Traditional Electrolytes Research Articles

Innovations in Energy Through Nanomaterials Enhancing Solid-State Battery Safety and Efficacy

The development of solid-state batteries (SSBs) represents a significant advancement in energy storage technology, addressing the limitations of traditional liquid electrolyte batteries, such as safety concerns and efficiency issues. However, SSBs face challenges including rigid solid-to-solid contacts, poor interfacial stability, and suboptimal performance across temperature ranges. This paper explores the role of nanotechnology in enhancing the performance and safety of SSBs. It highlights the applications of nanomaterials, such as nano-composites, nano-coatings, and embedded nanoparticles, which improve ionic conductivity, mechanical strength, and thermal management. The paper also discusses the challenges of commercializing nanotechnology in SSBs, including high production costs and regulatory hurdles. Despite these challenges, nanotechnology offers promising solutions for increasing the energy density and cycle life of SSBs, making them viable for applications in electric vehicles and consumer electronics. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research directions, emphasizing the need for continued innovation to fully realize the potential of SSBs in various industries.

Nanostructured Solid Electrolytes for Enhanced Safety and Performance of Battery Materials

Solid-state batteries (SSB) have garnered significant attention by reason of their potential advantages over traditional liquid electrolyte batteries, including higher energy density, enhanced safety, and reduced volume. However, the development and implementation of solid electrolytes confront several challenges, such as lower ionic conductivity, dendrite formation, and interface stability issues. This review explores the current advancements in solid electrolytes (SLs), with a focus on nanostructured materials, including solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), solid inorganic electrolytes (SIEs), and composite solid electrolytes (CSEs). The review highlights the benefits of nanostructuring in improving mechanical intensity, ionic conductivity and thermostability. Key methods for synthesizing nanostructured solid electrolytes (NSLs), such as the sol-gel method and 3D printing, are discussed. Additionally, the review addresses critical challenges, including the high cost of materials and manufacturing processes, and proposes future research directions to overcome these barriers. The purpose is to comprehensively understand the current status and future potential of NSL in promoting SSB technology.

Localized Water Restriction in Ternary Eutectic Electrolytes for Ultra-Low Temperature Hydrogen Batteries.

Proton batteries are promising candidates for next-generation large-scale energy storage in extreme conditions due to the small ionic radius and efficient transport of protons. Hydrogen gas, with its low working potentials, fast kinetics, and stability, further enhances the performance of proton batteries but necessitates the development of novel electrolytes with low freezing points and reduced corrosion. This work introduces a localized water restriction strategy by incorporating a tertiary component with a high donor number, which forms strong bonds with water molecules. This approach restricts free water molecules and reduces the average hydrogen bond ratio and strength. As-prepared ternary eutectic electrolytes lowered the freezing point to -103 °C, significantly lower than the traditional binary electrolyte (9.5 m H3PO4, -93 °C). This electrolyte is highly compatible with the Cu0.79Co0.21[Fe(CN)6]0.64·4H2O (CoCuHCF) cathode, reducing material dissolution and current collector corrosion. The H2||CoCuHCF battery using this electrolyte demonstrated a high-power density of 23664.3 W kg-1, excellent performance at -80 °C, and stable cyclability over 1000 cycles (> 30 days) at -50 °C. These findings provide a framework for proton electrolytes, highlighting the potential of hydrogen batteries in challenging environments.

Localized Water Restriction in Ternary Eutectic Electrolytes for Ultra‐Low Temperature Hydrogen Batteries

Proton batteries are promising candidates for next‐generation large‐scale energy storage in extreme conditions due to the small ionic radius and efficient transport of protons. Hydrogen gas, with its low working potentials, fast kinetics, and stability, further enhances the performance of proton batteries but necessitates the development of novel electrolytes with low freezing points and reduced corrosion. This work introduces a localized water restriction strategy by incorporating a tertiary component with a high donor number, which forms strong bonds with water molecules. This approach restricts free water molecules and reduces the average hydrogen bond ratio and strength. As‐prepared ternary eutectic electrolytes lowered the freezing point to −103 °C, significantly lower than the traditional binary electrolyte (9.5 m H3PO4, −93 °C). This electrolyte is highly compatible with the Cu0.79Co0.21[Fe(CN)6]0.64·4H2O (CoCuHCF) cathode, reducing material dissolution and current collector corrosion. The H2||CoCuHCF battery using this electrolyte demonstrated a high‐power density of 23664.3 W kg−1, excellent performance at −80 °C, and stable cyclability over 1000 cycles (> 30 days) at −50 °C. These findings provide a framework for proton electrolytes, highlighting the potential of hydrogen batteries in challenging environments.

