Trade Turnover Research Articles

Оценка участия экономических районов России в международном разделении труда

The article examines the relationship between the historically inherited specialization of economic areas and the nature of exchange in the context of globalization. Traditionally, both in the Russian Empire and in the USSR, zoning was carried out on the basis of identifying specialization and interdistrict exchange within the Russian market. The article suggests an approach based on the analysis of the international component in the formation of the appearance of the district. To solve this problem, the indicators of gross domestic product and its share and specific indicators, foreign trade turnover, exports, imports, net exports and indices derived from them were used. Based on the data obtained, typologies of the subjects of the Russian Federation were carried out on several grounds, territorial arrays with common properties of groups of regions were obtained according to the degree of their involvement in foreign trade in the mode of export, import or neutral orientation. Based on the results obtained, zoning was carried out according to international specializations and international relations. The selected types of regions were integrated within the boundaries of the state planning grid of districts with the subsequent typology of these macro-regions according to the level of integrity and the nature of the structural organization of their space in terms of involvement in world economic relations.

Цифровая валюта: перспективы и анализ рынка криптовалютных бирж России и зарубежных стран

The scant legislative definition of the phenomenon of virtual currencies, the lack of established business circulation and, consequently, the scattered judicial practice, all point to the complexity of understanding the legal status of electronic digital media - digital currency. Since distributed ledger technology is still in its infancy, digital currency users, miners, cryptocurrency exchange owners, tax regulators and policymakers face a number of unresolved issues at the national and international level. It is unlikely that any major economy today would support a cryptocurrency such as bitcoin, which cannot be controlled by a central bank and was created by a secretive cryptographer. Nevertheless, we believe that central banks around the world will launch their own digital currencies, combining the advantages of cryptocurrencies and traditional money. For the future: despite the legislative basis for the fixation of digital currency in Russia, we believe that the further free use and use in civil circulation of cryptocurrency is questionable. Introduction in the near future by the Central Bank of Russia of such a category of object or a type of non-cash money as "digital ruble" practically excludes the free circulation of digital currency. Presumably, that (central bank digital currency, CBDC) or digital ruble will work on the principle of optional means of payment, combining the properties of cash and non-cash funds and subject to issuance by the Bank of Russia in a digital format. The issues related to the legal status of digital rubles today are open and are in the plane of not only civil law, but also constitutional law. The analysis of crypto-exchanges around the world presented in this article reveals one trend - these activities are subject to licensing. For the full development of global financial activities, including the cryptoindustry, the development of competent business legislation on the organizers of trade turnover - crypto-exchanges - with the establishment of general principles of their activities, with the definition of the criteria of these subjects, as well as the content of their actual activities is necessary. To regulate such an institution, a specialized type of licensing is needed, by analogy with fiat money activities, based on the progressive experience of such states as Malta, Estonia, the USA, Canada, Latin America, Switzerland, Japan, etc... Such licensing could be tiered, depending on the volume of cryptocurrency transactions. The creation of strict standardization for any trade, exchange transactions with digital currency would allow Russia to be a full participant in global business. Finally, improving the legal literacy of Russians when participating in exchange activities will raise the status of investment, allow the population to avoid financial risky operations, which will ultimately contribute to the stabilization of the economic situation in the country. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

Взаимодействие Киргизии и Китая в рамках проекта «Один пояс, один путь»

The article examines the recent strengthening of Kyrgyz-Chinese ties, that may be seen in a number of infrastructure projects within “One Belt, One Road” project. There are a number of accompanying difficulties that are offset by the further possibilities of cooperation (increasing trade turnover, turning Bishkek into an online trading hub, transferring excess Chinese capacity to the territory of Kyrgyzstan).

