Trade Operations Research Articles

Interaction between domestic investment foreign direct investment and economic growth in Nigeria

The most inclusive definitions of economic growth always include the best utilisation of native resources in addition to increasing GDP and integration into the global market. As a result, the impact of domestic investment in an economy is one of the most examined subjects in capital movement and economic development. Flowing this, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of domestic investment on the economic growth of Nigeria. The objectives were to assess the growth of the economy of Nigeria from 1981 to 2018, determine the relationship of domestic investment on the Nigerian economy, evaluate the relationship of foreign direct investment on the economy of Nigeria, and determine the association between capital inflow and the Nigerian economy. Using secondary time series data obtained for domestic investment, foreign direct investment, exchange rate, and interest rate – from Nigerian Central Bank Statistical Bulletin and World Development Indicators, Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) technique was employed in estimating the short term and long run dynamics. The results revealed that foreign direct investment (t = 2.2385, p = 0.033) and interest rate (t = -2.5141, p = 0.0177) are the only significant determinants of real GDP in the short term, while the significant long run exponents are domestic investment (t = 139.5577, p = 0.0000), foreign direct investment (t = -3.2445, p = 0.0026) and exchange rate (t = -2.8316, p = 0.0071). Furthermore, the Granger Causality test revealed that both domestic investment and foreign direct investment cause economic growth. Therefore, the study recommended, among others, that policy makers optimise local investment options and normalize exchange rate and trade operations.

IT TECH and Cloud services In the Viticulture-winemaking Economy

The introduction of the latest technologies in the field of viticulture and winemaking has reduced production costs and increased the competitiveness of the enterprise. POS system - a ready-made set of equipment for automation of trading operations. All devices are integrated with each other and placed in such a way as to ensure maximum comfort of the seller and fast customer service. Winemakers can use POS systems to attract loyal customers through marketing functions in wineries. Blockchain is the latest technology that allows companies to track all stages of a product life cycle. When cloud services are integrated with Blockchain technology, organizations can better integrate all the information with each other. The use of all these innovative technologies increases the economic potential of the sector and makes it competitive in international markets. Keywords: Upserve Winery; Lauv Winery; ShopKeep Winery POS; WineDirect; Xudle; Revel Systems; DTC-Sales; Apple Pay; Blockchain; StackPointCloud; SaaS; Cloud Computing.

External expansion of the dairy market: Arguments "for" and "against"

The Russian agro-industrial complex is the most important branch of the national economy participating in the program of import substitution and ensuring food security of the country.
 At the moment, the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation is implementing an export-oriented model of agricultural development. In the article, the author analyses the dynamics of foreign trade operations in the dairy food market. The information base for the integrated assessment was the data of Rosstat and the Customs Service on group 04 Dairy products TNVED. The dairy industry within the country shows progressive growth — gross production has been increasing since 2017. However, domestic agricultural producers cannot cover the domestic need for milk and dairy products. As a result — an increase in foreign economic operations. The analysis showed an increase in exports and imports. This is due to the influence of many factors. Factors and trends affecting their volumes in the short and long term were identified — the composition and structure of the balance of milk and dairy products resources, average per capita household income, average prices for dairy products, milk consumption per capita per year, volumes of foreign trade operations, etc. The built dynamic econometric models made it possible to distinguish limiting factors for each type of foreign economic transactions. For imports, these are average consumer prices for milk and annual consumption of dairy products per capita. For export — average consumer prices for dairy products. By influencing these factors, it is possible to ensure an increase in demand and supply in the dairy industry.
 The conclusions made in the article can be used to develop and substantiate state agri-food policy.