A Dynamically Ion‐Sieved Electrolyte towards Ultralong‐Lifespan Zn‐Ion Batteries

AbstractThe practical deployment of Zn‐ion batteries faces challenges such as dendrite growth, side reactions and cathode dissolution in traditional electrolytes. Here, we develop a highly conductive and dynamically ion‐sieved electrolyte to simultaneously enhance the Zn metal reversibility and suppress the cathode dissolution. The dynamic ion screen at the electrode/electrolyte interface is achieved by numerous pyrane rings with a radius of 3.69 Å, which can selectively facilitate the plating/stripping and insertion/extraction process of [Zn(H2O)6]2+ and Zn2+ on the anode and cathode surfaces. As a proof of concept, Zn//Zn symmetric cells deliver exceptional cyclic stability for over 6,800 h and ultrahigh cumulative plated capacity of 1.95 Ah cm−2. Zn//Na2Mn3O7 cells exhibit satisfactory cycling performance with capacity retention of 82.7 % after 4,000 cycles, and the assembled pouch cells achieve excellent stability and durability. This work provides valuable insights into the development of electrolytes aimed at enhancing the interface stability of aqueous batteries.

Weakly solvated electrolyte enables the robust solid electrolyte interface on SiOx anodes for lithium-ion battery

Silicon oxide (SiOx) anodes are considered to be the promising alternative to graphite anodes for lithium-ion batteries. However, the traditional carbonate electrolyte fails to generate the effective solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on SiOx anodes to well adapt the large volume expansion of SiOx particles. Herein, a weakly solvated perfluorinated electrolyte with dual lithium salts was designed to match SiOx anodes. The perfluorinated solvent with weakened solvation ability and the strong coordination of Li+-DFOB− and Li+-TFSI− lead to an anion-dominated solvated shell, which induces the formation of inorganics-rich SEI. The high-strength bonds (Li-F, B-F, B-O, B-N et al.) enable high mechanical strength and rapid ion migration of the SEI film, thereby effectively accommodating the volume expansion of SiOx and avoiding continuous decomposition of the electrolyte. Furthermore, as designed electrolyte also shows excellent flame retardancy and high voltage stability. Consequently, the SiOx anode exhibits remarkably improved cycling performance in contrast to that in traditional carbonate electrolyte, maintaining 1073.7 mAh/g after 300 cycles at 1.0 A/g when paired with metal Li, and presents excellent compatibility with commercial cathodes including LiFePO4 and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2. This work provides a new inspiration and path for the design of electrolyte highly matched with silicon oxide anodes.

Dynamically Regulating Polysulfide Degradation via Organic Sulfur Electrolyte Additives in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries

AbstractLithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries offer promising prospects due to their high energy density and cost‐effectiveness. However, the sluggish kinetics of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) conversion, particularly the crucial stage from LiPSs to lithium sulfide (Li2S), hampers their development. Herein, a novel strategy for dynamically regulating LiPSs conversion by incorporating 4‐mercaptopyridine (4Mpy), as a LiPSs Redox Regulator (RR) in the electrolyte is introduced. This organic sulfur additive actively interacts with LiPSs during discharge, facilitating rapid conversion and promoting the formation of a three‐dimensional (3D) Li2S structure, thereby enhancing reaction kinetics. Both theoretical and experimental results reveal that the redox conversion mechanism with the 4Mpy additive differs from traditional electrolytes. Upon lithiation, 4Mpy forms lithium‐pyridinethiolate (Li‐pyS), which reversibly engages in the LiPSs conversion during the charging/discharging cycles, significantly improving the redox process. As a result, the Li‐S battery with 4Mpy additive demonstrates superior performances, achieving 10.05 mAh cm−2 under a high sulfur loading of 10.88 mg cm−2, surpassing industrial benchmarks. This study not only presents an approach to mitigating the shuttle effect in Li‐S batteries but also offers valuable insights into electrolyte design for other metal batteries.

