Forest Products Trade Research Articles

Pattern changes of ecological product trade in countries along the Belt and Road.

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was designed to promote economic and trade cooperation between countries along the Belt and Road (B&R), specifically by building an international trade network. Ecological resources are the basis for human survival. Countries along the B&R transform ecological resources into ecological products by production activities. These products can then be used for trade, thereby driving the countries' economic development. This study uses net primary productivity (NPP) as a unified measure of ecological products, and explores the pattern changes of ecological product trade in countries along the B&R, from 2013 to 2019 (from the BRI proposal to the outbreak of COVID-19). The purpose of the study is to reveal the impact of the BRI on the trade of ecological products. The results show that (1) the trade scale of ecological products in the B&R region has changed significantly. The total volume of traded ecological products increased from 2071.74 to 2631.00 TgC. This represented an increase of about 26.99%, or 7.41% higher than the global average. (2) The spatial distribution pattern of ecological product trade did not change significantly in countries along the B&R. However, the gravity centers of the total and net trade volume of ecological products moved 120.74 km to the northeast and 392.98 km to the southeast, respectively. (3) The trade structure of ecological products in the B&R region, six sub-regions, and most countries remained relatively stable. Only the proportion of the livestock products trade in Mongolia and the proportion of the forest products trade in Bhutan have increased significantly. This finding suggests that the strength and breadth of the construction of unimpeded trade in countries along the B&R still need to further strengthened, in order to accelerate the realization of the vision of the Green Silk Road.

Financial instruments in the trade of forest products

The development of exchange trading in Russia is an urgent topic in connection with the modern transformation of the market for timber products under the influence of the pressure of sanctions restrictions on Russian producers, the restriction of supplies to Europe. Another important aspect of the relevance of the topic is related to ensuring transparency and reducing the shadow relations of participants in the market. The purpose of the study is to determine the current situation of stock trading and to identify the pricing patterns of spot and futures quotations for timber products. The paper highlights a number of issues of the current situation of exchange trading of timber products in Russia and world exchanges, highlights the specifics of exchange trading of timber products, and identifies the main factors determining the low liquidity of exchange trading. In 2021, the volume of timber trading on the Russian stock exchange amounted to 1% of the total volume of harvesting, which is the minimum trading volume, and therefore does not allow the formation of a relevant market price index. The paper considers the pricing of spot and futures quotations for timber products. The dynamics of bleached softwood pulp futures on the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SHFE), pulp and paper futures on the Norwegian Stock Exchange (NOREXECO) are analyzed. Modern measures and measures for the future up to 2025 aimed at activating exchange trading in LPC products, increasing the liquidity of the futures market for timber products are considered. The study shows the advantages of exchange trading, and possible prospects for the development of exchange trading of timber products in Russia.

Complex network analysis of global forest products trade pattern

Forest products trade has a critical role to play in both global economic development and environmental protection. Based on the trade data of global forest products, raw forest products, and processed forest products from 2000 to 2020, this paper constructed a trade network and analyzed its pattern by using indicators such as density, average distance, out-strength, and in-strength. The results show that from 2000 to 2020, the global trade network of forest products has been increasingly connected. Compared with the trade of raw material forest products, the trade network of processed forest products is more closely connected and its transport efficiency is higher. Countries with high GDP such as USA, China, and Germany are leading trading countries in forest products. Countries with abundant forest resources are the major exporters of raw forest products, while labor- and capital-abundant countries are major exporters of processed forest products. Countries with abundant labor and capital and high GDP are the main importers of raw forest products.