Nexuses Between Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy Consumption, Foreign Direct Investment, Energy Consumption, Global Trade, Logistics and Manufacturing Industries of Emerging Economies: In the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic

This study aims to find the nexuses among energy efficiency, renewable energy consumption, foreign direct investment, logistics industry, manufacturing industry and global trade during the COVID-19 pandemic and their impact on global supply chains in exporting nations of the world. The data for this study has been extracted from the World Development Indicators and Statista 2021 for 13 years ranging from 2007-to 2020 for nine top exporting countries. The fixed effect panel estimation technique was implied to examine and analyze the data. The results of our study revealed that highly risky diseases significantly impact supply chain operations globally. Global supply chains, logistics and manufacturing industries significantly influence global trade operations. Our results implicate that the overall international trade and logistics can be enhanced by improving the manufacturing and logistics industries by coping with the risk of pandemic diseases. Moreover, by utilizing cost-effective, renewable and efficient energy resources companies address sustainability issues of global trade and operations. By exerting further attention to the proficiency of the levies approval process, competence and quality of logistics services, and ease of assembling competitively priced shipments, the governments can significantly enhance the export from the logistics industry. Also, increasing manufacturing and agricultural value-added healthier consequences might be acquired in global supply chain operations from the manufacturing industry.

Dry ports: Redefining the concept of seaport-city integrations

The fusion of seaport and city has been a key assimilation that has aided any coastal country in global trading operations. Meanwhile, the constraints on seaports, particularly their rigidity and inability to respond immediately to the uncertainty inherent in the global trading scenario, necessitate the establishment of dry ports as an intermediary entity between seaport and city. As a result, the term "seaport-city" has been redefined in this study. Additionally, the benefits and drawbacks of reciprocal relationship between a harbour and a metropolis have been discussed. Face to face interviews were conducted and the transcribed data were analysed using thematic analysis. Essentially, seaport-city in Malaysia refers to a symbiotic interaction between these two organisations for the purpose of maintaining the country's sustained growth. Regional growth is the primary benefit derived by cities from seaports, whereas pollution is the primary disadvantage derived by seaports. On the other hand, cities rewarded seaports with labour assistance and favourable spatial conditions. In comparison, seaports from surrounding cities experienced constraints such as delays and fewer possibilities for labour variety. To facilitate the development of a seamless network connecting seaports and cities, dry ports have been suggested as intermediate node in this complex freight network.

Evaluation of cost benefit analysis of municipal solid waste management systems

The rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in developing countries is continuously growing in proportion to the gross national product. Landfilling, incineration, composting, and waste to energy (WtE) have a brief history as management strategies for MSW in India. Economic evaluation via cost benefit analysis (CBA) of MSW is establishing the most appropriate treatment/disposal strategy and it is often a major concern for solid waste management (SWM) policymakers. Thus, this study aims to analyze the municipal solid waste management (MSWM) activities in India’s capital, Delhi, and the CBA of MSWM systems to identify the major problems and limitations involved. Sixty-sixsamples totaling 6,600 kg were collected and analyzed at random from various locations, including the sources of generation, composting plants, and disposal sites. Storage, collection, transportation, and recycling information were gathered from departments such as Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD), New Delhi Municipal Corporation (NDMC), Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), and self-surveys. The total costs of each MSW option were calculated for cost analysis. The results revealed a high organic moisture content, indicating the possibility of composting and bio-methanation, except for waste from commercial, institutional area and restaurants that can be used to develop Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). It was also revealed that only about 80% of the garbage generated in Delhi is collected. In terms of treatment and disposal, the MCD has proposed additional facilities such as disposal through sanitary landfills with linings, as well as a system for leachate collection and disposal. Furthermore, construction and demolition waste are used in the construction of various pavement components, such as base coarse, surface coarse, and so on. The total social value added by garbage trade operations in Delhi is expected to be INR 358.7 crores (approximately 46.60 million USD) between 2017 and 2020. Recycling saves the municipal budget about INR 17.6 crores (approximately 2.3 million USD per year).