A Highly Stable and Non-Flammable Deep Eutectic Electrolyte for High-Performance Lithium Metal Batteries.

Deep eutectic electrolytes (DEEs) are regarded as one of the next-generation electrolytes to promote the development of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) due to their unparalleled advantages compared to both liquid electrolytes and solid electrolytes. However, its application in LMBs is limited by electrode interface compatibility. Here, we introduce a novel solid dimethylmalononitrile (DMMN)-based DEE induced by N coordination to dissociate LiTFSI. We confirmed that the DMMN molecule can promote the dissociation of LiTFSI by the interaction between the N atom and Li+, and form the hydrogen bond with TFSI- anion, which can promote the dissociation of LiTFSI to form DEE. More importantly, due to the absence of active α-hydrogen, DMMN exhibits greatly enhanced reduction stability with Li metal, resulting in favorable electrode/electrolyte interface compatibility. Polymer electrolytes based on this DEE exhibit high ionic conductivity (0.67 mS cm-1 at 25 °C), high oxidation voltage (5.0 V vs. Li+/Li), favorable interfacial stability, and nonflammability. Li‖LFP and Li‖NCM811 full batteries utilizing this DEE polymer electrolyte exhibit excellent long-term cycling stability and excellent rate performance at high rates. Therefore, the new DMMN-based DEE overcomes the limitations of traditional electrolytes in electrode interface compatibility and opens new possibilities for improving the performance of LMBs.

Ethanolamine-modified gel electrolyte of zinc ion battery

The rapid growth of wearable electronic devices has spurred the development of flexible energy storage systems. However, the limitations of conventional rigid commercial batteries have hindered the advancement of wearable technology. Consequently, the development of stable, safe, highly flexible, and cost-effective flexible batteries has become a key focus in current battery research. Herein, we introduce a novel multifunctional flexible Prussian Blue–zinc battery utilizing a PVA-ZnCl₂ polymer gel electrolyte (EGPE) enhanced with ethanolamine (ETA), aimed at addressing the deficiencies of traditional electrolytes in terms of safety and mechanical performance. The Zn||Zn symmetric cell using EGPE electrolyte demonstrated an impressive long-term cycling stability of over 3000 hours at a current density of 0.15 mA cm−2. In contrast, the symmetrical cell using 0.8 M ZnCl2 aqueous electrolyte maintained its stability for only 400 hours. In addition, the prepared flexible zinc Prussian blue device maintained more than 65 % of its initial capacity of the device and its coulombic efficiency was close to 100 % after 400 cycles at an extreme current density of 10 A g−1. Furthermore, flexible device using the EGPE was able to maintain a stable power supply under various bending, torsion, folding and shearing conditions. Such innovative gel electrolyte demonstrated considerable prospects for utilisation in portably equipped devices and energy storage systems.

Cosolvent electrolyte chemistries for high-voltage potassium-ion battery.

The poor oxidation resistance of traditional electrolytes has hampered the development of high-voltage potassium-ion battery technology. Here, we present a cosolvent electrolyte design strategy to overcome the high-voltage limitations of potassium-ion electrolyte chemistries. The cosolvent electrolyte breaks the dissolution limitation of the salt through ion-dipole interactions, significantly enlarging the anion-rich solvation clusters, as verified by the insitu synchrotron-based wide-angle X-ray scattering experiments. Furthermore, the large anion-rich solvation clusters also facilitate the formation of an effective electrode-electrolyte interphase, thereby enhancing compatibility with high-voltage electrodes. The cosolvent electrolyte enables K||Prussian blue cells (2-4.5V) to operate for >700 cycles with a capacity retention of 91.9%. Our cosolvent electrolyte design strategy paves new avenues for the development of high-voltage potassium-ion batteries and beyond.

Tough and temperature-resistant mask-based separator realized by K-β”-Al2O3 protective layer for stabilizing NaK liquid metal batteries

The development of low-cost, high-temperature-resistant separators is crucial for optimizing the reaction interface and improving the safety performance of liquid NaK metal batteries. This paper presents a novel separator with a solid electrolyte layer, Mask@40 %β-Al2O3, primarily composed of K-β”-Al2O3 known for its exceptional ionic conductivity and high-temperature resistance. Specifically designed for room-temperature liquid NaK metal batteries, the Mask@40 %β-Al2O3 separator effectively transforms the unstable liquid–liquid interface between liquid NaK metal electrodes and traditional organic electrolytes into a stable solid–liquid interface. This transformation prevents short-circuiting caused by area collapse under high-temperature conditions. Moreover, the Bare Mask component can adsorb a conventional organic electrolyte to construct a stable solid–liquid interface on the cathode side, thereby reducing the typically observed high interfacial resistance associated with conventional solid electrolytes. The cost-effective nature and simple preparation process of the Mask@40 %β-Al2O3 separator address cost concerns while presenting an encouraging new direction for applying room-temperature liquid NaK metal batteries in extreme conditions.

