identities, the local identity is prioritised for the respondents. This is followed by all-Russian civil, value-ideological, ethnocultural identity, and belonging to the “Russian world”. The attitude towards religion serves as a marker for value-ideological differences between traditionalists-collectivists and modernists-individualists. The research reveals statistically significant differences in the positions of non-religious respondents and believers. Respondents who do not associate themselves with any religious denomination have less pronounced ethnocultural and religious foundations of identity. The formation of traditional foundations for all-Russian youth identity is interpreted as evidence of a high degree of all-national consolidation in the polyethnic youth environment. The significance of traditional identification values indirectly confirms the partial depoliticisation of identity, as it transitions into the sociocultural dimension, that reduces the risks of ethnopolitical conflict.

Seismic response of vibroflotation reinforced coral sand foundation through shaking table tests

The liquefaction damage in dredger coral sand foundation mainly occurs when these materials are subjected to earthquake action. In the past practical engineering, the dredged loose foundations were used to be reinforced by vibroflotation, a traditional foundation reinforcement method. This paper investigated the impact of vibroflotation on the enhancement of liquefaction resistance by the shaking table. Sampled after the earthquake, the microfabric evolution is assessed by μCT system. The macroscopic results from shaking table tests showed that the vibroflotation can effectively inhibit the growth rate of the excess pressure ratios. Meanwhile, the peak excess pressure ratios of vibro-treated foundation are significantly smaller. Moreover, the study uncovers vibroflotation also resists the sandy softening and the stiffness reduction caused by strong shock. The development patterns of dynamic shear stress-strain hysteresis loops show the vibro-treated foundation is more resistant to stiffness attenuation. The microfabric assessment includes the evolution of the particles and the pores. The less increasing CNave and less decreasing APD reveals that vibro-treated foundation can prevent the damage of earthquake better due to the vibro-caused densification. Similarly, both CNave and K50 shows the vibro-point position gets better anti-seismic capacity when compared with the model center. Overall, the results of the microfabric evolution show that more acute variation happens on the untreated foundation after the earthquake, indicating the great improvement of anti-seismic capacity due to vibroflotation.

Analysis of slavic neo-pagan beliefs through the borrowing of religious and mythological images of indian culture