Türkiye ve Katar’ın Orman Ürünleri Ticareti Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Ekonomik zenginliği ile Katar, dış ticarette Orta Doğu’nun en önemli ülkeleri arasında yer alır. 2017 yılında bölge ülkelerinden Suudi Arabistan, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, Bahreyn ve Mısır Katar’a bazı ambargolar uygulamaya başlamış ve bu dönemde Katar diplomatik ve siyasi hayatta yalnız bırakılmıştır. Bu ambargolar sırasında Türkiye’nin Katar’ın yanında tavır sergilemesi, son 20 yıl içinde güçlenen Katar ile Türkiye ilişkisini pekiştirmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye ile Katar’ın her geçen gün güçlenen ekonomik ve siyasi ilişkisinin orman ürünleri ticaretini nasıl etkilediğini incelemektir. Orman varlığına sahip olmayan Katar, ekonomik zenginliği ile kısmen hammadde, çoğunlukla da mamul ve yarı mamul ithalatına da meyillidir. Mevcut literatür ve güncel istatistiklerin incelenip yorumlanması ile gerçekleştirilen bu çalışma sonucunda, 2017 Körfez Krizi’nin Türkiye’nin Katar’a yönelik toplam genel ihracatında ortalama %44’lük bir artışa etki ettiği görülür. Genel ihracat kategorisindeki bu artışın orman ürünleri sanayine yansımasına bakıldığında ise mobilya hariç, mantar ve ahşap eşya kategorisinde %211’lik, ağaç ve ahşap eşya kategorisinde %353, mobilya kategorisinde ise %108’lik bir artışa neden olduğu görülmektedir. 2017 Körfez Krizi koşullarının Katar ile olan işlenmiş ve mamul düzeydeki katma değeri yüksek mobilya ihracatı kategorisinde artışa neden olduğu gözlenmiştir. Mevcut krizin sona erdiği şu günlerden sonra ise ihracattaki artışın, siyasi otoritenin Katar ile ilişkilerinin seyrine bağlı olmak kaydıyla, artarak devam edeceği tahmin edilebilir.

Assessing interstate softwood roundwood trade in the southern United States: a gravity trade model approach

Intraregional trade of forest products is a critical component of regional and subregional timber markets in terms of supply chain planning and locating forest product manufacturing facilities. Based on a gravity trade model, we evaluated the various factors driving the interstate flows of softwood sawlog and roundwood pulpwood in the 13 southern US states: AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, and VA. Biennial state-level panel data from 2011 to 2019 in 13 southern states were employed to estimate empirical sawlog and pulpwood trade models. The results suggest that state gross domestic product (GDP) of importing states, exporter and importer production, importer consumption, the distance between the trading partners, and the electronic logging device mandate are influential factors of softwood sawlog trade between the states. Similarly, state GDP, exporter pulpwood production, importer consumption, the distance between the trading partners, delivered timber prices, and pellet mill capacity in each state are found to be significant determinants of softwood pulpwood trade between the partners across the state borderlines. The findings provide forest managers and policy makers with additional insights on the growing bilateral timber trade dynamics in regional and subregional markets in the southern United States.

Genuine performance of China's forest products trade: An evaluation from the perspective of global value chains

This study evaluates the trade performance of China's forest products industry by decomposing its total export value added using the latest world input-output table for the period of 2000–2014 and a novel value-added accounting method. This method enables us to identify and isolate the trade of intermediate products and the double counting embedded in the existing statistics. Our results show that while the domestic value added accounted for more than 80% of the industry's total export value added, statistical deviations caused by including foreign value added and double counting could constitute as much as 15% of the total export value added. In addition, we find that China has narrowed its gap with the U.S. in terms of the bilateral export value added, while its capacity of value-added trade was superior to that of many developing economies. China can enhance its trade performance by targeting particular markets and adjusting its participation and position in the global value chains.

Timber business in West Africa: a review and outlook

Forestry activities are important to the economies of West African nations. This paper aims to assess the current state of forest business in the sub-region, identify factors that may limit the development of the sector and suggest possible solutions. To achieve these objectives, we examined relevant literature and forest statistics from peer-reviewed journals, government publications, and reports from development agencies. Seven West African countries were purposively selected for this study. The results showed that the subregion's forest product trade involves mostly unprocessed logs sourced from natural forests, with plantation forests constituting only 0.35%–3.7% of the focus countries' forest areas. Also, the results from our statistical models showed that GDP per capita had a significant effect on wood production in the focus countries whereas the economic freedom score had no significant effect. The fixed effects revealed that if Nigeria and Ghana had the same GDP per capita as the other focus countries, their wood production would be higher than the other countries. We argue that wood production is likely to increase as the living standards in these countries improve, possibly from increased local demand. However, the lack of robust financial and economic models backing up sound forest management in these countries might discourage new private forest investments.