Новые закономерности в современной динамике социально-экономического развития регионов России

The article analyzes the differentiation of Russian regions according to the dynamics of their socioeconomic development in 2022 on the basis of a number of statistical indicators, primarily indices of output of goods and services by basic types of economic activity and industrial production (taking into account the current picture of interregional differences in the dynamics and structure of gross regional product in 2020-2021). It is shown that the economic development of the regions in 2022 was significantly influenced by the dependence of their economy on foreign capital, which previously did not play such a significant role, which for the first time in recent years led to the greatest problems of the North-Western Federal District. In manufacturing, as in 2015, the highest growth rates were characteristic of the Southern Federal District, primarily its largest regions, as well as the Central One. The latter one at the same time was distinguished by great contrasts between individual regions, which turned out to be among the leaders and outsiders in terms of production indices. The real monetary incomes of the population in 2022 were weakly dependent on the dynamics of economic indicators – traditionally, a significant role was played by the redistribution of income within the framework of state social policy. In addition, as is typical of the crisis years, the dynamics of retail trade turnover by region was not determined by the real monetary incomes of the population.

Анализ направлений межрегионального сотрудничества в модели союзного государства: на примере Брестской области

The development of the country's regions is ensured by realizing their resource potential. Interregional integration is especially important, in particular within the framework of the developing model of inter-country cooperation – the Union State of Belarus and Russia. A literary review of research works on problematic issues of interregional cooperation development, improvement of methodological approaches to assessing its effectiveness, and development of interregional integration mechanisms is presented. The research uses the methods of structural, and system analysis and index method. The paper presents the interaction results of Brest region of the Republic of Belarus with the regions of the Russian Federation, presents the dynamics analysis of the results achieved and forms a number of proposals for further development of interregional cooperation as a mechanism for competitiveness increase of the allied countries. The growth of foreign trade volume between Belarus and Russia in 2005-2021 was noted. The average annual growth rate for this indicator was 18.2% in Belarus and 13.6% in Russia. By the end of 2022, a record figure of 50 billion USD was registered for mutual trade turnover of Belarus and Russia. Cooperation in trade and economic, scientific and technical, ecological, socio-humanitarian and cultural areas of Brest region and the regions of the Russian Federation, as well as formation of joint production and technological complexes and development of cooperation forms in scientific and educational sphere in the concept of creating a single scientific and technological, and educational space are identified as promising for further development of interregional cooperation for 2023.

Possibilities of realization of Ukraine’s export potential on the world market

In the article, the author calculated and analyzed the dynamics of indicators of Ukraine's export potential for the period 2016–2021. The product structure of Ukraine's exports in 2021 was determined and the share of goods exports in Ukraine's GDP was calculated for 2016–2021, which provided an opportunity to summarize existing trends and to present certain practical proposals. It was established that, despite the crisis conditions of 2020–2022, the trends demonstrate the activation of Ukrainian exporters on the world markets, but the structure of trade in itself somewhat inhibits the processes, which is reflected by a negative indicator of trade turnover. It was determined that the possibilities of Ukraine's export potential demonstrate that in 2021, ferrous metals and grain products will account for larger sales volumes on foreign markets. It is noted that Ukraine's exports are growing faster than imports, and the country's high dependence on imports is a negative factor. It was established that Ukraine remains a raw material appendage. Therefore, from a strategic perspective, Ukraine aims to change this trend through the active development of industrial processing, which will change the shares exactly the opposite: to export 75% of finished products and services and only 25% of raw materials. It has been found that the impact on the opportunities of Ukraine's export potential is exerted by a complex of internal and external factors, which are of an acute problematic nature. Based on the results of the calculations, it was established that an urgent issue in order to expand the possibilities of realizing the export potential of Ukraine on world markets is the implementation of a balanced foreign economic policy of the state regarding the support of national producers, the stimulation of export-oriented products and increasing their competitiveness, bringing the legislative framework in the field of foreign economic activity to meet world standards. It was determined and proposed that to optimize the commodity structure of foreign trade, a strategic measure is the transition from a focus on raw material exports to the export of processed, processed or finished products with high added value, as well as supplementing the existing dominant export industries with other promising directions.