Tobolsk District Union of Consumer Societies in 1920s-1940s: a Historical Digression

The history of the formation of the Tobolsk District Union of Consumer Societies is studied. Archival materials are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. The organizational and legal issues of the creation of the Tobolsk Union of Consumer Cooperatives and the network of societies that were part of it are studied. An attempt was made to comprehend the role of the Tobolsk cooperation in the life of the region, as well as the activities of its leaders, their participation in cooperative life. It was found that since the formation of the cooperation, it was possible to create a wide trading, procurement and grassroots network, consisting of 41 companies and 50,000 shareholders. The presented results indicate that the all-Russian trends in the development of consumer cooperation (both positive and negative) were also inherent in the cooperation of Tobolsk. The factors that influenced the work of consumer societies were identified: ignorance of the demand and needs for goods among the population, the presence of waste and theft among cooperators, unprofitability of some cooperatives, lack of control over trade and procurement operations. The composition and size of the management apparatus of the trade and procurement and grassroots network are described in the article. The admitted excesses in its activity are analyzed. The main stages of the formation and development of consumer cooperation are outlined.

Decision-Making of Transnational Supply Chain Considering Tariff and Third-Party Logistics Service

Countries’ economic policies, such as tariff barriers, have a profound impact on the global economy and international trade. The imposition of tariffs seriously disturbs the global trade and supply chain operations. This paper studies a supply chain composed of an overseas manufacturer, a domestic supplier and a third-party integrated international logistics service provider. A three-level decentralized leader-follower decision-making model and its variant--leader-follower alliance decision-making models are established, and the influences of revenue sharing and cost sharing on the three-level decentralized decision-making are analyzed. The results show that it is difficult for the supply chain to achieve coordination when the transportation and insurance costs are considered in the tariff cost. The increase of tariff rates will reduce the profits of all parties and the overall profit of the supply chain, and weaken the dominant position of the supplier in the supply chain. Revenue sharing can improve the supply chain performance; the performance of the whole supply chain cannot be improved or may even deteriorate by sharing the transportation cost alone. The study can provide practitioners with implications for how to carry effective cooperation and coordination in the supply chain and how to effectively reduce the influence of tariffs in the global trade system.

A Study on Risk Measurement of Logistics in International Trade: A Case Study of the RCEP Countries

International trade can be severely disrupted by failures in international logistics processes. Therefore, an understanding of international logistics risk is imperative for the smooth operation of international trade, systematically studying the causes, responsible parties, and possible consequences of international logistics risk. On this basis, international logistics risk is classified from the perspective of the consequences caused by logistics risk, combined with the influencing factors and types of risk, establishing the index system and evaluation model of international logistics risk; Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methods were used to evaluate international logistics risk, and the international logistics risk in the international trade of the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) is also discussed. The results show that generally, international logistics risks are mainly logistics loss risk, logistics cost risk, and logistics timeliness risk. The logistics risks in the transaction with RCEP mainly include logistics loss risk, logistics cost risk, logistics timeliness risk, environmental risk, and logistics information risk. The risk causes include five risks: general causes, accidents, bankruptcy or ultra vires of logistics companies, customs clearance problems, and cargo characteristics. By establishing the international logistics risk measurement index system, it can hopefully play a preventive and guiding role in the research of international logistics risk assessment and the international logistics risk management of RCEP enterprises.

Statistical Analysis of Current Financial Instrument Quotes in the Conditions of Market Chaos

In this paper, the problem of estimating the current value of financial instruments using multidimensional statistical analysis is considered. The research considers various approaches to constructing regression computational schemes using quotes of financial instruments correlated to the data as regressors. An essential feature of the problem is the chaotic nature of its observation series, which is due to the instability of the probabilistic structure of the initial data. These conditions invalidate the constraints under which traditional statistical estimates remain non-biased and effective. Violation of experiment repeatability requirements obstructs the use of the conventional data averaging approach. In this case, numeric experiments become the main method for investigating the efficiency of forecasting and analysis algorithms of observation series. The empirical approach does not provide guaranteed results. However, it can be used to build sufficiently effective rational strategies for managing trading operations.