Ethyl Isopropyl Sulfone Modulating to Achieve Stable High-Voltage Electrolyte for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

The demand for efficient large-scale energy storage necessitates high-energy-density batteries, making research on high-voltage electrolytes particularly important. In this article, ethyl isopropyl sulfone (ES), which has a high dielectric constant, is added to traditional carbonate-based electrolyte solvents and analyzed. Based on calculated and analyzed results, different proportions of ES are added to the conventional carbonate-based electrolyte. The high-voltage performance, the influence on the surface of the electrode, the active material structure after cycling, the electrochemical behavior, and the impedance of the electrode were studied systematically. As a result, ES addition is applied in high-voltage lithium-ion batteries and exhibits excellent electrochemical properties. These results will provide support for the research and application of sulfone additives in increasing the decomposition voltage of lithium-ion battery electrolytes and improving battery cycle stability.

Long-duration aqueous Zn-ion batteries achieved by dual-salt highly-concentrated electrolyte with low water activity

Aqueous Zn-ion batteries have attracted much attention due to their unique high safety and low-cost merits. However, their practical applications are at a slow pace due to their short cycle life, which fundamentally results from the instability of the positive/negative electrode interface in the traditional dilute aqueous electrolytes with high water activity. Developing highly concentrated electrolyte (HCE) has been considered as an effective solution. Unlike previous studies of single salt-based HCE (SS-HCE), herein, a new dual-salt HCE (15 m ZnCl2 + 10 m NH4NH2SO3 DS-HCE) was proposed for the first time. DS-HCE was proven to simultaneously possess higher conductivity than traditional dilute electrolytes and ultralow water activity of SS-HCE by the regulation of dual high-concentration salts on the solvation structure, which renders the Zn||Zn symmetric cell the record-long cycling life of 2200 h compared with those with SS-HCE (30 m ZnCl2, 300 h) and other reported HCEs. Additionally, the Zn||NH4V4O10 full cell with DS-HCE demonstrated impressed rate capability within a wide-range current densities from 0.1 to 10 A g−1. Moreover, at the high current density of 5 A g−1, the full cell shows almost 100% capacity retention after 4000 cycles, which indicates the promising future of the DS-HCE system for long-duration aqueous Zn-ion batteries.

Preparation and Conductivity Analysis of LLTO Nanofiber‐Incorporated PEO‐PVDF‐HFP‐LiClO4 Solid Polymer Electrolytes for High‐Voltage Lithium Metal Batteries

ABSTRACTThis work focuses on the development of a composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) for all‐solid‐state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs), integrating LLTO nanofibers into a PEO (polyethylene oxide)‐PVDF‐HFP (poly(vinylidene fluoride‐cohexafluoropropylene)) matrix with LiClO4 as the lithium salt. The PEO has high ionic conductivity and flexibility, and the PVDF‐HFP has high mechanical strength and electrochemical stability. Therefore, the resulting composite has improved electrochemical performance and mechanical properties. Incorporating LLTO nanofibers enhances ionic conductivity due to the one‐dimensional ion transport pathways provided by the nanofibers while maintaining mechanical integrity and air stability, overcoming the challenges associated with conventional fillers. The prepared CPE demonstrates exceptional electrochemical stability up to 5.1 V versus Li/Li+, making it suitable for high‐voltage applications over traditional polymer electrolytes. The optimized CPE with 15 wt% LLTO provides the ionic conductivity of 1.1 × 10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature and reaches 1.46 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 80°C. The assembled LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3PO4||PEO‐PVDF‐HFP‐LiClO₄‐LLTO||Li based 2032 coin cell worked in between 3 and 4.8 V versus Li/Li+ potential window without any electrolyte decomposition from 0.5 to 5 mV/s scan rates. Similarly, the fabricated LiFePO₄||PEO‐PVDF‐HFP (1:2)‐LiClO4‐LLTO (15 wt%)||Li cell provides an initial capacity of 149 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C and 85 mAh g−1 at 0.5 C, exploring its potential for lithium metal batteries. Overall, this work offers a promising pathway for developing advanced solid polymer electrolytes for next‐generation lithium metal batteries, which combine high ionic conductivity, excellent electrochemical performances, and robust mechanical properties.