TRANSFORMATION OF DOMESTIC TRADE IN UKRAIN

The article studies the processes and changes in the national economy that have contributed to the transformation of domestic trade. The authors analyze the development of domestic trade in Ukraine and identifies the problems of its functioning in the context of changes caused by economic and political factors. The indicators of retail and wholesale trade turnover of Ukrainian economic entities by regions and product groups are estimated. The article describes the process of evolutionary transformations that have taken place in the field of domestic trade and identifies the factors that have influenced the current state of trade relations. The complex processes taking place in the Ukrainian economy have radically changed the economic environment of domestic trade. The main reasons and essence of transformations in the modern development of trade are identified, the theoretical aspects of domestic trade are analyzed, the theory and practice of commodity circulation, market and domestic trade are studied, and the need for further study of aspects of changes in domestic trade in the modern world is substantiated. The peculiarities of formation of indicators of retail and wholesale trade, their characteristics and features of these types of domestic trade are determined. The factors associated with the globalization of the world economy are analyzed. It is determined that the processes of globalization open up opportunities for penetration into new markets, access to new technologies, etc., thus changing the conditions of competition. The problems faced by the trade sector with the beginning of a full-scale invasion are characterized. The main task of the state to create a competitive environment and promote the promotion of domestic goods is determined. Measures to improve the efficiency of domestic trade are proposed, taking into account current challenges (military aggression by Russia), which include the need to ensure youth employment, improve logistics processes at trade enterprises in order to fully meet the needs of the customer, reduce the level of shadowing of domestic trade, etc. The results of the work form the scientific and practical basis for further improvement of domestic trade in the context of market transformations and martial law, which will ultimately lead to Ukraine's victory over the enemy, rapid restoration, economic growth and the opportunity to act as a full partner in international relations

ИНДИКАТИВНО-СОДЕРЖАТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ КАТЕГОРИИ ПОТРЕБНОСТИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РЕГИОНОВ В РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ТОРГОВОГО ПОТЕНЦИАЛА

This article is devoted to the study of the needs of the population in the realization of trade potential in the subjects of the Russian Federation. In the framework of this study, an indicative and substantive analysis was conducted, which resulted in the development of a set of indicators covering various factors, including age, income and other parameters related to the desire to purchase goods and services: the average level of wages, the share of the urban population in the total population, the average age of the population, the share of the population who are active users of the Internet in the total population, retail trade turnover per capita, disposable resources, and the average age of the population. The values of the selected indicators for 2020 were analyzed in the context of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The obtained results can be used for systematic observation and analysis of the situation in the field of trade potential of the population in the subjects of the Russian Federation. Also, these data can be useful for classifying the constituent entities of the Russian Federation depending on the level of consumer activity and exposure to the needs under consideration. These results will help to understand and assess the demand and supply of goods and services at the regional level, as well as to develop measures to stimulate economic growth and improve the quality of life of the population in different parts of the country.

Социально-экономические факторы продовольственной безопасности современной России

Based on the analysis of the main indicators of the standard of living, it is concluded that the agrarian regions of the central part of Russia are significantly lagging behind the average Russian level. Of the regions considered, the best indicators are characteristic of the Belgorod Region (growth in consumer prices, per capita retail trade turnover, the ratio of per capita monetary income to the subsistence minimum, average monthly wages and pensions, as well as the level of poverty. Of particular concern is the socio-economic situation in the Bryansk region, characterized by the worst among the agricultural and industrial centers of the Central Federal District values of most indicators of living standards and the expansion of poverty. A significant lag in the standard of living of the population of the regions that ensure the food security of the state can become a threat to its national security and requires special attention from the government of the country.

TRADE AND HOTEL AND TOURISM INDUSTRY OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC IN THE CONTEXT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION: OPPORTUNITIES FOR UKRAINIAN-CZECH COOPERATION (2000–2019)