Military Campaign Strategy To Keep Indonesian National Air Regional Sovereignty

There are still a number of issues that hinder the TNI AU from realizing the development of the TNI AU's Electronic Warfare capability, among others, the organization that organizes trade operations in the TNI AU's operational units is still not ideal, there are still limited software that regulates the implementation of TNI commerce operations, not optimal. preparation of human resources in the field of trading operations, the need for electronic warfare equipment with the latest technology in all operational units of the Indonesian Air Force, and the lack of availability of supporting infrastructure for trading operations. Efforts to anticipate and deal with threats from weapons systems in the current modern war era and maintain national air sovereignty, it is necessary to formulate appropriate strategies, including realizing the development of the Indonesian Air Force electronic warfare organization through the establishment of an organizational structure for the Indonesian Air Force's operational unit and fulfillment of requirements for validation. perrnika organization, realizing the fulfillment of software needs to support the implementation of electronic warfare of the Indonesian Air Force through revision of operational instructions and technical instructions for operational and maintenance of trading equipment, realizing the readiness of personnel carrying out trade operations through the provision of manning personnel according to organizational needs and organizing education and training, realizing the fulfillment of equipment needs equipment to support the TNI AU's commercial operations through the procurement of new equipment, as well as to fulfill the need for supporting infrastructure for the implementation of Electronic Warfare The Indonesian Air Force through the development of infrastructure for a centralized trading database storage facility.

Substitution effect in high-tech industry in the USA in foreign trade share and domestic market protection

The transition to the sixth technological order, characterized by the systemic elements of the information revolution, requires a comprehensive analysis of the aggregate dynamic processes trade operations in the context of the respective commodity groups. Using the traditional methods of the statistical and economic method, in general terms, reduced to the formula: "domestic production + import - export", the relative quantitative indicators of the share of imports and exports of products of the leading high-tech industries of the United States were calculated for specific periods of time in the period 1951–2020, correlated with domestic production for the same period. Thus, an assessment of the impact of the "substitution effect" in the high-tech industry of the United States is given in relation to the volume of exports and imports in the context of certain groups of analyzed industries. The empirical results obtained contributed to the identification of trends in the regulation of American imports of high-tech industry products to protect the domestic market under the influence of the substitution effect in US foreign trade in the period under consideration. The main conclusion is that the priority in the focus of American foreign trade policy in terms of protecting the domestic market of high-tech industrial products, was and remains a flexible, expedient (in terms of substitution and integration vectors) combination of tariff and non-tariff restrictions on imports.

СУЧАСНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ СПІВПРАЦІ УКРАЇНИ ТА ЄС У СФЕРІ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ЗОВНІШНЬОЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ БЕЗПЕКИ

The article examines modern trends of development of Ukraine's foreign economic activity as an important component of foreign economic security. The Law of Ukraine "On National Security" defines the fundamental national interests of Ukraine, through which the idea of foreign economic security of the state, because sovereignty and territorial integrity, economic development, close cooperation with European countries and organizations are possible through the development and implementation of effective public mechanisms in the fild of foreign economic security. It is noted that foreign economic activity is the basis for export-import operations, purchase and sale of goods and services, filling the budget, realization of national interests, ensuring economic security and more. It is established that Ukraine is an active participant in international economic activity. As of the beginning of 2022, Ukraine carried out trade operations with more than 170 countries. In 2021, compared to 2020, imports of goods increased by 34% to $72.84 billion, and exports - by 38.4%, to $68.07 billion. At the same time, in 2021 the export of Ukrainian goods and services to the EU reached $26.8 billion. The volume of imports of 27 EU countries to Ukraine amounted to $28.9 billion. The EU is Ukraine's main trading partner at the present stage. The article points out that as a result of hostilities there have been significant changes in Ukraine's foreign economic activity. Analysis of this impact on foreign economic security can be divided into the following groups of problems: the inability to carry out production; difficulties in ensuring the sale of goods; financial problems; difficulties in communications, investment and social projects. It is noted that in support of Ukraine, the European Union is lifting trade restrictions on Ukrainian exports. The abolition of customs duties applies to exports of industrial products, fruits and vegetables from Ukraine, as well as anti- dumping duties on steel imports. Thus, the European Union is trying to support Ukraine's economic system, create conditions for at least minimal development and economic activity.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ ЛОГІСТИЧНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ ТА ЕЛЕКТРОННОЇ КОМЕРЦІЇ В УКРАЇНІ