Integration Level and Influencing Factors’ Analysis of Forest Product Market Based on the Mathematical Model

This paper uses Python programming to improve the existing price index method and calculate the integration level of the forest products market in China. Based on the model, the influencing factors of domestic forest product market integration were examined empirically. The results show that the integration degree of the forest product market in recent years lags behind the average level in China. In this paper, the improvement of the existing price index method can calculate the level of market integration more quickly and accurately, and this improvement has obvious advantages in the case of a large amount of data. In terms of development, the overall pattern shows an increasing trend, and the eastern, central, and western provinces are gradually converging, although the differences between provinces continue to expand. In terms of influencing factors, the coefficient of the local government’s emphasis on forestry, the prosperity of international trade in forest products, and highway density were significantly positive factors, while the number of foreign investors and the railway density had no significant effects. In this paper, the optimization of the measurement method of market integration makes it easier for scholars to obtain the data on the level of market integration and promote in-depth research in the field of market integration.

Towards a Sustainable China-Africa Forest Products Trade; an Assessment of Environmental Implications for FOCAC Members

Forest products have become an integral component of China-Africa trade engagement. However, with increasingly global climate change warnings and the need to turn down the heat below the pre-industrial level, understanding the trade-off from forest trade in relation to CO2 emissions is paramount in shaping forest product trade sustainability in the long run. This study, therefore, tests the haven and halo hypothesis based on the FMOL technique by analyzing China-FOCAC forest products trade engagements. A balanced panel data of 20 FOCAC members were selected based on availability and consistency from 2000-2014. The variables; forest products trade (exports value), GDP per capita, FDI inflow, institutional quality, energy use and carbon emissions were gleaned from the world bank and the United Nations database. The descriptive statistics results reveal a disparity in economic growth, FDI inflow and value of forest products exports among FOCAC members. Per the FMOL estimation results, the China-FOCAC forest products trade has an insignificant impact on the level of carbon emissions in the selected countries which contributes to the ongoing debate on whether Africa is a pollution haven for China. Nevertheless, Per capita GDP and energy use are significant drivers of emissions whereas FDI’s and the quality of institutions have shown high potential for transforming the quality of the environment in the selected countries. These results are paramount in shaping existing and future forest trade agreements.

Genuine Performance of China's Forest Products Trade:An Evaluation from the Perspective of Global Value Chains

Genuine Performance of China's Forest Products Trade:An Evaluation from the Perspective of Global Value Chains

Country Risk and Wooden Furniture Export Trade: Evidence from China

Abstract Wooden furniture is the main product of the forest products trade, and activities associated with its international trade currently face many risks, representing a degree of uncertainty in the wooden furniture export trade. To explore the impact of country risk on China's wooden furniture export trade, panel data from 1995 to 2020 are used as a basis for this study, in which the impact of the country risk of trading partners on China's wooden furniture export trade is empirically analyzed using a stochastic frontier gravity model. The research shows that the economic scale and population scale of the trading partners and China, forest resource endowment, and exchange rate fluctuation all have a significant impact on the export trade of Chinese wooden furniture. The economic and financial risks of trading partners have a notable negative influence on China's wooden furniture export trade, but political risk has a positive effect. The export efficiency of China's wooden furniture is at a moderate level, and there is a huge imbalance between different trading partners.