The purpose of the article is to comprehensively analyze the Czech experience of reforming society in the trade and hotel-tourism complex in the context ofEuropean integration during the fi rst two decades of the 21st century (2000–2019). The study reveals the characteristic features of the process of adaptation of Czech society to European standards, the study of the peculiarities of Czech economic reforms and their possible use for Ukraine. Research methodology. The authors of the study used a variety of scientifi c methods that allow for the analysis and generalization of information, as well as to expand knowledge about the interaction between Ukraine and the Czech Republic in the spheres of European integration, trade and tourism. To solve scientifi c problems, the authors of the publication applied general scientifi c methods of cognition: analysis, synthesis, systematicity, /generalization, concreteness, historicism, and the dialectical method. In historical research, the dialectical method is most fully implemented through the principles of historicism, therefore, during the research, the authors preferred historical methods: historicaldescriptive method (historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-synthetic), historical-diachronic, empirical analysis method, etc. Scientifi c novelty. The main scientifi c novelty is the analysis of the impact of European integration on the development of trade relations and the hotel and tourism industry of the Czech Republic, as well as the study of the possibilities of cooperation with Ukraine in these areas. In addition, the mentioned topic is relevant in the modern context, where international trade, hotel and restaurant business andtourism are becoming increasingly important elements of economic development. The study of the Ukrainian-Czech perspective in the context of European integration opens up new opportunities for cooperation and development of both countries, as well as complements scientifi c research in the fi eld of international relations, economics and tourism. Conclusions. In the process of European integration, the Czech Republic actively developed its trade andhotel and tourism industries, using various mechanisms of cooperation with the countries of the European Union. This included the implementation of joint projects and programs aimed at developing tourism, improving infrastructure and increasing trade turnover. The Czech Republic has successfully attracted international funds, such as European Union programs, for joint projects with Ukrainian partners, which has contributed to increased investment andmodernization of tourism infrastructure. In addition, cooperation with other EU countries in these areas contributed to increasing the competitiveness of the Czech Republic on the European market.

Социально-экономические факторы продовольственной безопасности современной России

Based on the analysis of the main indicators of the standard of living, it is concluded that the agrarian regions of the central part of Russia are significantly lagging behind the average Russian level. Of the regions considered, the best indicators are characteristic of the Belgorod Region (growth in consumer prices, per capita retail trade turnover, the ratio of per capita monetary income to the subsistence minimum, average monthly wages and pensions, as well as the level of poverty. Of particular concern is the socio-economic situation in the Bryansk region, characterized by the worst among the agricultural and industrial centers of the Central Federal District values of most indicators of living standards and the expansion of poverty. A significant lag in the standard of living of the population of the regions that ensure the food security of the state can become a threat to its national security and requires special attention from the government of the country.

METHODS FOR CONCLUDING CONTRACTS IN COMMERCE: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE OF CONCEPTUALIZATION

Relevance. An attribute of civilization and the development of legality in society is the proclamation of norms that the right to free use and disposal of one’s abilities and property for entrepreneurial and other economic activities is granted to each subject. At the same time, one of the constitutionally significant values of commercial law is that any obstacles to the free movement of goods, services and finances on the territory of Russia are not allowed.
 Purpose, materials and methods. Free trade is a basic principle and human right in a democratic society and the rule of law. This principle provides the possibility of developing foreign and domestic trade, and as a result, the development of the country’s economy, increasing the prestige and influence of the state in the international arena. Restrictions on the freedom of movement of goods may be introduced, but only in exceptional cases and only in accordance with federal law, if it is necessary for the security of the country, the protection and protection of life, human health and cultural values. From the foregoing, it follows that today there are various forms and ways of doing business and trade in Russia. At present, the role of commercial law and its development in the life of society and the state is increasing. Trade turnover ensures the freedom of choice of goods on the market and their availability for everyone. In this regard, the correct drafting and conclusion of contracts in trade is of great importance. However, at the present stage, the issues of an integrated approach to studying the specifics of concluding contracts in trade turnover, due to the complexity of the formation of a doctrinal approach to this topic, remain not fully developed. This is also dictated by the fact that the concept of «contract in trade» is quite new for Russian law. Such agreements are randomly located in various legislative acts, and sometimes their actual appearance is ahead of the legislator, in addition, law enforcement practice in this area is not formed at a sufficient level.
 Research results. The article presents the main scientific results of the generalization of ideas about the methods of concluding contracts in trade in circulation. Their essence and modern meaning are also revealed. Current recommendations for improving legislation in this area are also presented. Key words: trade turnover, contract, method of concluding a contract, contract in trade turnover, commercial contract, seller, supplier, buyer, offer, acceptance.