Direct electrosynthesis and separation of ammonia and chlorine from waste streams via a stacked membrane-free electrolyzer

Electrosynthesis, a viable path to decarbonize the chemical industry, has been harnessed to generate valuable chemicals under ambient conditions. Here, we present a membrane-free flow electrolyzer for paired electrocatalytic upcycling of nitrate (NO3−) and chloride (Cl−) to ammonia (NH3) and chlorine (Cl2) gases by utilizing waste streams as substitutes for traditional electrolytes. The electrolyzer concurrently couples electrosynthesis and gaseous-product separation, which minimizes the undesired redox reaction between NH3 and Cl2 and thus prevents products loss. Using a three-stacked-modules electrolyzer system, we efficiently processed a reverse osmosis retentate waste stream. This yielded high concentrations of (NH4)2SO4 (83.8 mM) and NaClO (243.4 mM) at an electrical cost of 7.1 kWh per kilogram of solid products, while residual NH3/NH4+ (0.3 mM), NO2− (0.2 mM), and Cl2/HClO/ClO− (0.1 mM) pollutants in the waste stream could meet the wastewater discharge regulations for nitrogen- and chlorine-species. This study underscores the value of pairing appropriate half-reactions, utilizing waste streams to replace traditional electrolytes, and merging product synthesis with separation to refine electrosynthesis platforms.

Phase transition and ionic conductivity of pyrrolidinium-based ionic plastic crystals with magnesium salts

Abstract Despite being safe for use in secondary Mg batteries, solid electrolytes exhibit lower ionic conductivities than those of traditional liquid electrolytes. Organic ionic plastic crystals—soft crystals with excellent thermal and electrochemical stabilities and ionic conductivities—are promising solid electrolytes. Herein, we investigated the effects of various anion species and Mg salt concentrations on the properties of pyrrolidinium-based organic ionic plastic crystals (N,N-diethylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide [[C2epyr][FSA]] and N,N-diethylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide [[C2epyr][TFSA]]) upon Mg(TFSA)2 addition. The Mg-ion transference number (tMg2+) was measured using the Vincent–Bruce method; ionic conductivity via impedance measurements; and phase transition via differential scanning calorimetry. The phase transition behavior, dissociation state of the Mg salt, and electrochemical properties varied with the organic ionic plastic crystal anionic structure. The FSA system became liquid when the Mg salt concentration exceeded 15 mol%. The ionic conductivity of the pyrrolidinium-based organic ionic plastic crystals increased substantially with the Mg salt concentration. In the solid state, [C2epyr][FSA]/Mg(TFSA)2 (5 mol%) (FT5) showed the highest ionic conductivity (2.9 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 25 °C). The tMg2+ of FT5 at 60 °C was 0.29. Mg exhibited redox behavior in FT5 but not in [C2epyr][TFSA]/Mg(TFSA)2 (5 mol%). The FSA− structure is suitable for Mg electrochemistry and will aid in developing high-performance secondary Mg batteries.

A self fire-extinguishing and high rate lithium-fluorinated carbon battery realized by ethoxy (pentafluoro) cyclotriphosphazene electrolyte additive design