Introduction. Slavic neo-paganism has been of particular interest to Russian researchers in recent decades. It is still unknown whether there are many representatives of neo-pagan movements in Russia, and the boundaries of this phenomenon are very blurred. As a result, in the scientific community, an ambiguous direction is gaining popularity as folk history, the authors of which advocate the concept of «alternative history». There is an extensive number of «scientific» works and communities based on falsifications and distortion of historical data. One of such trends, in quasi-history, is the early re-creation of Slavic culture, which is increasingly viewed through the prism of Slavic neo-pagan concepts, thereby having a significant impact on Russians' perceptions of traditional Slavic culture. Some Slavic neo-pagan traditions, in addition to the traditional foundations of early Slavic culture, use religious and mythological constructs of other world and national religions. Special importance is attached to the Indian myth-forming component, which unwittingly becomes not only a kind of historical support for the development of pseudo-historical ideas of neo-paganism, but also is the richest source for the development of «Slavic» mythology. Based on this, the analysis of Slavic neo-pagan beliefs through the borrowing of religious and mythological images of Indian culture becomes relevant.Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the work was the general scientific principles of historicism, consistency, unity and scientific objectivity. Historical and logical methods of scientific research in the study of cultural and religious traditions of Slavic neo-paganism have determined the objectivity and scientific character in the study of this phenomenon.Results. Currently, the problem of modern Slavic neo-paganism lies in the fact that the reconstruction of the true appearance of the bygone culture and mythology of Ancient Russia is an extremely difficult task and requires an objective and comprehensive study of this issue. However, representatives of modern Slavic paganism claim that it is the Slavs who are the original Aryan people, with an ancient and developed culture of many thousands of years. The key sources, among neo-pagan supporters, of the origin of the Slavs and the description of their cultural and religious life are the texts of the «Slavic-Aryan Vedas» and the «Veles Book». «Veles's Book», according to representatives of Slavic neo-paganism, is the scripture of the ancient Aryans and contains particles of Slavic-Aryan wisdom preserved by the Novgorod Magi of the IX century. The «Veles Book» repeatedly contains images and plots borrowed from Eastern religious traditions, in particular from Hinduism. The content of the «Slavic-Aryan Vedas» is quite diverse. They include the Old Norse «Saga of the Inglings» interpreted by A. Khinevich, a recording of Perun's conversation with people in which he tells about the commandments, about past and future events on Earth, about the origin of the Russian people. Other pseudo–historical ideas of the origin of Slavic culture and the borrowing of mythological images of other ethnic groups by it are noted in the collection of epic songs by the Serbian historian Stefan Ilyich Verkovich – «Veda Slovena» (translated into Russian «Veda Slavs»). Attention to the collection «The Veda of the Slavs» was attracted by the enthusiastic historian A.I. Asov, having made several translations from the 1st and 2nd volumes of the book «The Veda of the Slavs». In addition, the trend of folk history is observed in attempts to prove the paramount importance of the «Slavic-Aryan» civilization over other peoples through the semantic similarity of the hydronomic objects. According to ideologists and representatives of Slavic neo-paganism, we can also observe the «Vedic» origins in Ancient Russia in the names of rivers and lakes on the territory of modern Russia.Discussion and Conclusions. The analysis of Slavic neo-pagan traditions revealed a weak reasonableness of the judgments of ideologists and representatives of Slavic neo-paganism about antiquity and the influence of the «Slavic-Aryan» civilization on Ancient India. Proceeding from this, it is also incorrect to assume that Indian deities are prototypes of Slavic gods or included in the Slavic mythology of Ancient Russia, since the described images and attributes of Hindu gods, in the context of traditional historical chronology, appeared much later than the Slavic neo-pagan tradition ascribes to him. At the same time, we cannot exclude the fact that the «Slavic-Aryan Vedas» and the «Veles Book» became not only the basis of a distorted perception of Slavic culture for followers of neo- Pagan traditions, but also brought the «Slavic-Aryan myth», as part of folk history, into the scientific and academic world.

Comparative Analysis of Pedagogical Methods Employed in Faculty Development Programs amongst Management Institutions of Madhya Pradesh

Amid the dynamic realm of higher education, faculty development programs have emerged as instrumental drivers of pedagogical enhancement and elevated educational achievements. This study navigates the intricate landscape of pedagogical methods within faculty development endeavours across Madhya Pradesh's management institutions. Anchored by data encompassing Bhopal, Indore, Gwalior, and Jabalpur, this exploration gains depth from its geographic diversity. By scrutinizing gender and designation dynamics, the research unveils subtleties that beckon further exploration into gender-linked career trajectories. The vibrant array of pedagogical methods, spanning from traditional foundations to innovative frontiers, accentuates the necessity of a balanced approach calibrated to the spectrum of learning preferences. Delving into the transformative potential of faculty development programs, the analysis reveals insights spanning knowledge enrichment, content delivery enhancement, and the infusion of contemporary teaching methodologies. Illuminating implementation challenges underscores the importance of bespoke support systems and technological prowess. This study culminates by offering pragmatic recommendations poised to optimize program outcomes and cultivate a thriving educational ecosystem

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The article deals with the issues of the modern piano repertoire of the outstanding composer Chu Wanhua. The author of the article dwells on the issues of combining traditions and innovations in his piano compositions. The folklore tradition occupies the most important place in his work. The author of the article says that the problem of the relationship between the composer and folklore is becoming more acute and relevant today. Also, as early as the 1960s, Chinese composers began to actively study and use modern writing techniques, such as atonality, twelve-tone technique, experimental avant-garde, etc. The rejection of the traditional foundations of the musical language, combined with at least some tangible elements of folklore material, made it possible for the listener to identify the musical content of the work. Despite the complex musical language and techniques, such works made it possible to associate them with one or another national tradition. The piano work of the Chinese contemporary composer Chu Wanhua in a special way reveals the synthesis of traditions and innovations in music.