The article discusses the organization and functioning of the logistics sector of online stores in Ukraine, which operates on the basis of modern information technologies. The possibilities of the influence of digitalization on trading operations and their features in online commerce, especially online stores, are explored. The most important indicators that affect the devotion and loyalty of customers of logistics services, such as delivery time, availability, fullfilled, package tracking option, delivery of several types of goods, the presence of a separate application, are analyzed. The article reveals the essence of online retail logistics and building virtual relationships with buyers and suppliers operating in the relevant industry, the prospects for the innovative potential of entrepreneurial logistics. The main principles for the development of innovative technologies in the field of logistics have been identified, positive and negative factors influencing the development of e-commerce and logistics companies have been established. It has been proven that digitalization in the logistics and trade industries has a number of positive aspects, which are fast payments and decision-making at all stages of supply, time saving, the ability to receive goods from different companies at the same time, and the timeliness of obtaining useful information. The methods of delivery of goods, as well as the services of logistics operators that currently operate on the market, as well as ways to reduce the cost of delivering goods with a high quality of service, have been studied. The article uses research data from the EVO group of companies to study the popularity of Ukrainian logistics companies and their individual services, and identifies the leaders of the logistics market. These data made it possible to substantiate the main trends in the development of e-commerce logistics and the conditions that will shape the logistics industry in Ukraine in the coming years. It has been established that the use of modern innovations in the information support of logistics processes will significantly increase the competitive advantages of an e-commerce enterprise.

The logistics as a driving force of trade between Latin America and Asia. Case study on the ports of Callao, Valparaíso, Busan and Shenzhen

Within the dynamics of a global economy with efficient markets in constant transformation, commercial initiatives are a fundamental component for the socioeconomic development of countries. On this basis, this study analyzes management of the port environment and its impact on regional and national development for the cases of the ports of Callao, Valparaíso, Busan and Shenzhen; In so doing, the study focuses on best practices geared towards strengthening trade relations and how these facilities drive trade, resulting in an increase in the trade flow between countries. Methodologically, this is a descriptive-documentary study with a non-experimental design. The main results of logistics best practices are presented: they include the creation of a single window for port procedures, the strengthening of relations between actors related to trade and port operation, and the establishment of the port authority as the highest body for management and integration with the cities and the areas of influence.

Current state and prospects for the legal regulation of cryptocurrencies in the European Union

The author analyzes the existing legal regulation of relations related to the use, issuance, trade and other operations with cryptocurrencies in the European Union law. It was noted that the development of cryptocurrency markets in the EU requires a well-built legal framework clearly defining the regulation regime for all cryptocurrencies that are not subject to current legislation on financial services. The main directions of regulatory influence on the cryptocurrency market in some EU Member States are identified. The problems of the system of legal acts covering legal relations with cryptocurrencies are analyzed. It was stated that creating a high-quality and effective legal framework within the EU internal market is an extremely important though challenging task. Perspective directions of legal regulation of crypto-assets according to the Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on Markets in Crypto-assets, and amending Directive (EU) 2019/1937, COM/2020/593 final, are analyzed. When analyzing the draft Regulation, it was found that its adoption would be an important step towards maximum harmonization of cryptocurrency legislation. A number of problems of the future legal act have been revealed. These include ambiguous legal regulation of cryptocurrency market participants’ cybersecurity. In addition, the legislative bodies should bear in mind that cryptocurrencies are in the process of constant transformation and transition from one type of token to another. In this case, the rules of the upcoming Regulation should be more flexible to future changes. It was concluded that according to the current draft Regulation, it is extremely unlikely that any types of crypto-assets will remain unregulated in the EU.

Activity of Tax Authorities in Monitoring of Export-Import Operations

This article describes the stages of monitoring foreign trade operations to ensure the implementation of foreign trade contracts concluded by businesses through a single electronic information system of foreign trade operations and the exchange of information between businesses, customs and tax authorities, Central and commercial banks in the context of competition. Also, scientific proposals were made to further improve the work of tax authorities in monitoring foreign trade operations in the development of competition.