The lithium/carbon fluoride (Li/CFx) battery has attracted significant attention due to its highest energy density among all commercially available lithium primary batteries. However, its high energy density also poses a significant risk during thermal runaway events, and its poor electrochemical performance at high discharge current densities limits its application in high-power devices. In this study, we propose a flame-retardant and interface-affinity enhancing electrolyte additive, ethoxy (pentafluoro) cyclotriphosphazene (PFPN), to regulate the electrolyte in Li/CFx batteries. The PFPN molecules participate in the lithium solvation shell, and its fluorine groups shows better affinity with the carbon fluoride cathode compared to traditional carbonate electrolytes. Furthermore, as a bulky molecule, PFPN reduces the desolvation energy of Li+ ions after participating in lithium ion coordination, making it easier for Li+ ions to be utilized at the carbon fluoride cathode, significantly enhancing the battery's rate performance. In a carbonate electrolyte containing 16 % PFPN additive (1 M LiBF4/EC+DMC, volume ratio 1:1), the CFx cathode delivers 277 % higher capacity at a current density of 1 A g−1 compared to a CFx cathode without the additive. Additionally, due to the ability of PFPN to produce fluorine and phosphorus radicals at high temperatures that interrupt the combustion chain reaction, the electrolyte can achieve up to 10 instances of zero-second self-extinguishing, reducing the battery self-extinguishing time by 90 %. This study is the first to investigate the safety and flame-retardant electrolyte design of carbon fluoride batteries, providing a method to improve the power performance and safety of Li/CFx batteries at the same time.

Efficient evolution mechanism of electrolytic gas products from laser-assisted electrolyte jet machining

Efficient evolution of electrolytic gas products is one of the mechanisms for increased material removal rate in laser-assisted electrolyte jet machining. However, the evolution mechanism of electrolytic gas products with multiple energy fields in laser-assisted electrolyte jet machining is not clear. In order to quantitatively characterize the laser-assisted facilitation of the evolution of electrolytic gas products, a gas quantification and detection device was designed and built in this paper. Compared to traditional electrolyte jet machining, laser-assisted electrolyte jet machining of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy increased the gas production by 52 % in 180 s. For the anode, the surface modification induced by laser texturing reduces the oxygen evolution potential and surface free energy and promotes gas nucleation and detachment. In addition, laser-induced conductive plasma can enhance transient currents for electrolyte jet machining and cause machining vibrations. The cathodic gas discharge phenomenon was characterized in conjunction with interelectrode gap visualization experiments and cathodic nozzle damage. Experimental results show that cathodic gas discharge depends on strong electric field and high laser pulse fluence. In summary, laser temperature rise, anode surface modification, laser-induced plasma, plasma recoil and cathode gas discharge can all contribute to the evolution of electrolytic gas products.

Stable Efficient Solid-State Supercapacitors and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Ionic Liquid-Doped Solid Biopolymer Electrolyte.

As synthetic and nonbiodegradable compounds are becoming a great challenge for the environment, developing polymer electrolytes using naturally occurring biodegradable polymers has drawn considerable research interest to replace traditional aqueous electrolytes and synthetic polymer-based polymer electrolytes. This study shows the development of a highly conducting ionic liquid (1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide)-doped corn starch-based polymer electrolyte. A simple solution cast method is used to prepare biopolymer-based polymer electrolytes and characterized using different electrical, structural, and photoelectrochemical studies. Prepared polymer electrolytes are optimized based on ionic conductivity, which shows an ionic conductivity as high as 1.90 × 10-3 S/cm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirms the complexation and composite nature, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) and polarized optical microscopy (POM) affirm the reduction of crystallinity in biopolymer electrolytes after doping with ionic liquid (IL). Thermal and photoelectrochemical studies further affirm that synthesized material is well stable above 200 °C and shows a wide electrochemical window of 3.91 V. The ionic transference number measurement (t ion) confirms the predominance of ionic charge carriers in the present system. An electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) and a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) were fabricated by using the highest conducting corn starch polymer electrolyte. The fabricated EDLC and DSSC delivered an average specific capacitance of 130 F/g and an efficiency of 1.73% in one sun condition, respectively.

Твёрдые полимерные электролиты на основе нафиона для литий-ионных и натрий-ионных аккумуляторов

The use of solid polymer electrolytes is a novel and promising approach for enhancing the safety of lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. A number of publications on manufacturing electrolytes with lithium-ion and sodium-ion conductivity based on Nafion-like polymers have appeared in recent decade. The present mini-review analyses various methods of the synthesis of such electrolytes and their properties, as well as the information on laboratory lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries using such electrolytes. The conclusion is made that the use of Nafion-based solid polymer electrolytes with Li+ and Na+ cation conductivity opens the way to creation of a new generation of lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. The principal advantage of Nafion-based solid polymer electrolytes over traditional PEO-based electrolytes is a fairly high cation transport number, which provides a sharp decrease in concentration polarization and, consequently, the increase in the energy efficiency of batteries.