Vibration Isolation Characteristics of Impedance-balanced Ship Equipment Foundation under Unbalanced Excitation

A new type of impedance-balanced ship equipment foundation structure based on the principle of impedance balancing using a “discontinuous panel-vibration isolation liquid layer-foundation structure” is proposed to solve the problem of poor low-frequency vibration isolation of the foundation under unbalanced excitation of shipboard equipment. Based on the finite element method, the influence of characteristic parameters of the foundation panel structure on its vibration reduction characteristics under unbalanced excitation is explored. The results show that the vibration isolation level of the impedance-balanced foundation is 10 dB higher than the traditional foundation in the low-frequency band of 10-500 Hz when subjected to combined excitation of concentrated force and moment. Increasing the thickness of the impedance-balanced foundation panel can enhance the isolation effect. Increasing the number of sub-panels can effectively reduce the vibration response of the foundation panel and enhance the isolation performance of the foundation. The connection stiffness between sub-panels has a small effect on the isolation performance of the foundation.

A comparison of the Newly Reformed German and the Liechtenstein Foundation Law against the background of the competition between the legal systems

Abstract An European legal framework for foundation practice is still missing. Even the proposal for a regulation on the statute of the Fundatio Europaea has not yet been implemented. Meanwhile, the civil law regulations of the various foundation law systems are manifold. At the same time, competition between European legal systems not only affects civil, corporate and tax law, but has also reached foundation law. Moreover, the social and international environment of foundations is changing. In addition to a new generation of young founders, the demographic change in society and the mobility of legal forms in the European environment are also having an impact on foundations. Due to current reforms in the traditional foundation law systems of Germany and Switzerland, the question arises whether Liechtenstein should react to the competition between foundation law systems and whether the Liechtenstein legislator should become active once again. For this reason, this article deals in detail with the most important changes in German foundation law that are relevant for Liechtenstein foundation law. The article also looks at the regulations in Liechtenstein foundation law in a comparative law perspective, highlighting the competition between foundation law systems.

Youth poetry and national values

National values are a system of principles that have been formed over the centuries and passed down from generation to generation in the way of life and spirituality of every people. The values of each people, selected and tested during the period of historical development, accumulated as the most valuable heritage - the native language and historical memory, spiritual and human qualities, moral norms, customs and traditional foundations form the basis of the national idea of this people. National values occupy a special place in the life of the people and are an important source of education for the new generation. spiritual values that have been formed over the centuries through the life experience of the people, as society develops, are replenished with new symbols and mature in accordance with modern requirements. In today’s globalized world, each nation can preserve its national character only when it integrates into the world community, reviving its great spiritual treasures – language, mentality, history, traditions, literature and art. After all, the noble spiritual values that underlie national education are a golden ray that continues traditions and modern trends and guarantees the preservation of goodness and moral stability, like a golden bridge between today and the future. It creates rules and principles that strengthen the human qualities of each nation, nourish the soul, arise from the wisdom of the people and are constantly renewed. The Kazakh worldview, mentality, customs, traditions and teachings have been formed and strengthened for centuries. One of the effective tools for glorifying, promoting and instilling national values in the minds of the younger generation, based on the foundations of centuries-old national education, is fiction, including poetry. The article reveals the role of national values in the poems of young Mangistau poets Gulayim Dautbayeva and Nurgul Maulina. Analyzing the works of these poets, the author examines their cognitive and educational value, their role in the formation of national identity and serving national interests. In literary, philosophical, psychological terms, the essence of national concepts and ideas in poetic texts is analyzed, an assessment is made of the conceptual orientation of the work of young poets.