The Concept and Model of the “Soft Component” of the Customs Risk Management System

The article considers the tasks of developing the risk management system of the customs authorities of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The regulatory and legal framework for regulating the activities of customs authorities and the information model of the management of customs authorities are investigated. A trigger model of foreign trade operations management and the concept of reengineering the foreign trade risk management process by improving it as a three-stage risk management system of customs authorities have been developed. A subsystem for notifying an entrepreneur about a threat to business security is proposed, functioning in accordance with algorithms for controlling the reliability of a cargo customs declaration in the form of a “soft component” of a risk management system. As a “rigid component” of the risk management system, a system for notifying the relevant departments of customs authorities about the risks associated with the human factor in decision-making is recommended. This system will help to strengthen human resources and reduce corruption in the customs authorities.

Молочный рынок в контексте формирования агропродовольственной политики

The article examines the situation on the Russian dairy market in the context of the existing agri-food policy. The author presents a retrospective of changes in the elements of the balance of milk and dairy products resources before the sanctions period and after the introduction of the food embargo. The purpose of the study is to consider current trends in order to find ways to harmonize agri-food policy. An analysis was made on the main types of food imports and exports for group 04 of the HS Dairy products. The information base for assessing the current situation was the official statistics of Rosstat and the Federal Customs Service. The assessment of foreign trade operations covers a wide geography of supplies: from near to far abroad, as well as information about domestic production for each nomenclature item of group 04 Dairy products. The changes in the volume of export-import supplies, in the composition of the supplier countries are shown, and the scenario of the development of the situation for the future is also predicted. The author states that import substitution occurred only partially, largely as a forced measure in response to the trade war unleashed by the EU and the United States. At the same time, import substitution should be carried out by increasing its own production, flexible pricing policy, competitiveness in production costs with high quality of domestic dairy products. The analysis given in the article can be used as an empirical basis for the development of agri-food policy.

DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY BASED ON THE MODEL OF ACCOUNTING POLICY OF EXPORT-IMPORT OPERATIONS

The purpose of the article is to develop practical recommendations for substantiating the sequence of management of foreign economic activity on the basis of the model of accounting policy of export-import operations. It is proposed to define the accounting policy as a set of principles, rules, methods of methods and procedures, the choice of accounting alternatives that ensure the formation and presentation of financial statements and improve the efficiency of export-import operations of trade enterprises. In the order on the accounting policy in terms of coverage of accounting issues of export-import transactions, it is proposed to allocate such sections as general provisions, methods, techniques and organization of accounting. It is proposed to take into account the requirements of the BEPS action plan in Ukraine in the model of accounting policy of foreign economic activity of trade enterprises and to identify objects of accounting policy that will allow choosing an alternative pricing method taking into account the jurisdiction in which the foreign economic activity participant is registered. The organizational sequence of management of foreign economic activity on the basis of the model of accounting policy of export-import operations is developed. It is proved that the choice of an alternative method of pricing taking into account the jurisdiction in which the participant in foreign economic activity is registered or carries out its activities, is a key stage in the management of foreign economic activity of trade. The conditions under which one or another method of transfer pricing is chosen and the peculiarities of application of each of the methods are analyzed. The main characteristics of the method of comparative uncontrolled price, “cost plus”, resale price, net profit and profit distribution are given. It is proposed to create a separate internal regulation “Transfer Pricing Policy” as an Annex to the Order on Accounting Policy. The document proposes to separate the sections: regulations for the exchange of information between members of a group of companies involved in foreign trade operations; product description and competition analysis; availability of certificates of conformity; essential terms of contracts, features of pricing and loyalty programs; tax and customs regimes; characteristics of the counterparty (identification of connection, residence, tax status); conditions for recognizing and monitoring transactions as controlled; choice of transfer pricing method; selection of elements of reporting on controlled transactions.