Effects on Global Forests and Wood Product Markets of Increased Demand for Mass Timber

This study evaluated the effects on forest resources and forest product markets of three contrasting mass timber demand scenarios (Conservative, Optimistic, and Extreme), up to 2060, in twelve selected countries in Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. Analyses were carried out by utilizing the FOrest Resource Outlook Model, a partial market equilibrium model of the global forest sector. The findings suggest increases in global softwood lumber production of 8, 23, and 53 million m3 per year by 2060, under the Conservative, Optimistic, and Extreme scenarios, respectively, leading to world price increases of 2%, 7%, and 23%, respectively. This projected price increase is relative to the projected price in the reference scenario, altering prices, production, consumption, trade of forest products, timber harvest, forest growth, and forest stock in individual countries. An increase in softwood lumber prices due to increased mass timber demand would lead to the reduced consumption of softwood lumber for traditional end-use (e.g., light-frame construction), suggesting a likely strong market competition for softwood lumber between the mass timber and traditional construction industries. In contrast, the projected effect on global forest stock was relatively small based on the relatively fast projected biomass growth in stands assumed to be regenerated after harvest.

Importance and trade of the Wood in the 21st Century in Africa

Wood is hard, fibrous tissue found in many trees. It has been used for hundreds of thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. This paper focuses on some of the challenges of the forests products trade in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to bring out the analysis we would like to make. The existing informations on the forest exploitation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, based mainly on the bibliographic review were considered. These data are time-series data of secondary source in the range of 2000 to 2015. According to the actual estimations, the population of the DR Congo consumes about 45 million m3 of wood per year. This estimation concerns the industrial wood exploitation, the fire wood, services wood, medicinal wood, house constructions, peasant’s fields, etc. Wood can be used as fuel, construction, sports and art material, furniture and utensils. The roundwood is the most exported forest product in the Central Africa for the international trade. Gabon is the first roundwood producing country in the Central with about 53% of the production. Wood and its sub-products have a great importance through the world. International trade in forest products particularly the wood can involve producing forest products, such as paper, in one country, sourcing timber from another country to meet production demand and then exporting the finished products to others countries. Keywords: Wood, forest, product

Socio-economic Contributions of The Retail Sale of Mfumbwa (Gnetum africanum Welw.) Among Traders in the Uíge city, Angola

The trade of non-wood forest products in the town of Uíge, including the Mfumbwa (Gnetum africanum Welw.), is an important activity for the family economy and helps to meet the daily needs of households. The aim of this research was to find out the socio-economic contributions of the retail sale of Mfumbwa among households in the town of Uíge. The socio-economic surveys were based on a semi-structured questionnaire and submitted orally to the informants. The study was based on purposive sampling and took place between March and September of 2021 in the city of Uíge, northern Angola. A total of 56 informants were interviewed, all (100%) women. Mfumbwa retailing is a women's business because the traders interviewed are exclusively (100%) women. The majority (38%) of retailers in Mfumbwa are between 18 and 30 years old. Trade is the main source (97%) of employment and income for the respondents. Mfumbwa retailers in the city of Uíge have an average of 15 years of experience in trading this product. The majority (63%) of retail traders in Mfumbwa have more than 30 years of experience in this activity. The average profit generated by the retail sale of Mfumbwa in the city of Uíge is 85.61 US$ per month/ retailer. The income from the retail sale of Mfumbwa is destined mainly to the strengthening of the household basket (25%), to the schooling of children (21%) and to the health of the household (18%). The retail sale of Mfumbwa in the city of Uíge improves the socio-economic conditions of the trading households, helps to combat unemployment and to supplement the family budget thanks to the income generated by this trade. Finally, to avoid the extinction of this species, it is imperative to develop sustainable conservation strategies.

The duration of export trade relations and its influential factors in China's wooden floor

PurposeThis article will select 25 years of subdivided data to perform Kaplan–Meier survival analysis on the export trade relations of Chinese wooden flooring, use discrete-time cloglog models to analyze influencing factors, use logit and probit models to test the robustness, and try to systematically reveal the duration of China's wood flooring export trade and its influencing factors.Design/methodology/approachThis study used Kaplan–Meier survival function estimation method. In the survival analysis, survival function and hazard rate function are often used to characterize the distribution of survival time.FindingsThe continuous average export time of China's wooden flooring is relatively long, about 14 years. China's wooden flooring has a negative time dependency. After the export trade exceeds the threshold value of 15 years, the failure rate of trade greatly decreases, which has a “threshold effect.” Gravity model variables have a significant impact on the duration of China's wooden floor export.Originality/valueStudying the duration of forest products trade is of great significance for clearing deep-level trade relations and promoting sustainable development of forest products trade.