CHINA'S CUSTOMS AND TARIFF POLICY AND PROSPECTS FOR A FULL-FLEDGED FTA BETWEEN THE EAEU AND CHINA

Under the conditions of sanctions pressure on the Russian economy, the expansion and strengthening of foreign economic relations with friendly countries becomes important. The issues of technical barriers, new supply chain solutions, customs cooperation, and industry cooperation become relevant. Given the sanctions pressure on the Russian market, and subsequently spread to the market of the Eurasian Economic Union, it becomes necessary to expand trade and economic relations with friendly countries, focusing on those countries with which trade agreements have been signed and major trading partners of the Eurasian Economic Union, also becomes a trend the signing of a free trade zone agreement. One of the important countries for the Eurasian Economic Union, given the volume of mutual trade, is China. Agreement on trade and economic cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Union and the People's Republic of China can serve as a basis for a free trade zone with China. The article analyzes trade turnover between Eurasian Economic Union and People's Republic of China since 2015 (the year of EEU foundation); dynamics of most-favored-nation treatment in China; applied ad valorem and specific rates of customs duties; countries, which concluded, trade agreements with China, as well as bound and applied Chinese tariffs on certain product groups and tariff quotas.

International Trade in the Post-Soviet Space: Trends, Threats, and Prospects for the Internal Trade within the Eurasian Economic Union

This paper discusses the dynamics of foreign trade in the post-Soviet space within the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) during the period from 2015 to 2021. Additionally, the paper analyzes export indicators in foreign and mutual trade of the EAEU member countries and diversification of the commodity structure as well as its dynamics based on the commodity concentration index for each member country. Our paper identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the EAEU, analyzes the opportunities and threats of development, and focuses on the trends and prospects. The main strengths include the institutional and legal structure of the EAEU single market, the historical, cultural, and economic proximity of the EAEU member countries, the transit potential of the territory, the high level of domestic trade, and the increasing share of ruble transactions in the trade turnover. The most significant weaknesses are the low efficiency of the institutional structure, the gap in the socio-economic level of development of the participating countries, unstable geopolitical situations in some member countries, the low level of recognition of the EAEU in the world market, economic and political conflicts of interests of the member countries, and the dependence on Western technologies in some key industries. Strategically important opportunities can be found in the creation and implementation of a long-term development strategy, diversification of trade with the Middle East and Asian countries, expansion in terms of the territorial composition, development of the institutional and legal structure as well as cooperation ties, as well as the cooperation in the field of technological innovation and financial security. Among the most significant threats were identified the outpacing growth in the share of EAEU members’ trade with China, the expansion of economic and political contradictions between the EAEU member countries, and the strengthening of the positions of alternative currencies in foreign trade.

FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF UKRAINE: PRE-WAR TRENDS AND CURRENT CHANGES

Introduction. In a globalized world, foreign economic processes have a significant impact on the state of the national economy. The level of integration into global value chains changes the level of development of the business environment and the structure of the economy. The publication analyzes Ukraine's international trade activity in 2018-2021 and its current state. Ukrainian companies ensure integration into global value chains. However, the low degree of processing of export-oriented goods remains a significant problem. The study of current trends in Ukraine's foreign economic activity is relevant for overcoming current challenges and identifying key growth priorities. Purpose. The aim of the article is to study the volume and structure of export-import operations and foreign trade processes of the Ukrainian economy within the framework of global value chains (GVC). Research methods. The article uses the methods of analysis and synthesis, systematization and generalization, abstraction, data presentation, and formal logic. Results. The study confirms the positive dynamics of Ukraine's foreign trade in 2018-2021. Ukrainian companies export mainly low value-added goods and import high value-added goods. The development of Ukraine's economy requires successful integration into global supply chains. This is possible if we move from exporting raw materials to increasing the volume and depth of their processing in the national economy, and further exporting high value-added goods. The study showed that economic relations between Ukraine and its trading partners demonstrate a significant increase in foreign trade within global value chains. Ukrainian companies are involved in the development of global integration processes mainly in sectors that consume agricultural products, metallurgy, and IT-services. Agricultural and industrial products exported from Ukraine account for about 40% of total international sales. Against the backdrop of Russia's full-scale military invasion, a negative trend is the decline in Ukraine's foreign trade turnover by almost 30% (exports by 35% and imports by 25%). The largest decline in exports occurred in the metallurgical and chemical industries. The share of agricultural products in exports increased, while the share of fuel, equipment, and vehicles in imports increased. Conclusion. Foreign economic activity determines the business activity of business entities, their integration into the system of international economic relations, and creates essential preconditions for the transformation of the national economy, improving the living conditions and living standards of the population. Ukrainian exports are dominated by a high share of intermediate goods used as raw materials for the production of other final consumer goods. Therefore, it is advisable to stimulate deep processing of raw materials in the domestic market, the finished products of which can become competitive on the foreign market. With Ukraine's integration into global and regional business services in the context of global value chains, it is possible to ensure positive effects from foreign economic activity. The basis for successful integration into global value chains is to stimulate the development of international cooperation between enterprises on global business platforms, as well as local innovation ecosystems that will facilitate the creation of innovative industries, both through public and private investment. Keywords: global (regional) value chains, foreign economic activity, exports, imports, foreign trade balance, foreign trade, innovations.