Force and deformation analysis on the fully recovered support system of pressure anchor cable and steel module

In order to overcome the technical defects of traditional foundation pit support technology, such as complex technology, serious pollution, waste of resources, and obstruction of the construction of surrounding underground structures, the fully recovered deep pit support system of pressure dispersion anchor cable and steel module is designed. The force of the compression anchor and the deformation of the modular is tested on-site. The test results show that: (1) The whole process of excavation to support slope roof immersion and stacking is safe, which verifies the correctness of the support design of pressure dispersion anchor cable and modular; (2) The soil restraint effect at the action of the recoverable pressure anchor cable is obvious, and the prestress loss is between 11.7% and 15% under continuous monitoring; according to the axial force of the anchor cable, the earth pressure acting on the module is calculated, and the results are consistent with the calculation results of the Terzaghi-Peck earth pressure mode; (3) According to the strain test acting on the module, the corresponding stress is calculated, and its stress value is consistent with the stress value of the plate fixed in the four corners under the action of earth pressure.

Право и социоэкосистема малочисленных народов Севера Российской Федерации: теоретико-правовой анализ соотношения социальных явлений

Introduction. Achievements of scientific and technological progress oblige humanity to carefully introduce them into existing socioecosystems, which is especially important in relation to socially vulnerable communities of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North of Russia. The possibility of their survival is currently an important theoretical problem. Theoretical analysis. The interrelation of social and natural foundations is investigated, the importance of legal anthropology in the preservation of the ecological and social system of the peoples of the North is substantiated. Traditional nature management is considered as a special type of relationship between people and nature, which poses the task of improving regulatory regulation in order to maintain socio-natural unity. Empirical analysis. The author analyzes the gaps and conflicts of legal regulation in the field of preserving the traditional foundations of life, which can lead to the disappearance of the identity of small-numbered peoples and the leveling of their cultures. Results. The introduction of new technologies into the life of the social ecosystems of small nations inevitably leads to a change in life activity, which leads to the transformation of moral values and the emergence of new ideas. In order for the identity of the peoples of the North not to perish, the role of law as an effective protective mechanism must manifest itself. It is noted that it is necessary to conduct a cultural and anthropological examination of normative acts affecting the traditional spheres of relations at both federal and regional levels for their compliance with the spiritual and moral values of the peoples.

Composite wave attenuation mechanism of periodic layered metastructure with embedded rubber-mass resonators

A metastructure with periodic layered rubber-concrete structure and embedded rubber-mass resonators was designed and manufactured. The metastructure has two wave attenuation mechanisms from wave dispersion of one dimensional periodic structure and bandgap of local resonation. Sweep frequency testing and seismic spectrum testing were performed to reveal the vibration attenuation performance. Compared with traditional foundations, the meta-foundation exhibits much more excellent vibration attenuation performance with much greater wave attenuation and wider bandwidth. The research reveals that the metastructure with periodic layered structure and rubber-mass resonators has significant advantages in wave and vibration attenuation.

Quality Assessment of a Traditional Makeup Foundation Sbdaj in Kurdistan-Iraq

The use of Sbdaj, the ancient and traditional mineral foundation, is a popular practice in Kurdistan Region Iraq. The research work is confined to a comparative analysis of traditional foundations (Sbdaj) and modern foundations (Vichy). The analytical tests were performed for heavy metals and major contents using X-ray fluorescence and inductively coupled plasma spectra after sample preparation in two different ways. Also, the UV spectrum and FT-IR spectroscopy of the Sbdaj foundation and Vechi Sunscreen have been taken. The revealed peaks of Infrared absorption of Sbdaj foundation are (3378; 2960; 2854; 1637; 1261; 1092; 1054; 799; 657) cm-1, which allowed identifying the stretching band of (hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, silica group, ester ) respectively, while obtained IR spectra for Vichy foundation (3392; 2959; 2856; 1639; 1409; 1261; 1044; 843; 673) cm-1 that identify the stretching and bending of (hydroxy, methyl, ester, methyl, silica, ether) respectively, that returns to the ingredients used in these foundations. The Contents of major (SiO2, Al2O3) and trace elements (Pb, W, Nd, I, Sn, Cu, Ni, and Cl) were able to be determined by (XRF). (ICP-OES) used for identifying the presence of )Pb, Sb, Cd, Sr, Se, As, Zn, Ni, Mn, Cr, V, and Ti(. The overall mean concentrations of heavy metals in Sbdaj varied between (0.194 to 62235.18 ppm). 0.194 ppm for Cd and 62235.18 ppmfor Pb. The levels found in Sbdaj are more than the suggested safe limit for skin protection. The UV- absorption spectrum shows that Sbdaj contains blocking components that absorb UV radiations. It exhibits the same absorption band (318 nm) as the Vichy Sunblock.