Development Strategy of E-commerce of China's Rural Forestry Products Under the Strategy of Rural Revitalization

This paper studies the e-commerce development strategy of China's rural forestry products under the Rural Revitalization Strategy. Combined with the characteristics and problems of forest product trade, this paper analyzes the impact of e-commerce on forest product trade. By analyzing and summarizing the practice of e-commerce of forest products in recent years, this paper further explores the e-commerce model of forest products. Based on the existing e-commerce model of forest products, this paper puts forward the countermeasures to promote the development of e-commerce of forest products. This paper puts forward solutions and suggestions for the problems faced by e-commerce of forest products in Anshan area. The research results of this paper provide a certain reference for government departments to develop e-commerce of forest products under the strategy of Rural Revitalization.

Conservation and sustainable utilization of tropical trees from North Sumatra, Indonesia

Tree species have received more attention recently due to its contribution and prospective utilization. Although provided many function for human and ecosystem, the existence of trees also threatened due to illegal harvesting and forest conversion. Sustainable utlization approaches were needed for increasing the value and willingness of the community to engage in conservation activities. Although many tropical tree species, especially in North Sumatra, have been exploited, there are still few reports of sustainable approaches to those species. In this study, the assessment of several local tree species in North Sumatra was approached with five conditions adopted from previous research, those were :1) sustainable harvesting, (2) no threat interaction, (3) effective commercialization, (4) economic benefits to farmers, and 5) utilization of financial proceeds to promote conservation initiatives. The results of the study illustrate that although these four criteria are fulfilled, the forest product trade often does not provide sufficient financial benefits to protect forests from other threats. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the interaction between threats for sustainable use and conservation, by using a precise conceptual model. The financial benefits of sustainable use must be adequate to support conservation efforts that can overcome various threats to tree species conservation.

Research on Sino-Russian Cooperation in Forest Products Trade

Research on Sino-Russian Cooperation in Forest Products Trade

Carbon flows from trade in harvested wood products using different accounting approaches

Carbon flow in forest products trade will affect the report of a country's carbon stock. This will have an impact on a country's contribution of carbon flows. Based on the analysis of China’s forest product trade, this paper uses the stock-change approach, the production approach and the atmospheric-flow approach to calculate the changes of China's forest products trade carbon flows. Different carbon flow measurement approaches have very different results. From the perspective of the contribution of forest products to carbon flow, the production approach of calculation for forest products trade carbon flow has the largest contribution to atmospheric carbon flows. However, the calculation results of the stock-change approach and the atmospheric-flow approach are just the opposite, that is, the calculation for forest products trade has a negative contribution to China's carbon sinks, and forest products trade has become a source of carbon emissions.

Assessment of non-wood forest products trade competitiveness between Ethiopia and Asia/19 countries

The study makes a comparative analysis of Ethiopia and Asia/19 countries in the foreign trade of non-timber forest products between the periods of 2008-2018. The study focused on two commodity groups with a harmonized system of (HS) codes; HS409: Natural honey; HS130190: Natural Gums, resins, gum Arabic, and oleoresins. To assess the competitive advantage and disadvantage of Ethiopia in non-timber forest products foreign trade within Asia/19 countries, the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, Relative Export Advantage Index, Relative Import Advantage Index, and Relative Trade Advantage Index. At the same time, Cross Relative Export Advantage and Cross Relative Import Advantage indicators were employed to test the competitiveness of Ethiopia with Asia/19 countries in the foreign trade of non-timber forest products. The study finding shows that Ethiopia experiences a comparative advantage both in a relative export and import advantage in the trade of non-timber forest products over the study period as compared to Asia/19 countries.