The Philosophy of External Public Debt Management

The main goal of the presented article is to propose effective solutions in the philosophical context of the management of the foreign public debt of RA. The Government of the RA should adopt as a priority the philosophy of attracting borrowed funds from the domestic market. Considering also the fact that the Republic of Armenia relied on the philosophy of ensuring double-digit economic growth, having a long-term goal to increase the real GDP indicator, which will ultimately contribute to reducing the volume of debt obligations. As a priority contributing to this goal, the RA Government intends to significantly increase the volume of trade turnover[1], especially in connection with the current geopolitical situation, when Armenia, in particular, is the “gateway of Europe” for Russia, which is the main trading partner. [1] In 2021, major trading partners of the RA included Russia from the CIS countries (31.4% of trade turnover, compared to 30.6% of the previous year), and from the EU and other countries China (15% and 13.5%, respectively), Iran (6.0% and 5.6 %), Switzerland (4.6% and 6.6%), Germany (3.5% and 4.2%), Italy (3.4% and 3.3%), Bulgaria (2.7% and 2.4%) and the Netherlands (2.7% and 1.8%). Source: RA Ministry of Finance www.minfin.am.

Consumption-driven freight turnover of interprovincial trade and related air pollution emissions in China from 2007 to 2012

Freight transport has become increasingly important regarding CO2 and air pollutant emissions in China but has rarely been assessed using consumption-based methods. Based on the multi-regional input-output tables of China, in this work, we use structural path analysis (SPA) to link interprovincial trade-related freight turnover to responsible sectors of final consumption. We find that from 2007 to 2012, the interprovincial trade turnover in China increased by 39% and reached 3.87 × 1012 ton-km in 2012, associated with emissions of approximately 370 Mt CO2, 6.1 Mt CO and 2.5 Mt NOx. We also find that each 10 thousand CNY final consumption on interprovincial traded goods in China may drive 2000 ton-km of freight turnover and generate 200 kg CO2 emissions. This environmental burden will decrease by a factor of five if only locally produced goods are consumed. Final consumption in equipment, construction, service and food caused the most significant freight turnover; they drive a large quantity of low-value-added but heavy-weight semifinished products, such as mining and metal products, to be shipped across the provinces at the very upstream of the supply chain. Policymakers should aim to optimize China's industrial geographical layout and trade structure to facilitate deep CO2 reductions associated with the freight transport system.

STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE OF WORLD LEADERS

The article examines the impact of structural changes in trade flows of leading countries on the state of the global economy, trends in its qualitative changes, and the consequences of this process. The analysis of the works of domestic and foreign scientists on this issue gives understanding of the lack of research on certain elements and factors that affect the dynamics of processes occurring in modern trade against the background of global economic events and shifts, such as Brexit, the COVID-19 pandemic, Russian aggression against Ukraine, etc. Therefore, to understand the general trends in the development of international trade and the world economy as a whole, special attention should be paid to the study of changes occurring in the foreign trade of key players, the leaders of global trade. An analysis of the aggregated geographic structure of world trade shows a clear separation of three regions where the centers of export and import of goods are concentrated: Asia, Europe, and North America. Three other large regions (Africa, South and Central America, Australia and New Zealand) cannot have a significant impact on the overall situation, as their combined share in world trade is only about 7.5%. The last six years have seen continuing trends of changes in the group of leaders, which are connected with the further redistribution of world markets, continue. But, if North America did not manage to achieve a positive trade balance, even during the tough foreign trade policy of D. Trump, Europe and Asia, however, maintained an excess of exports over imports, although imports grew more dynamically. Five leading countries have been identified by the indicator of total turnover in 2021. These five include China, the US, the Netherlands and Japan. They represent the three centers of world trade. Their total share in world exports is 37.4%, and in world imports - 38.0%. This gives reason to hypothesize that the general state and structure of world trade largely depend on the activities of these countries. Examining the changes that have taken place in the product structure of exports, it is possible to highlight several trends that are common to all leading countries. First of all, over the last 6 years, the specific weight of fuel and mineral supplies to the world market has increased in the structure of both global exports and all leading countries’ exports. Secondly, the growth of the specific weight of exports of chemical industry products can be attributed to the general trends of both world trade and certain leading countries. Thirdly, in contrast to the previous two upward trends, the share of trade in telecommunications equipment shows an overall downward trend. To assess the degree of synchronization of the structure of world trade and foreign trade of the leading countries, the correlation coefficients of these structures have been calculated. The most closely related to the world export structure is the US export structure, and the most closely related to the world import structure is the Germany’s import structure. This not only confirms the hypothesis about the decisive influence of these leading countries on world markets, but also provides grounds for forecasting world trends based on the study of foreign trade of individual countries. Thus, the conducted analysis showed that certain changes are taking place in the aggregated geographical structure of world trade, which are associated with the rapid expansion of the specific weight of the Asian region. North America and Europe are losing their positions both in terms of the international trade turnover and in terms of its individual components

RUSSIA — MERCOSUR: IMPERATIVE AND POTENTIAL OF BILATERAL TRADE

The article examines the state and prospects of development of Russia’s foreign trade relations with MERCOSUR. In the light of the West’s anti-Russian sanctions, the position of the bloc’s member states on the development of economic relations with our country is characterized. The assessment of the macroeconomic significance of MERCOSUR and the main directions of its trade policy is given. Quantitative indicators on the volumes and dynamics of bilateral foreign trade turnover, the structure of exports and imports of goods are given. Taking into account favorable prerequisites for expanding trade and economic cooperation, using the methodology of the International Trade Center of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, the potential for increasing exports of Russian goods to MERCOSUR countries is calculated. As part of the analysis of the possibilities of diversifying the range of supplies of Russian products based on the Hausmann-Klinger methodology, the most promising Russian goods for entering the MERCOSUR market are identified. In conclusion, there are considerations aimed at intensifying bilateral trade and economic ties against the background of Western sanctions.

Foreign trade in poultry meat of Ukraine in the context of integration processes

Foreign trade is of particular importance for the economic development of agri-food products and for food security. The increase in the export of poultry meat is noticeable. The purpose of the work is to substantiate the prospects of Ukraine’s foreign trade in poultry meat, taking into account production, the situation on the world market, and participation in integration processes. Economic-mathematical, graphic, analysis, etc. methods were used for this purpose. The main suppliers (most of whom are members of the most developed integration groups) and importers have been identified, the share of the latter in the world market is smaller than the former. The trade balance for the main suppliers is mostly positive, but there is an exception for the countries of the European Union, which are significant importers. Trade is developing, as can be seen from the foreign trade turnover. Production is concentrated in Asia, North America, and Europe. The growth of Ukraine’s exports and its entry into the top ten exporters is noticeable. Exports had a positive effect on the increase in production. The largest importers are the countries of Asia and Europe, and African countries are among the buyers. In 2021, meat was exported to about 100 countries, but this is less than its main exporters. Among the groupings and countries with which regional trade agreements have been concluded, the most exported in recent years were to the European Union, Turkey, and Azerbaijan, which indicates competitiveness in these markets. The export market concentration index indicates the diversification of the geographical structure of exports. In the conditions of growing demand for poultry meat, taking into account the quality advantages and consumption by the majority of the population, except for vegetarians, it is worth increasing production and export. This should be facilitated by improving quality, diversifying the geographical structure of exports, taking into account the characteristics of consumers in countries, the production of kosher and halal products, the demand for which is growing, and the growth of the population of countries where it is consumed, especially kosher products. Taking into account the export potential of Ukraine and existing trends, there are prospects for increasing exports. Of practical importance is the determination of export expansion directions, taking into account the characteristics of markets and main competitors, etc.