The Revival of China's Tea Industry in the Years of Reform

The article is devoted to the main problems of the revival of tea production in China in the XXI century. Tea in China is more than a drink. This is the most important element of history and culture, an important article of foreign trade since the time of the Great Silk Road, when there was the so-called Great Tea Road (茶道) — a caravan route that ran in the XVI-XIX centuries between Asia and Europe. In terms of trade turnover, it was the second after the Great Silk Road. Since the beginning of the 80s of the XX century, the promotion of tea culture in the country has been based on traditional foundations. The awakening of interest in tea culture was accompanied by an appeal to some traditional values of Chinese society and their rethinking in the new conditions, which is of great interest to the scientific community both in China and abroad. Currently, China ranks first in the world in terms of tea plantation area and total production, accounting for a fifth of the world's exports. Among the necessary measures for the development of the tea industry, it is necessary to create a modern infrastructure that ensures the optimal operation of tea plantations, the improvement of the technological process for processing tea collection, the creation of new factories for processing and packaging finished products, as well as new domestic tea brands.

Модели и формы аграрного производства и экономические преобразования российской деревни (XVI – первая треть XX века)

Importance. The issues of the evolution of various models and forms of agricultural production in 16th – first third of 20th century in Russia are topical issues. Special attention is paid to the study of such aspects as cooperative beginnings in the countryside, Soviet agrarian transformations and the development of the collective-state-farm system. Materials and Methods. Published sources and materials from a number of archives were involved. General scientific methods and a number of other approaches were used, including an interdisciplinary approach, a modeling method. Results and Discussion. The possibility of studying the process of transformation in the village through the prism of agrarian models and forms is highlighted. The study of the system of socio-economic relations in the countryside in the context of ongoing transformations in the countryside. Conclusion. It is concluded that changes in the models and forms of agricultural production were formed by the authorities under the influence of external and internal challenges. Well-thought-out, well-prepared reforms had a positive impact on the activities of individual participants in agrarian relations, as well as in the political and economic spheres of the life of the state as a whole. Successful agrarian reforms led to an increase in labor productivity and an improvement in the quality of life in the countryside. Collectivization destroyed many traditional foundations, turning peasants into rural proletarians.

Characteristics of Pile Models Injected by Low-Pressure-Injection Laboratory Setup for Chemical Improving Loose Sandy Soil

The jet grouting method for soil improvement is a novel geotechnical alternative for enhancing problematic soils where traditional foundation designs cannot provide sustainable solutions. The paper methodology was based on improving loose fine sandy soil using silica fume as a chemical additive added (with 10 percent of the cement weight) to the water and Portland cement mixes with different W/C ratios to produce pile models injected by a low-pressure injection laboratory setup that was designed and locally manufactured for this purpose. The setup design was inspired by previous research works, where its performance was validated by systematically performing unconfined compression tests (UCTs) on samples of the laboratory-injected pile models. Based on the UCTs results, high determination coefficient (R2) mathematical models were developed that related the W/C ratios of the injected mixtures to the basic parameters (cohesion, friction angle, and elasticity modulus) of the grouted pile models, validating the laboratory setup injection efficiency.

New Foundation Treatment Technology Using Cement Soil Composite Tubular Piles Supported by Optical Fiber Sensing Technology

The purpose is to optimize the foundation’s treatment process and improve the foundation’s construction effect to better apply the cement soil composite tubular piles. This exploration is to study the cement composite tubular piles. First, the principle and application of optical fiber sensing technology are discussed. Then, the application design and conditions of the cement composite tubular pile are discussed. Finally, a new foundation treatment technology supported by optical fiber sensing technology is proposed and comprehensively evaluated based on the application of cement soil composite tubular piles. The research results show that: (1) the new foundation treatment technology reflects the optimization of the optical fiber sensing technology for the foundation treatment. Moreover, it is further optimized through the application of cement soil composite tubular piles. (2) When subjected to the same load, the longer the core pile is, the smaller the cement soil composite pile’s settlement is. When the inner core pile is 20 m ~24 m long, the settlement of the cement soil composite pile is small. When the length of the inner core pipe pile is 16 m ~20 m, the settlement range of cement soil composite pile becomes larger. (3) With the increase of friction coefficient, the settlement distance of cement soil composite tubular pile will decrease. The above data show that compared with the traditional foundation treatment technology, the new foundation treatment technology designed based on the application of composite tubular piles, supported by optical fiber sensing technology, can well solve the foundation construction problems, avoid pavement settlement, cracking, and other phenomena, and ensure the overall safety of the road. This exploration fully reflects the advantages of the new technology of foundation treatment and ensures the quality of road engineering. It provides a reference for the development of foundation treatment technology of construction projects and contributes to the development of the construction industry.

Казанский педагогический институт в годы «Большого террора». По письмам Х. Гимади в ЦК ВКП(б) и парторганизацию 1938 г.

The article reveals the degree of influence of the Great Terror policy on the formation of behavioral practices in the scientific, pedagogical, and student environment of the Kazan State Pedagogical Institute (KSPI). The author analyzes letters addressed to the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and party organizations of the KSPI. The letters, dated April 1938, were written by Khairi Gimadi, one of the leading historians of the TASSR, who stood at the origins of the Soviet historiography of the national republic. The article is to show the source studies significance of epistolary heritage in study of the Soviet humanities development in the context of ideological campaigns. Besides principles of historicism, objectivity, and integrated approach, the study uses hermeneutic method to interpret the texts content, taking into account the author’s age, marital and social status, his attitude to power, and also state’s ideological pressure on society. Having survived the days of repression, Kh. Gimadi became a candidate of historical sciences, senior researcher at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR with a degree in history of Tatarstan. He was engaged in research activities until his death in 1961. After his death, his wife carefully collected notes that he had torn, grouped them according to their content, and filed into two separate notebooks. One of these contains Kh. Gimadi's letters of application. They reflect a form of corporate ethics developed during the Great Terror and relationship between teachers and students. The study shows politically unstable living conditions of the humanitarian intelligentsia, enduring fear for the fate of loved ones. In order to survive, Soviet people often had to overstep moral boundaries and comply with the system. This inevitably led to the destruction of traditional foundations of the society and the breakdown of social ties. This led to the false notion that the only source of justice was the party. This is the reason why H. Gimadi's letters of application were written. The significance of these historical documents lies in the fact that, in addition to highlighting moral and political atmosphere in the days of mass repression, they make it possible to understand the reason behind conciliatory behavior and even complicity in mass arrests. The presented study may be of interest to specialists studying the development of Soviet historical science in the national republics and everyday life in the era of Stalinism.

Buddyjscy lamowie w nieoficjalnym życiu społeczności lokalnych Zabajkala – perspektywa antropologiczna

After Joseph Stalin’s death only about 600 repressed Buryat lamas was able to return to their family villages. Some of them secretly continued their ritual and medical activities. They were called various names: starik, diedushka, akhay. According to the holistic perception of reality in Tibetan Buddhism, it is im-possible to separate the sphere of belief, cosmology, from prosperity, health, norms and values, social structure, hierarchy, power, and identity, etc. In this case, the identity would be created by a specific system of practices and procedures of behaviour consistent with the symbolic and social order, embedded the cosmogonic order that originally related to it. The unofficial role of the lamas was to maintain the traditional foundations of the social order and its relationship with the wider cosmogonic foundations.